View source for Biology:2021 in mammal paleontology

This article records new taxa of [[Biology:Fossil|fossil]] [[Biology:Mammal|mammal]]s of every kind are scheduled to be [[Biology:Binomial nomenclature|described]] during the year 2021, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to [[Biology:Paleontology|paleontology]] of mammals that are scheduled to occur in the year 2021.

==General research==
* A study on the evolution of the brain size relative to the body size in mammals, based on data from extant and extinct taxa, is published by Smaers ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smaers |first1=J. B. |last2=Rothman |first2=R. S. |last3=Hudson |first3=D. R. |last4=Balanoff |first4=A. M. |last5=Beatty |first5=B. |last6=Dechmann |first6=D. K. N. |last7=de Vries |first7=D. |last8=Dunn |first8=J. C. |last9=Fleagle |first9=J. G. |last10=Gilbert |first10=C. C. |last11=Goswami |first11=A. |last12=Iwaniuk |first12=A. N. |last13=Jungers |first13=W. L. |last14=Kerney |first14=M. |last15=Ksepka |first15=D. T. |last16=Manger |first16=P. R. |last17=Mongle |first17=C. S. |last18=Rohlf |first18=F. J. |last19=Smith |first19=N. A. |last20=Soligo |first20=C. |last21=Weisbecker |first21=V. |last22=Safi |first22=K. |year=2021 |title=The evolution of mammalian brain size |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=18 |pages=eabe2101 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abe2101 |pmid=33910907 |pmc=8081360 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2101S }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of the [[Biology:Morphology|morphological]] diversity of mammals and their closest [[Biology:Mammaliaformes|mammaliaform]] relatives is published by Brocklehurst ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that [[Earth:Mesozoic|Mesozoic]] [[Biology:Crown group|crown-group]] [[Biology:Theria|theria]]ns were significantly more constrained in their capacity to evolve novel [[Biology:Phenotype|phenotype]]s than other mammaliaforms, and that relaxation of these constraints occurred in the [[Earth:Paleocene|Paleocene]], post-dating the [[Earth:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] and coinciding with environmental shifts and declining diversity of non-[[Biology:Theriimorpha|theriimorph]] mammaliaforms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brocklehurst |first1=N. |last2=Panciroli |first2=E. |last3=Benevento |first3=G. L. |last4=Benson |first4=R. B. J. |year=2021 |title=Mammaliaform extinctions as a driver of the morphological radiation of Cenozoic mammals |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=13 |pages=2955–2963.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.044 |pmid=34004143 |s2cid=234782605 }}</ref>
* A study evaluating how jaw shape and mechanical advantage of the masseter and temporalis muscles relate to diet in extant and Mesozoic mammals is published by Morales-García ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morales-García |first1=N. M. |last2=Gill |first2=P. G. |last3=Janis |first3=C. M. |last4=Rayfield |first4=E. J. |title=Jaw shape and mechanical advantage are indicative of diet in Mesozoic mammals |year=2021 |journal=Communications Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 242 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-01757-3 |pmid=33623117 |pmc=7902851 }}</ref>
* A study comparing data from molecular timetrees and fossil record of mammals, and evaluating their implications for the knowledge whether mammals exhibited a burst of lineage diversification coincident with, before, or after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is published by Upham, Esselstyn & Jetz (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Upham |first1=N. S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=J. A. |last3=Jetz |first3=W. |year=2021 |title=Molecules and fossils tell distinct yet complementary stories of mammal diversification |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=19 |pages=4195–4206.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.012 |pmid=34329589 |s2cid=236506883 }}</ref>
* A study on patterns of substrate preference among [[Biology:Crown group|crown group]] mammals living across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary is published by Hughes ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as suggestive of a pattern of predominant survivorship of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event among semi-arboreal or nonarboreal mammals, but also indicating that some or all members of the [[Biology:Crown group#Pan-group|total group]] of [[Biology:Euarchonta|Euarchonta]] might have maintained arboreal habits across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hughes |first1=J. J. |last2=Berv |first2=J. S. |last3=Chester |first3=S. G. B. |last4=Sargis |first4=E. J. |last5=Field |first5=D. J. |year=2021 |title=Ecological selectivity and the evolution of mammalian substrate preference across the K–Pg boundary |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=in press |doi=10.1002/ece3.8114 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the diversity of locomotor ecologies of [[Earth:Paleocene|Paleocene]] mammals, and on its implications for the knowledge of the evolution of [[Biology:Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsal morphology]] of mammals in the aftermath of the [[Earth:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], is published by Shelley, Brusatte & Williamson (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shelley |first1=S. L. |last2=Brusatte |first2=S. L. |last3=Williamson |first3=T. E. |year=2021 |title=Quantitative assessment of tarsal morphology illuminates locomotor behaviour in Palaeocene mammals following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1950 |pages=Article ID 20210393 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2021.0393 |pmid=33977789 |pmc=8114852 }}</ref>
* Tracks produced by mammals walking across submerged to partially emergent tidal flats, representing the oldest evidence of the utilization of marine habitat by mammals reported to date, are described from the Paleocene Hanna Formation (Wyoming, {{wipe|United States}}) by Wroblewski & Gulas-Wroblewski (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wroblewski |first1=A. F.-J. |last2=Gulas-Wroblewski |first2=B. E. |year=2021 |title=Earliest evidence of marine habitat use by mammals |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 8846 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-88412-3 |pmid=33986320 |pmc=8119712 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.8846W }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy of the skulls of [[Biology:Saber-toothed cat|saber-toothed mammals]], and on its implications for the knowledge of likely killing behaviours of these mammals, is published by Melchionna ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Melchionna |first1=M. |last2=Profico |first2=A. |last3=Castiglione |first3=S. |last4=Serio |first4=C. |last5=Mondanaro |first5=A. |last6=Modafferi |first6=M. |last7=Tamagnini |first7=D. |last8=Maiorano |first8=L. |last9=Raia |first9=P. |last10=Witmer |first10=L. M. |last11=Wroe |first11=S. |last12=Sansalone |first12=G. |year=2021 |title=A method for mapping morphological convergence on three‐dimensional digital models: the case of the mammalian sabre‐tooth |journal=Palaeontology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=573–584 |doi=10.1111/pala.12542 |s2cid=236386785 }}</ref>
* A study aiming to estimate the completeness of the mammalian fossil record in the Miocene is published by Žliobaitė & Fortelius (2021).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Žliobaitė |first1=I. |last2=Fortelius |first2=M. |year=2021 |title=On calibrating the completometer for the mammalian fossil record |journal=Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1017/pab.2021.22 |s2cid=238686414 }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine whether changes in geographic range that could result from human impacts have altered the climatic niches of 46 species of mammals within the contiguous {{wipe|United States}}, based on data from the fossil record, is published by Pineda-Munoz ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pineda-Munoz |first1=S. |last2=Wang |first2=Y. |last3=Lyons |first3=S. K. |last4=Tóth |first4=A. B. |last5=McGuire |first5=J. L. |year=2021 |title=Mammal species occupy different climates following the expansion of human impacts |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=e1922859118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1922859118 |pmid=33397717 |pmc=7812786 }}</ref>
* A study assessing the accuracy of bite force estimates in extinct mammals and [[Biology:Archosaur|archosaur]]s is published by Sakamoto (2021).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sakamoto |first=M. |year=2021 |title=Assessing bite force estimates in extinct mammals and archosaurs using phylogenetic predictions |journal=Palaeontology |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=743–753 |doi=10.1111/pala.12567 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Metatherians==
* A study aiming to determine whether functional constraints during development may have limited evolution of the morphological diversity of [[Biology:Metatheria|metatheria]]n jaws relative to the morphological diversity of [[Biology:Eutheria|eutheria]]n jaws, based on data from extant and fossil metatherians and eutherians, is published by Fabre ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fabre |first1=A.-C. |last2=Dowling |first2=C. |last3=Portela Miguez |first3=R. |last4=Fernandez |first4=V. |last5=Noirault |first5=E. |last6=Goswami |first6=A. |year=2021 |title=Functional constraints during development limit jaw shape evolution in marsupials |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1949 |pages=Article ID 20210319 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2021.0319 |pmid=33906406 |pmc=8079998 }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil record of [[Earth:Cenozoic|Cenozoic]] metatherians and alleged metatherians from Africa is published by Crespo & Goin (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crespo |first1=V. D. |last2=Goin |first2=F. J. |title=Taxonomy and affinities of African Cenozoic metatherians |year=2021 |journal=Spanish Journal of Palaeontology |volume=36 |issue=2 |doi=10.7203/sjp.36.2.20974 |s2cid=237387495 }}</ref>
* A study on the pre-Quaternary fossil record of the family [[Biology:Didelphidae|Didelphidae]], aiming to determine the area of origin and diversification of this group, is published by Castro, Dahur & Ferreira (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Castro |first1=M. C. |last2=Dahur |first2=M. J. |last3=Ferreira |first3=G. S. |year=2021 |title=Amazonia as the Origin and Diversification Area of Didelphidae (Mammalia: Metatheria), and a Review of the Fossil Record of the Clade |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=583–598 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09548-7 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the mobility of the elbow in ''[[Biology:Palorchestes|Palorchestes]] azael'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the likely posture of this marsupial, is published by Richards ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Richards |first1=H. L. |last2=Bishop |first2=P. J. |last3=Hocking |first3=D. P. |last4=Adams |first4=J. W. |last5=Evans |first5=A. R. |year=2021 |title=Low elbow mobility indicates unique forelimb posture and function in a giant extinct marsupial |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=238 |issue=6 |pages=1425–1441 |doi=10.1111/joa.13389 |pmid=33533053 |pmc=8128769 |pmc-embargo-date=June 1, 2023 }}</ref>
* New postcranial material of ''[[Biology:Wakaleo vanderleuri|Wakaleo vanderleuri]]'' and ''[[Biology:Wakaleo alcootaensis|W. alcootaensis]]'', providing evidence of increasing adaptation towards terrestrial locomotion and [[Biology:Felidae|felid]]-like grappling predation within the ''[[Biology:Wakaleo|Wakaleo]]'' lineage, is described from mid- and late-Miocene fossil deposits from the Australian Northern Territory by Warburton & Yates (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Warburton |first1=N. M. |last2=Yates |first2=A. M. |year=2021 |title=Functional morphology of ''Wakaleo'' postcrania from the middle to late Miocene of central Australia reveals new insights in the evolution of marsupial hypercarnivores |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=e1878203 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1878203 |s2cid=233793061 }}</ref>
* A study on the diet of ''[[Biology:Hulitherium|Hulitherium]] tomasettii'' is published by White ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=White |first1=J. M. |last2=DeSantis |first2=L. R. G. |last3=Evans |first3=A. R. |last4=Wilson |first4=L. A. B. |last5=McCurry |first5=M. R. |title=A panda-like diprotodontid? Assessing the diet of ''Hulitherium tomasettii'' using dental complexity (Orientation Patch Count Rotated) and dental microwear texture analysis |year=2021 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=583 |pages=Article 110675 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110675 |bibcode=2021PPP...583k0675W }}</ref>
* A study on the timing of persistence of ''[[Biology:Diprotodon|Diprotodon]] optatum'' is published by Price ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Price |first1=G. J. |last2=Fitzsimmons |first2=K. E. |last3=Nguyen |first3=A. D. |last4=Zhao |first4=J. |last5=Feng |first5=Y. |last6=Sobbe |first6=I. H. |last7=Godthelp |first7=H. |last8=Archer |first8=M. |last9=Hand |first9=S. J. |title=New ages of the world's largest-ever marsupial: ''Diprotodon optatum'' from Pleistocene Australia |year=2021 |journal=Quaternary International |volume=603 |pages=64–73 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.06.013 |bibcode=2021QuInt.603...64P }}</ref>
* New fossil material of ''"Wallabia" kitcheneri'', providing new information on the anatomy of this kangaroo, is described from the Thylacoleo Caves (Nullarbor Plain, {{wipe|Australia}}) by Warburton & Prideaux (2021), who transfer this species to the genus ''[[Biology:Congruus|Congruus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warburton |first1=N. M. |last2=Prideaux |first2=G. J. |year=2021 |title=The skeleton of ''Congruus kitcheneri'', a semiarboreal kangaroo from the Pleistocene of southern Australia |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=Article ID 202216 |doi=10.1098/rsos.202216 |pmid=33959368 |pmc=8074921 |bibcode=2021RSOS....802216W }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Bulbadon''<ref name=Bulbadon>{{Cite journal|last1=Travouillon |first1=K. J. |last2=Beck |first2=R. M. D. |last3=Case |first3=J. A. |title=Upper Oligocene–lower-Middle Miocene peramelemorphians from the Etadunna, Namba and Wipajiri formations of South Australia |year=2021 |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.1080/03115518.2021.1921274 |s2cid=235748135 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Travouillon, Beck & Case
|
Late [[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|Australia}}
|
A potential [[Biology:Thylacomyidae|thylacomyid]]. Genus includes new species ''B. warburtonae''
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Bulungu (mammal)|Bulungu minkinaensis]]''<ref name=Bulbadon />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Travouillon, Beck & Case
|
Late Oligocene
|
|
{{Flag|Australia}}
|
A member of Yaraloidea.
|
|-
|
''Bulungu pinpaensis''<ref name=Bulbadon />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Travouillon, Beck & Case
|
Late Oligocene
|
|
{{Flag|Australia}}
|
A member of Yaraloidea.
|
|-
|
''Bulungu westermani''<ref name=Bulbadon />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Travouillon, Beck & Case
|
Late Oligocene
|
|
{{Flag|Australia}}
|
A member of Yaraloidea.
|
|-
|
''Caenolestoides''<ref name=Caenolestoides>{{Cite journal|last1=Abello |first1=M. A. |last2=Martin |first2=G. M. |last3=Cardoso |first3=Y. |year=2021 |title=Review of the extinct 'shrew-opossums' (Marsupialia: Caenolestidae), with descriptions of two new genera and three new species from the Early Miocene of southern South America |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=193 |issue=2 |pages=464–498 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa165 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Abello, Martin & Cardoso
|
Early Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A [[Biology:Shrew opossum|shrew opossum]]. Genus includes new species ''C. miocaenicus''.
|
|-
|
''Diogenesia''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveira |first1=É. V. |last2=Carneiro |first2=L. M. |last3=Goin |first3=F. J. |title=A new derorhynchid (Mammalia, Metatheria) from the early Eocene Itaboraí fauna of Brazil with comments on its affinities |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |year=2021 |volume=93 |issue=Suppl. 2 |pages=e20201554 |doi=10.1590/0001-3765202120201554 |pmid=34378646 |s2cid=236977058 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/aabc/a/zRGgdbL8rgmC5kgxMhSKKXn/?lang=en }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Oliveira, Carneiro & Goin
|
[[Earth:Itaboraian|Itaboraian]]
|
Itaboraí Basin
|
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
A member of the family Derorhynchidae. The type species is ''D. brevirostris''.
|
|-
|
''Gaimanlestes''<ref name=Caenolestoides />
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Abello, Martin & Cardoso
|
Early Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A shrew opossum. Genus includes new species ''G. pascuali''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Scalaridelphys|Scalaridelphys]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cohen |first1=J. E. |last2=Davis |first2=B. M. |last3=Cifelli |first3=R. L. |year=2021 |title=''Scalaridelphys'' Nom. Nov. A New Replacement Name for ''Scalaria'' Cohen et al., 2020 (Marsupialiformes, Aquiladelphidae) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=e1877721 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1877721 |s2cid=233906635 }}</ref>
|
Nom. nov
|
Valid
|
Cohen, Davis & Cifelli
|
[[Earth:Late Cretaceous|Late Cretaceous]] ([[Earth:Turonian|Turonian]])
|
[[Earth:Straight Cliffs Formation|Straight Cliffs Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Utah}})
|
A member of Pediomyoidea belonging to the family Aquiladelphidae; a replacement name for ''Scalaria'' Cohen, Davis & Cifelli (2020).
|
|-
|
''Stilotherium parvum''<ref name=Caenolestoides />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Abello, Martin & Cardoso
|
Early Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A shrew opossum.
|
|-
|}

==Eutherians==
* A study on factors affecting the accuracy of mitogenomic phylogeny reconstruction for placental mammals is published by Phillips & Shazwani Zakaria (2021), who also study the phylogenetic relationships of [[Biology:Glyptodont|glyptodont]]s, ''[[Biology:Macrauchenia|Macrauchenia]]'' and sabre-toothed and scimitar cats among placental mammals on the basis of data from mitochondrial DNA.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Phillips |first1=M. J. |last2=Shazwani Zakaria |first2=S. |year=2021 |title=Enhancing mitogenomic phylogeny and resolving the relationships of extinct megafaunal placental mammals |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=158 |pages=Article 107082 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107082 |pmid=33482383 |s2cid=231689281 }}</ref>
* Geochemical analyses of [[Earth:Paleogene|Paleogene]] terrestrial mammal remains from the Ouled Abdoun Basin (Morocco), aiming to establish their [[Earth:Taphonomy|taphonomy]], [[Earth:Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] provenance and paleoenvironmental conditions, are performed by Kocsis ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kocsis |first1=L. |last2=Ulianov |first2=A. |last3=Mouflih |first3=M. |last4=Khaldoune |first4=F. |last5=Gheerbrant |first5=E. |year=2021 |title=Geochemical investigation of the taphonomy, stratigraphy, and palaeoecology of the mammals from the Ouled Abdoun Basin (Paleocene-Eocene of Morocco) |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=577 |pages=Article 110523 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110523 |bibcode=2021PPP...577k0523K }}</ref>
* A study on the lineage diversification and loss in Afro-Arabian mammal groups (hyaenodonts, anomaluroid and [[Biology:Hystricognathi|hystricognath]] rodents, and anthropoid and [[Biology:Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] primates) since the early Eocene is published by de Vries ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as indicative of widespread extinction of Afro-Arabian mammals in the early Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Vries |first1=D. |last2=Heritage |first2=S. |last3=Borths |first3=M. R. |last4=Sallam |first4=H. M. |last5=Seiffert |first5=E. R. |title=Widespread loss of mammalian lineage and dietary diversity in the early Oligocene of Afro-Arabia |year=2021 |journal=Communications Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 1172 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02707-9 |pmid=34621013 |pmc=8497553 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the age of fossils from the Santa Rosa fossil locality (Peru), and on its implications for the knowledge of the age of the oldest known South American primates and [[Biology:Caviomorpha|caviomorph]] rodents from this site and from the CTA-27 site in the Contamana region of Peru, is published by Campbell ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Campbell |first1=K. E. |last2=O’Sullivan |first2=P. B. |last3=Fleagle |first3=J. G. |last4=de Vries |first4=D. |last5=Seiffert |first5=E. R. |year=2021 |title=An Early Oligocene age for the oldest known monkeys and rodents of South America |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=37 |pages=e2105956118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2105956118 |pmid=34493667 |pmc=8449332 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11805956C |pmc-embargo-date=March 7, 2022 }}</ref>
* Evidence of long periods of functional stasis in mammalian ecological assemblages from the [[Place:Iberian Peninsula|Iberian Peninsula]] spanning the past 21 million years is presented by Blanco ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blanco |first1=F. |last2=Calatayud |first2=J. |last3=Martín-Perea |first3=D. M. |last4=Domingo |first4=M. S. |last5=Menéndez |first5=I. |last6=Müller |first6=J. |last7=Hernández Fernández |first7=M. |last8=Cantalapiedra |first8=J. L. |title=Punctuated ecological equilibrium in mammal communities over evolutionary time scales |year=2021 |journal=Science |volume=372 |issue=6539 |pages=300–303 |doi=10.1126/science.abd5110 |pmid=33859037 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..300B |s2cid=233245055 }}</ref>
* 10-million-year long proxy record of Arabian climate is developed by Böhme ''et al.'' (2021), who report evidence indicative of a sustained period of hyperaridity in the Pliocene and a number of transient periods of hyperaridity in northern Arabia during the late Miocene which were out of phase with those in North Africa, and argue that these desert dynamics had a strong control on large-scale mammalian dispersals between Africa and Eurasia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Böhme |first1=M. |last2=Spassov |first2=N. |last3=Majidifard |first3=M. R. |last4=Gärtner |first4=A. |last5=Kirscher |first5=U. |last6=Marks |first6=M. |last7=Dietzel |first7=C. |last8=Uhlig |first8=G. |last9=El Atfy |first9=H. |last10=Begun |first10=D. R. |last11=Winklhofer |first11=M. |year=2021 |title=Neogene hyperaridity in Arabia drove the directions of mammalian dispersal between Africa and Eurasia |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 85 |doi=10.1038/s43247-021-00158-y |bibcode=2021ComEE...2...85B |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* The first known terrestrial vertebrate fauna from the early Pliocene of western Africa, including a diversity of large mammals with a high proportion of carnivorans, is described from the Tobène site (Senegal) by Lihoreau ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lihoreau |first1=F. |last2=Sarr |first2=R. |last3=Chardon |first3=D. |last4=Boisserie |first4=J.-R. |last5=Lebrun |first5=R. |last6=Adnet |first6=S. |last7=Martin |first7=J. E. |last8=Pallas |first8=L. |last9=Sambou |first9=B. |last10=Tabuce |first10=R. |last11=Thiam |first11=M. M. |last12=Hautier |first12=L. |year=2021 |title=A fossil terrestrial fauna from Tobène (Senegal) provides a unique early Pliocene window in western Africa |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=99 |pages=21–35 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2021.06.013 |bibcode=2021GondR..99...21L }}</ref>
* A study on the dietary behavior and specialization of North American mammalian herbivores over the past 7 million years, based on stable isotope data from tooth enamel, is published by Pardi & DeSantis (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pardi |first1=M. I. |last2=DeSantis |first2=L. R. G. |year=2021 |title=Dietary plasticity of North American herbivores: a synthesis of stable isotope data over the past 7 million years |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1948 |pages=Article ID 20210121 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2021.0121 |pmid=33849317 |pmc=8059550 }}</ref>
* A study on the diets of Late Pleistocene Alaskan bisons and horses, as indicated by data from tooth wear, is published by Kelly ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=A. |last2=Miller |first2=J. H. |last3=Wooller |first3=M. J. |last4=Seaton |first4=C. T. |last5=Druckenmiller |first5=P. |last6=DeSantis |first6=L. |year=2021 |title=Dietary paleoecology of bison and horses on the mammoth steppe of eastern Beringia based on dental microwear and mesowear analyses |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=572 |pages=Article 110394 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110394 |bibcode=2021PPP...572k0394K |s2cid=234839510 }}</ref>
* A study on the fossil record of the Late Quaternary North American [[Biology:Megafauna|megafauna]], aiming to determine whether human population levels, climate change, or both correspond quantitatively to changes in megafauna population levels through time, is published by Stewart, Carleton & Groucutt (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stewart |first1=M. |last2=Carleton |first2=W. C. |last3=Groucutt |first3=H. S. |title=Climate change, not human population growth, correlates with Late Quaternary megafauna declines in North America |year=2021 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 965 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-21201-8 |doi-access=free |pmid=33594059 |pmc=7886903 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12..965S }}</ref>
* A study on the impact of humans on the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions in South America, comparing the temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of South American megafauna and fluted (Fishtail) projectile points, is published by Prates & Perez (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prates |first1=L. |last2=Perez |first2=S. I. |title=Late Pleistocene South American megafaunal extinctions associated with rise of Fishtail points and human population |year=2021 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 2175 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22506-4 |doi-access=free |pmid=33846353 |pmc=8041891 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.2175P }}</ref>
* A study on the impact of climatic and environmental changes on ''[[Biology:Equus neogeus|Equus neogeus]]'' and ''[[Biology:Notiomastodon|Notiomastodon]] platensis'', aiming to determine how the spatial extent of habitats suitable for these mammals changed between the [[Earth:Last Glacial Maximum|Last Glacial Maximum]] and the middle [[Earth:Holocene|Holocene]], is published by Araújo ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Araújo |first1=T. |last2=Machado |first2=H. |last3=Mothé |first3=D. |last4=Avilla |first4=L. S. |year=2021 |title=Species distribution modeling reveals the ecological niche of extinct megafauna from South America |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=in press |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1017/qua.2021.24 |s2cid=236554327 }}</ref>
* A study on ancient DNA of hominins and other mammals extracted from Pleistocene deposits in the Denisova Cave ({{wipe|Russia}}) is published by Zavala ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as indicative of two major turnovers of large mammals present at this site, of repeated occupation of the site by Denisovans and Neanderthals, and of the appearance of modern humans at this site at least 45,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zavala |first1=E. I. |last2=Jacobs |first2=Z. |last3=Vernot |first3=B. |last4=Shunkov |first4=M. V. |last5=Kozlikin |first5=M. B. |last6=Derevianko |first6=A. P. |last7=Essel |first7=E. |last8=de Fillipo |first8=C. |last9=Nagel |first9=S. |last10=Richter |first10=J. |last11=Romagné |first11=F. |last12=Schmidt |first12=A. |last13=Li |first13=B. |last14=O’Gorman |first14=K. |last15=Slon |first15=V. |last16=Kelso |first16=J. |last17=Pääbo |first17=S. |last18=Roberts |first18=R. G. |last19=Meyer |first19=M. |year=2021 |title=Pleistocene sediment DNA reveals hominin and faunal turnovers at Denisova Cave |journal=Nature |volume=595 |issue=7867 |pages=399–403 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03675-0 |pmid=34163072 |pmc=8277575 |bibcode=2021Natur.595..399Z }}</ref>
* Gelabert ''et al.'' (2021) retrieve nuclear and mitochondrial human, wolf and bison genomes from a 25,000-year-old sediment sample from the Satsurblia Cave ([[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgia]]), and evaluate the implications of these genomes for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of these species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gelabert |first1=P. |last2=Sawyer |first2=S. |last3=Bergström |first3=A. |last4=Margaryan |first4=A. |last5=Collin |first5=T. C. |last6=Meshveliani |first6=T. |last7=Belfer-Cohen |first7=A. |last8=Lordkipanidze |first8=D. |last9=Jakeli |first9=N. |last10=Matskevich |first10=Z. |last11=Bar-Oz |first11=G. |last12=Fernandes |first12=D. M. |last13=Cheronet |first13=O. |last14=Özdoğan |first14=K. T. |last15=Oberreiter |first15=V. |last16=Feeney |first16=R. N. M. |last17=Stahlschmidt |first17=M. C. |last18=Skoglund |first18=P. |last19=Pinhasi |first19=R. |year=2021 |title=Genome-scale sequencing and analysis of human, wolf, and bison DNA from 25,000-year-old sediment |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=16 |pages=3564–3574.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.023 |pmid=34256019 |pmc=8409484 |s2cid=235802614 }}</ref>
* A study on the diets of Pleistocene and Holocene megafauna, based on data from permafrost and ice-preserved faeces of woolly mammoth, horse, steppe bison, and Holocene and extant caribou, is published by Polling ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Polling |first1=M. |last2=ter Schure |first2=A. T. M. |last3=van Geel |first3=B. |last4=van Bokhoven |first4=T. |last5=Boessenkool |first5=S. |last6=MacKay |first6=G. |last7=Langeveld |first7=B. W. |last8=Ariza |first8=M. |last9=van der Plicht |first9=H. |last10=Protopopov |first10=A. V. |last11=Tikhonov |first11=A. |last12=de Boer |first12=H. |last13=Gravendeel |first13=B. |title=Multiproxy analysis of permafrost preserved faeces provides an unprecedented insight into the diets and habitats of extinct and extant megafauna |year=2021 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=267 |pages=Article 107084 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107084 |bibcode=2021QSRv..26707084P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Xenarthrans===
* A study on the anatomy of the bony labyrinth of the [[Biology:Glyptodont|glyptodont]]s ''[[Biology:Glyptodon|Glyptodon]]'', ''[[Biology:Doedicurus|Doedicurus]]'', ''[[Biology:Panochthus|Panochthus]]'' and ''Pseudoplohophorus'', as well as the [[Biology:Pampatheriidae|pampathere]] ''[[Biology:Holmesina|Holmesina]]'', is published by Tambusso ''et al.'' (2021), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the phylogenetic placement of glyptodonts and pampatheres.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tambusso |first1=P. S. |last2=Varela |first2=L. |last3=Góis |first3=F. |last4=Moura |first4=J. F. |last5=Villa |first5=C. |last6=Fariña |first6=R. A. |year=2021 |title=The inner ear anatomy of glyptodonts and pampatheres (Xenarthra, Cingulata): Functional and phylogenetic implications |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=108 |pages=Article 103189 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103189 |bibcode=2021JSAES.10803189T |s2cid=234062118 }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy of the bony canals and cavities in the skulls of glyptodonts and armadillos, evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of [[Biology:Cingulata|cingulates]], is published by Le Verger, González Ruiz & Billet (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Le Verger |first1=K. |last2=González Ruiz |first2=L. R. |last3=Billet |first3=G. |year=2021 |title=Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic contribution of intracranial osseous canals and cavities in armadillos and glyptodonts (Xenarthra, Cingulata) |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=in press |doi=10.1111/joa.13512 |pmid=34275130 |s2cid=236092941 |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03291344 }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of ''[[Biology:Eleutherocercus|Eleutherocercus]] solidus'' is published by Núñez-Blasco ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Núñez-Blasco |first1=A. |last2=Zurita |first2=A. E. |last3=Miño-Boilini |first3=Á. R. |last4=Bonini |first4=R. A. |last5=Cuadrelli |first5=F. |year=2021 |title=The glyptodont ''Eleutherocercus solidus'' from the late Neogene of north-western Argentina: Morphology, chronology, and phylogeny |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=66 |issue=Supplement to 3 |pages=S79–S99 |doi=10.4202/app.00824.2020 }}</ref>
* Revision and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the genus ''Vetelia'' is published by Barasoain ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barasoain |first1=D. |last2=González Ruiz |first2=L. R. |last3=Tomassini |first3=R. L. |last4=Zurita |first4=A. E. |last5=Contreras |first5=V. H. |last6=Montalvo |first6=C. I. |year=2021 |title=First phylogenetic analysis of the Miocene armadillo ''Vetelia'' reveals novel affinities with Tolypeutinae |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=66 |issue=Supplement to 3 |pages=S31–S46 |doi=10.4202/app.00829.2020 |s2cid=236687120 }}</ref>
* The first record of ''[[Biology:Meizonyx|Meizonyx]] salvadorensis'' from the late [[Earth:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] of Mexico is reported by McDonald ''et al.'' (2021), who study the phylogenetic relationships of this species, and discuss the palaeobiogeographical and palaeoecological implications of this finding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=H. G. |last2=Arroyo-Cabrales |first2=J. |last3=Alarcón-Durán |first3=I. |last4=Espinosa-Martínez |first4=D. V. |year=2021 |title=First record of ''Meizonyx salvadorensis'' (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Pilosa) from the late Pleistocene of Mexico and its evolutionary implications |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=22 |pages=1829–1851 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2020.1842816|s2cid=231636912 }}</ref>
* A study on the anomaly altering the size of the [[Medicine:Pituitary gland|pituitary gland]] in a specimen of ''[[Biology:Valgipes|Valgipes]] bucklandi'' is published by Amaral ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret this anomaly as a probable pituitary tumor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amaral |first1=R. V. |last2=Carvalho |first2=L. B. |last3=Azevedo |first3=S. A. K. |last4=Delcourt |first4=R. |year=2021 |title=The first evidence of pituitary gland tumor in ground sloth ''Valgipes bucklandi'' Lund, 1839 |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=in press |doi=10.1002/ar.24786 |pmid=34591370 |s2cid=238228542 }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of ''[[Biology:Simomylodon|Simomylodon]] uccasamamensis'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships and locomotion of this species, is published by Boscaini ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boscaini |first1=A. |last2=Toledo |first2=N. |last3=Mamani Quispe |first3=B. |last4=Andrade Flores |first4=R. |last5=Fernández‐Monescillo |first5=M. |last6=Marivaux |first6=L. |last7=Antoine |first7=P.-O. |last8=Münch |first8=P. |last9=Gaudin |first9=T. J. |last10=Pujos |first10=F. |year=2021 |title=Postcranial anatomy of the extinct terrestrial sloth ''Simomylodon uccasamamensis'' (Xenarthra, Mylodontidae) from the Pliocene of the Bolivian Altiplano, and its evolutionary implications |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1557–1583 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1353 |s2cid=234006216 |url=https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03136053/file/Boscaini-et-al-Paper-in-Palaeontology_Bolivia-Simomylodon.pdf }}</ref>
* A study on the diet of ''[[Biology:Mylodon|Mylodon]] darwini'', as indicated by isotopic analyses of nitrogen of amino acids from hair samples, is published by Tejada ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tejada |first1=J. V. |last2=Flynn |first2=J. J. |last3=MacPhee |first3=R. |last4=O'Connell |first4=T. C. |last5=Cerling |first5=T. E. |last6=Bermudez |first6=L. |last7=Capuñay |first7=C. |last8=Wallsgrove |first8=N. |last9=Popp |first9=B. N. |year=2021 |title=Isotope data from amino acids indicate Darwin's ground sloth was not an herbivore |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 18944 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-97996-9 |pmid=34615902 |pmc=8494799 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the pollen content of a well-preserved coprolite of ''Mylodon darwinii'' from the Mylodon Cave ({{wipe|Chile}}), and on its implications for the knowledge of the diet of this sloth, is published by van Geel ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van Geel |first1=B. |last2=van Leeuwen |first2=J. F. N. |last3=Nooren |first3=K. |last4=Mol |first4=D. |last5=den Ouden |first5=N. |last6=van der Knaap |first6=P. W. O. |last7=Seersholm |first7=F. V. |last8=Rey-Iglesia |first8=A. |last9=Lorenzen |first9=E. D. |year=2021 |title=Diet and environment of ''Mylodon darwinii'' based on pollen of a Late-Glacial coprolite from the Mylodon Cave in southern Chile |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=296 |pages=Article 104549 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104549 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the enlarged lower caniniform teeth of ''[[Biology:Lestodon|Lestodon]] armatus'' is published by Varela, McDonald & Fariña (2021), who interpret their findings as supporting the existence of [[Biology:Sexual dimorphism|sexual dimorphism]] in ''L. armatus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Varela |first1=L. |last2=McDonald |first2=H. G. |last3=Fariña |first3=R. |year=2021 |title=Sexual dimorphism in the fossil ground sloth ''Lestodon armatus'' (Xenarthra, Folivora) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1933470 |s2cid=236315139 }}</ref>
* A petrosal bone of ''[[Biology:Glossotherium|Glossotherium]] tropicorum'' is described from the Pleistocene of Trinidad by Gaudin & Broome (2021), expanding known geographic range of this species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gaudin |first1=T. J. |last2=Broome |first2=J. |year=2021 |title=Isolated petrosal of the extinct sloth ''Glossotherium tropicorum'' (Xenarthra, Folivora, Mylodontidae) from the island of Trinidad |journal=Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=51–64 |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/Vol58No3archival.pdf }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Noatherium''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fernicola |first1=J. C. |last2=Zimicz |first2=A. N. |last3=Chornogubsky |first3=L. |last4=Ducea |first4=M. |last5=Cruz |first5=L. E. |last6=Bond |first6=M. |last7=Arnal |first7=M. |last8=Cárdenas |first8=M. |last9=Fernández |first9=M. |year=2021 |title=The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum at the Lower Section of the Lumbrera Formation (Ypresian, Salta Province, Northwestern Argentina): Origin and Early Diversification of the Cingulata |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=621–633 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09545-w |s2cid=236602601 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Fernicola ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]] ([[Earth:Ypresian|Ypresian]])
|
Lumbrera Formation
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A member of [[Biology:Cingulata|Cingulata]]. Genus includes new species ''N. emilioi''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Parocnus|Parocnus dominicanus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McAfee |first1=R. K. |last2=Beery |first2=S. M. |last3=Rimoli |first3=R. |last4=Almonte |first4=J. |last5=Lehman |first5=P. |last6=Cooke |first6=S. B. |year=2021 |title=New species of the ground sloth ''Parocnus'' from the late Pleistocene-early Holocene of Hispaniola |journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=52–82 |doi=10.18435/vamp29369 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
McAfee ''et al.''
|
Late Pleistocene-early Holocene
|
|
{{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
|
|
|-
|
''Plesiodasypus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barasoain |first1=D. |last2=González-Ruiz |first2=L. |last3=Zurita |first3=A. |last4=Villarroel |first4=C. |year=2021 |title=Oldest new Dasypodini (Xenarthra, Cingulata) provides new trails about armadillos evolutionary history |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1917566 |s2cid=235536906 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Barasoain ''et al.''
|
Middle Miocene
|
[[Earth:Honda Group, Colombia#La Victoria Formation|La Victoria Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Colombia}}
|
A [[Biology:Dasypodidae|dasypodid]] armadillo belonging to the tribe Dasypodini. Genus includes new species ''P. colombianus''.
|
|-
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''Saltatherium''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fernicola |first1=J. C. |last2=Zimicz |first2=A. N. |last3=Chornogubsky |first3=L. |last4=Cruz |first4=L. E. |last5=Bond |first5=M. |last6=Arnal |first6=M. |last7=Cárdenas |first7=M. |last8=Fernández |first8=M. |year=2021 |title=New assemblage of cingulates from the Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation (middle Eocene) at Los Cardones National Park (Salta Province, Argentina) and the Casamayoran SALMA problem at the Northwestern Argentina |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=111 |pages=Article 103476 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103476 |bibcode=2021JSAES.11103476F }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
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Fernicola ''et al.''
|
Middle [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]]
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Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A member of [[Biology:Cingulata|Cingulata]]. Genus includes new species ''S. rosaurae''.
|
|-
|
''Similhapalops''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pujos |first1=F. |last2=Ciancio |first2=M. R. |last3=Forasiepi |first3=A. M. |last4=Pujos |first4=M. |last5=Candela |first5=A. M. |last6=Vera |first6=B. |last7=Reguero |first7=M. A. |last8=Combina |first8=A. M. |last9=Cerdeño |first9=E. |year=2021 |title=The late Oligocene xenarthran fauna of Quebrada Fiera (Mendoza, Argentina) and its implications for sloth origins and the diversity of Palaeogene cingulates |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1613–1656 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1356 |s2cid=233608784 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Pujos ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Deseadan|Deseadan]]
|[[Earth:Agua de la Piedra Formation|Agua de la Piedra Formation]]
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{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A small non‐[[Biology:Megalonychidae|megalonychid]] megatherioid sloth. Genus includes new species ''S. nivis''.
| 
|-
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''[[Biology:Utaetus|?Utaetus magnum]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Herrera |first1=C. |last2=Esteban |first2=G. |last3=Garcia-Lopez |first3=D. A. |last4=Deraco |first4=V. |last5=Babot |first5=J. |last6=del Papa |first6=C. |last7=Bertelli |first7=S. |last8=Giannini |first8=N. |year=2021 |title=New Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Upper Lumbrera Formation (Bartonian, middle Eocene), Salta Province, Argentina |journal=Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=236–244 |doi=10.4072/rbp.2021.3.05 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Herrera ''et al.''
|
Eocene ([[Earth:Bartonian|Bartonian]])
|
Lumbrera Formation
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
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A member of the family [[Biology:Chlamyphoridae|Chlamyphoridae]] belonging to the subfamily [[Biology:Euphractinae|Euphractinae]].
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''Zacatzontli cotobrusensis''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valerio |first1=A. L. |last2=Laurito |first2=C. L. |last3=McDonald |first3=H. G. |last4=Rincón |first4=A. D. |year=2021 |title=Perezosos Megalonychidos del Hemphilliano Tardío Temprano (Mioceno Tardío), Formación Curré, San Gerardo de Limoncito, Costa Rica |journal=Revista Geológica de América Central |volume=66 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.15517/rgac.v0i66.48587 |doi-broken-date=2021-11-01 |url=https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/geologica/article/view/48587 }}</ref>
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Sp. nov
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In press
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Valerio ''et al.''
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[[Biology:Hemphillian|Hemphillian]]
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[[Earth:Curré Formation|Curré Formation]]
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{{Flag|Costa Rica}}
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A ground sloth belonging to the family Megalonychidae.
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===Afrotherians===
* New [[Biology:Sirenia|sirenia]]n specimen belonging to the genus ''[[Biology:Potamosiren|Potamosiren]]'' is described from the Miocene [[Earth:Barzalosa Formation|Barzalosa Formation]] (Colombia) by Suarez ''et al.'' (2021), representing the earliest record of this genus reported to date, and providing new information on the evolutionary history of South American sirenians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Suarez |first1=C. |last2=Gelfo |first2=J. N. |last3=Moreno-Bernal |first3=J. W. |last4=Velez-Juarbe |first4=J. |year=2021 |title=An early Miocene manatee from Colombia and the initial Sirenian invasion of freshwater ecosystems |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=109 |pages=Article 103277 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103277 |bibcode=2021JSAES.10903277S |s2cid=233641339 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphology of the brain of a specimen of ''Dioplotherium'' from the middle Miocene Pirabas Formation ({{wipe|Brazil}}), and on the implications of this specimen for the knowledge of the evolution of the brain in sirenians, is published by Kerber & Moraes–Santos (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kerber |first1=L. |last2=Moraes–Santos |first2=H. |year=2021 |title=Endocranial Morphology of a Middle Miocene South American Dugongid and the Neurosensorial Evolution of Sirenians |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=661–678 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09555-8 |s2cid=236226810 }}</ref>
* A study on the population history of the [[Biology:Steller's sea cow|Steller's sea cow]] during the last several millions of years in the Bering Sea region, based on data from a genome of a historical specimen of this species, is published by Sharko ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that this species began to go extinct along the North Pacific coastline before the arrival of the first Paleolithic hunter-gatherers in the [[Earth:Beringia|Beringia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharko |first1=F. S. |last2=Boulygina |first2=E. S. |last3=Tsygankova |first3=S. V. |last4=Slobodova |first4=N. V. |last5=Alekseev |first5=D. A. |last6=Krasivskaya |first6=A. A. |last7=Rastorguev |first7=S. M. |last8=Tikhonov |first8=A. N. |last9=Nedoluzhko |first9=A. V. |title=Steller's sea cow genome suggests this species began going extinct before the arrival of Paleolithic humans |year=2021 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 2215 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22567-5 |doi-access=free |pmid=33850161 |pmc=8044168 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.2215S }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil material of [[Biology:Hyracoidea|hyracoids]] from the [[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]] Malembo locality (Angola) is published by Tabuce ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tabuce |first1=R. |last2=Lihoreau |first2=F. |last3=Mees |first3=F. |last4=Orliac |first4=M. J. |last5=De Putter |first5=T. |last6=Smith |first6=T. |year=2021 |title=A reassessment of the Oligocene hyracoid mammals from Malembo, Cabinda, Angola |journal=Geobios |volume=66-67 |pages=207–215 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2021.03.003 |s2cid=234808941 }}</ref>
* A study on changes of ecomorphological diversity of [[Biology:Proboscidea|proboscidea]]ns throughout their evolutionary history is published by Cantalapiedra ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cantalapiedra |first1=J. L. |last2=Sanisidro |first2=Ó. |last3=Zhang |first3=H. |last4=Alberdi |first4=M. T. |last5=Prado |first5=J. L. |last6=Blanco |first6=F. |last7=Saarinen |first7=J. |year=2021 |title=The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=1266–1272 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w |pmid=34211141 |s2cid=235712060 }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil material of [[Biology:Deinotheriidae|deinotheres]] belonging to the genus ''[[Biology:Prodeinotherium|Prodeinotherium]]'' from the Miocene Vallès-Penedès Basin ({{wipe|Spain}}) is published by Gasamans ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gasamans |first1=N. |last2=Luján |first2=À. H. |last3=Pons-Monjo |first3=G. |last4=Obradó |first4=P. |last5=Casanovas-Vilar |first5=I. |last6=Alba |first6=D. M. |year=2021 |title=The Record of ''Prodeinotherium'' in the Iberian Peninsula: New Data from the Vallès-Penedès Basin |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=647–660 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09543-y |s2cid=234806320 }}</ref>
* A study on faunal and floral components of dung associated with juvenile [[Biology:Mastodon|mastodon]] remains from East Milford (Nova Scotia, {{wipe|Canada}}) dated to ~75,000 years [[Earth:Before Present|BP]], and on its implications of the knowledge of mastodon diet and environmental conditions in eastern Canada prior to the onset of the [[Earth:Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsin glaciation]], is published by Cocker ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cocker |first1=S. L. |last2=Pisaric |first2=M. F. J. |last3=McCarthy |first3=F. |last4=Vermaire |first4=J. C. |last5=Beaupre |first5=P. |last6=Cwynar |first6=L. |year=2021 |title=Dung analysis of the East Milford mastodons: dietary and environmental reconstructions from central Nova Scotia at ~75 ka yr BP. |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1059–1072 |doi=10.1139/cjes-2020-0164 |s2cid=234854445 }}</ref>
* A study on the growth patterns of limbs of the mastodons is published by Htun ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Htun |first1=T. |last2=Prothero |first2=D. R. |last3=Hoffman |first3=J. M. |last4=Lukowski |first4=S. M. |title=How did mastodons grow? Ontogenetic long bone growth in American mastodons |year=2021 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=82 |pages=145–150 }}</ref>
* A study on the chemical composition of fossilized dental calculus from specimens of ''Notiomastodon platensis'' from {{wipe|Brazil}}, {{wipe|Argentina}} and Ecuador is published by Mothé ''et al.'' (2021), who report the discovery of the first fossilized oral bacterial communities associated with extinct proboscideans, confirming the parasitism between oral bacteria and ''N. platensis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mothé |first1=D. |last2=de Oliveira |first2=K. |last3=Rotti |first3=A. |last4=Román-Carrión |first4=J. L. |last5=Bertolino |first5=L. C. |last6=Krepsky |first6=N. |last7=Avilla |first7=L. |title=The micro from mega: Dental calculus description and the first record of fossilized oral bacteria from an extinct proboscidean |year=2021 |journal=International Journal of Paleopathology |volume=33 |pages=55–60 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.02.004 |pmid=33721688 |s2cid=232244356 }}</ref>
* Osteopontin, osteonectin and [[Biology:Bone morphogenetic protein 2|BMP-2]] are identified for the first time in a bone of a specimen of ''[[Biology:Anancus|Anancus]] arvernensis'' from the Pliocene Lagerstätte of Willershausen ({{wipe|Germany}}) by Schmidt-Schultz, Reich & Schultz (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schmidt-Schultz |first1=T. H. |last2=Reich |first2=M. |last3=Schultz |first3=M. |title=Exceptionally preserved extracellular bone matrix proteins from the late Neogene proboscidean ''Anancus'' (Mammalia: Proboscidea) |year=2021 |journal=PalZ |volume=in press |doi=10.1007/s12542-021-00566-7 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the age distribution and population structure of ''[[Biology:Palaeoloxodon|Palaeoloxodon]] huaihoensis'' from Penghu Channel (Taiwan), based on data from fossil teeth, is published by Kang, Lin & Chang (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kang |first1=J.-C. |last2=Lin |first2=C.-H. |last3=Chang |first3=C.-H. |year=2021 |title=Age and growth of ''Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis'' from Penghu Channel, Taiwan: significance of their age distribution based on fossils |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e11236 |doi=10.7717/peerj.11236 |pmid=33954049 |pmc=8052959 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphology of the petrosal bone of ''Palaeoloxodon tiliensis'' is published by Liakopoulou, Theodorou & van Heteren (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liakopoulou |first1=D. E. |last2=Theodorou |first2=G. E. |last3=van Heteren |first3=A. H. |title=The inner morphology of the petrosal bone of the endemic elephant of Tilos Island, Greece |year=2021 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=Article number 24.2.a23 |doi=10.26879/1034 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the dwarfing process in the evolutionary history of the Sicilian dwarf elephant, based on mitochondrial genome data, is published by Baleka ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baleka |first1=S. |last2=Herridge |first2=V. L. |last3=Catalano |first3=G. |last4=Lister |first4=A. M. |last5=Dickinson |first5=M. R. |last6=Di Patti |first6=C. |last7=Barlow |first7=A. |last8=Penkman |first8=K. E. H. |last9=Hofreiter |first9=M. |last10=Paijmans |first10=J. L. A. |title=Estimating the dwarfing rate of an extinct Sicilian elephant |year=2021 |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=16 |pages=3606–3612.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.037 |pmid=34146486 |s2cid=235477150 }}</ref>
* Tracks of [[Biology:Straight-tusked elephant|straight-tusked elephant]]s, including calves and juveniles, are described from the Upper Pleistocene site known as "Matalascañas Trampled Surface" ({{wipe|Spain}}) by Neto de Carvalho ''et al.'' (2021), providing information on the locomotion, social group structure and reproductive ecology of these proboscideans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neto de Carvalho |first1=C. |last2=Belaústegui |first2=Z. |last3=Toscano |first3=A. |last4=Muñiz |first4=F. |last5=Belo |first5=J. |last6=Galán |first6=J. M. |last7=Gómez |first7=P. |last8=Cáceres |first8=L. M. |last9=Rodríguez-Vidal |first9=J. |last10=Cunha |first10=P. P. |last11=Cachão |first11=M. |last12=Ruiz |first12=F. |last13=Ramirez-Cruzado |first13=S. |last14=Giles-Guzmán |first14=F. |last15=Finlayson |first15=G. |last16=Finlayson |first16=S. |last17=Finlayson |first17=C. |year=2021 |title=First tracks of newborn straight-tusked elephants (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 17311 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-96754-1 |doi-access=free |pmid=34531420 |pmc=8445925 }}</ref>
* A large elephant cranium similar to partial crania of early Pliocene ''[[Biology:Loxodonta adaurora|Loxodonta adaurora]]'' is described from the Lonyumun Member of the Koobi Fora Formation near [[Place:Ileret|Ileret]] (Kenya) by Sanders ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret the anatomy of this skull as unexpectedly advanced for an elephant of its antiquity, and indicating that by the early Pliocene ''L. adaurora'' evolved adaptations in phase with feeding preference for [[Biology:C4 carbon fixation|C<sub>4</sub>]] grasses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sanders |first1=W. J. |last2=Leakey |first2=M. G. |last3=Leakey |first3=L. N. |last4=Feibel |first4=C. S. |last5=Ibui |first5=T. G. |last6=Nyete |first6=C. |last7=Mbete  |first7=M. P. |last8=Brown |first8=F. H. |title=Morphological description and identification of an extraordinary new elephant cranium from the early Pliocene of Ileret, Kenya |year=2021 |journal=Palæovertebrata |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=e3 |doi=10.18563/pv.44.2.e3 |s2cid=239606229 }}</ref>
* Van der Valk ''et al.'' (2021) report the recovery of genome-wide data from three mammoth specimens dating to the Early and Middle Pleistocene, and evaluate the implications of their finding for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of mammoths.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van der Valk |first1=T. |last2=Pečnerová |first2=P. |last3=Díez-del-Molino |first3=D. |last4=Bergström |first4=A. |last5=Oppenheimer |first5=J. |last6=Hartmann |first6=S. |last7=Xenikoudakis |first7=G. |last8=Thomas |first8=J. A. |last9=Dehasque |first9=M. |last10=Sağlıcan |first10=E. |last11=Fidan |first11=F. R. |last12=Barnes |first12=I. |last13=Liu |first13=S. |last14=Somel |first14=M. |last15=Heintzman |first15=P. D. |last16=Nikolskiy |first16=P. |last17=Shapiro |first17=B. |last18=Skoglund |first18=P. |last19=Hofreiter |first19=M. |last20=Lister |first20=A. M. |last21=Götherström |first21=A. |last22=Dalén |first22=L. |title=Million-year-old DNA sheds light on the genomic history of mammoths |year=2021 |journal=Nature |volume=591 |issue=7849 |pages=265–269 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03224-9 |pmid=33597750 |pmc=7116897 |bibcode=2021Natur.591..265V }}</ref>
* New method allowing the characterization of the genetic sex for highly degraded samples of elephant DNA is presented by Aznar-Cormano ''et al.'' (2021), who also apply their method to woolly mammoth ancient DNA from the Late Pleistocene of Siberia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aznar-Cormano |first1=L. |last2=Bonnald |first2=J. |last3=Krief |first3=S. |last4=Guma |first4=N. |last5=Debruyne |first5=R. |year=2021 |title=Molecular sexing of degraded DNA from elephants and mammoths: a genotyping assay relevant both to conservation biology and to paleogenetics |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 7227 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-86010-x |pmid=33790303 |pmc=8012363 }}</ref>
* A study on the population history and extinction dynamics of the woolly mammoth in northern Siberia, based on radiocarbon and genetic data, is published by Dehasque ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dehasque |first1=M. |last2=Pečnerová |first2=P. |last3=Muller |first3=H. |last4=Tikhonov |first4=A. |last5=Nikolskiy |first5=P. |last6=Tsigankova |first6=V. I. |last7=Danilov |first7=G. K. |last8=Díez-del-Molino |first8=D. |last9=Vartanyan |first9=S. |last10=Dalén |first10=L. |last11=Lister |first11=A. M. |title=Combining Bayesian age models and genetics to investigate population dynamics and extinction of the last mammoths in northern Siberia |year=2021 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=259 |pages=Article 106913 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106913 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25906913D |s2cid=233543246 }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine the mobility and range of an Arctic woolly mammoth living 17,100 years ago, as indicated by data from its tusk, is published by Wooller ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wooller |first1=M. J. |last2=Bataille |first2=C. |last3=Druckenmiller |first3=P. |last4=Erickson |first4=G. M. |last5=Groves |first5=P. |last6=Haubenstock |first6=N. |last7=Howe |first7=T. |last8=Irrgeher |first8=J. |last9=Mann |first9=D. |last10=Moon |first10=K. |last11=Potter |first11=B. A. |last12=Prohaska |first12=T. |last13=Rasic |first13=J. |last14=Reuther |first14=J. |last15=Shapiro |first15=B. |last16=Spaleta |first16=K. J. |last17=Willis |first17=A. D. |year=2021 |title=Lifetime mobility of an Arctic woolly mammoth |journal=Science |volume=373 |issue=6556 |pages=806–808 |doi=10.1126/science.abg1134 |pmid=34385399 |bibcode=2021Sci...373..806W |s2cid=236991244 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Afrohypselodontus''<ref name=Afrohypselodontus>{{Cite journal|last1=Senut |first1=B. |last2=Pickford |first2=M. |title=Micro-cursorial mammals from the late Eocene tufas at Eocliff, Namibia |year=2021 |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=23 |pages=90–160 |url=http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/fda_Senut_Pickford%202021_mammals%20Eocliff.pdf }}</ref>
|
Gen. et 2 sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Senut & Pickford
|
[[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]] ([[Earth:Bartonian|Bartonian]]-[[Earth:Priabonian|Priabonian]])
|
|
{{Flag|Namibia}}
|
A member of [[Biology:Macroscelidea|Macroscelidea]] belonging to the family Afrohypselodontidae. The type species is ''A. minus''; genus also includes ''A. grandis''.
|
|-
|
''Dagbatitherium''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hautier |first1=L. |last2=Tabuce |first2=R. |last3=Mourlam |first3=M. J. |last4=Kassegne |first4=K. E. |last5=Amoudji |first5=Y. Z. |last6=Orliac |first6=M. |last7=Quillévéré |first7=F. |last8=Charruault |first8=A.-L. |last9=Johnson |first9=A. K. C. |last10=Guinot |first10=G. |year=2021 |title=New Middle Eocene proboscidean from Togo illuminates the early evolution of the elephantiform-like dental pattern |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1960 |pages=Article ID 20211439 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2021.1439 |pmid=34641726 |pmc=8511763 |pmc-embargo-date=October 13, 2022 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Hautier ''et al.''
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Eocene ([[Earth:Lutetian|Lutetian]])
|
|
{{Flag|Togo}}
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A proboscidean belonging to the [[Biology:Crown group#Stem groups|stem group]] of [[Biology:Elephantiformes|Elephantiformes]]. Genus includes new species ''D. tassyi''.
|
|-
|
''Eorhynchocyon''<ref name=Afrohypselodontus />
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Senut & Pickford
|
Eocene (Bartonian-Priabonian)
|
|
{{Flag|Namibia}}
|
A member of Macroscelidea belonging to the family Rhynchocyonidae. The type species is ''E. rupestris''.
|
|-
|
''Namasengi''<ref name=Afrohypselodontus />
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Senut & Pickford
|
Eocene (Bartonian-Priabonian)
|
|
{{Flag|Namibia}}
|
An elephant shrew. The type species is ''N. mockeae''.
|
|-
|
''Oligorhynchocyon''<ref name=Oligorhynchocyon>{{Cite journal|last1=Stevens |first1=N. J. |last2=O'Connor |first2=P. M. |last3=Mtelela |first3=C. |last4=Roberts |first4=E. M. |year=2021 |title=Macroscelideans (Myohyracinae and Rhynchocyoninae) from the late Oligocene Nsungwe formation of the Rukwa Rift Basin, southwestern Tanzania |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=Online edition |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1938565 |s2cid=237700792 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Stevens ''et al.''
|
Late [[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]]
|
[[Earth:Nsungwe Formation|Nsungwe Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|
An elephant shrew belonging to the subfamily Rhynchocyoninae. The type species is ''O. songwensis''.
|
|-
|
''Promyohyrax''<ref name=Afrohypselodontus />
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Senut & Pickford
|
Eocene (Bartonian-Priabonian)
|
|
{{Flag|Namibia}}
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A member of Macroscelidea belonging to the family Myohyracidae. The type species is ''P. namibiensis''.
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|-
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''Rukwasengi''<ref name=Oligorhynchocyon />
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Stevens ''et al.''
|
Late Oligocene
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Nsungwe Formation
|
{{Flag|Tanzania}}
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An elephant shrew belonging to the subfamily Myohyracinae. The type species is ''R. butleri''.
|
|-
|}

===Bats===
* Endocranial casts of four fossil species of [[Biology:Hipposideridae|Old World leaf-nosed bats]] belonging to the genera ''Palaeophyllophora'' and ''[[Biology:Hipposideros|Hipposideros]]'' are described by Maugoust & Orliac (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maugoust |first1=J. |last2=Orliac |first2=M. J. |year=2021 |title=Endocranial cast anatomy of the extinct hipposiderid bats ''Palaeophyllophora'' and ''Hipposideros (Pseudorhinolophus)'' (Mammalia: Chiroptera) |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=679–706 |doi=10.1007/s10914-020-09522-9 |s2cid=234163031 }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine probable diet and body mass of ''Notonycteris magdalenensis'' is published by López-Aguirre ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=López-Aguirre |first1=C. |last2=Czaplewski |first2=N. J. |last3=Link |first3=A. |last4=Takai |first4=M. |last5=Hand |first5=S. J. |year=2021 |title=Dietary and body-mass reconstruction of the Miocene neotropical bat ''Notonycteris magdalenensis'' (Phyllostomidae) from La Venta, Colombia |journal=Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1017/pab.2021.21 |s2cid=237837220 }}</ref>
* A study on changes in body size and mandible shape through time and across climate regimes in the cave myotis and the [[Biology:Big brown bat|big brown bat]], based on data from the late Quaternary fossil record from caves in the Edwards Plateau of central {{wipe|Texas}}, is published by Moroz ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moroz |first1=M. |last2=Jackson |first2=I. S. C. |last3=Ramirez |first3=D. |last4=Kemp |first4=M. E. |year=2021 |title=Divergent morphological responses to millennia of climate change in two species of bats from Hall's Cave, Texas, USA |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e10856 |doi=10.7717/peerj.10856 |pmid=33777514 |pmc=7971077 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Afrillonura''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rosina |first1=V. |last2=Pickford |first2=M. |year=2021 |title=The new small emballonurid (Emballonuridae, Chiroptera, Mammalia) from the Miocene of Africa: its phylogenetic and palaeogeographic implications |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1973451 |s2cid=239134133 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Rosina & Pickford
|
Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Namibia}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Emballonuridae|Emballonuridae]]. Genus includes new species ''A. namibensis''.
|
|-
|
''Altaynycteris''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=M. F. |last2=Li |first2=Q. |last3=Ni |first3=X. |last4=Beard |first4=K. C. |year=2021 |title=The earliest Asian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) address major gaps in bat evolution |journal=Biology Letters |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=Article ID 20210185 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2021.0185 |pmid=34186001 |pmc=8241488 |pmc-embargo-date=June 30, 2022 |s2cid=235676184 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Jones ''et al.''
|
Early [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]]
|
Junggar Basin
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
Genus includes new species ''A. aurora''.
|
|-
|}

===Notoungulates===
* A study on the evolution of the body size and hypsodonty in notoungulates is published by Solórzano & Núñez-Flores (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Solórzano |first1=A. |last2=Núñez-Flores |first2=M. |year=2021 |title=Evolutionary trends of body size and hypsodonty in notoungulates and their probable drivers |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=568 |pages=Article 110306 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110306 |bibcode=2021PPP...568k0306S |s2cid=233537649 }}</ref>
* A study on the enamel microstructure in permanent and deciduous teeth of specimens of ''[[Biology:Toxodon|Toxodon]]'', evaluating the evolutionary and functional implications of histological enamel features in the studied teeth, is published by Braunn, Ferigolo & Ribeiro (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Braunn |first1=P. R. |last2=Ferigolo |first2=J. |last3=Ribeiro |first3=A. M. |year=2021 |title=Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate ''Toxodon'': Development, functional, and evolutionary implications |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=449–464 |doi=10.4202/app.00772.2020 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the shape and size of molars in nine species of ''[[Biology:Protypotherium|Protypotherium]]'', aiming to determine the impact of climate change in South America during Miocene on the evolution of this genus, is published by Scarano, Vera & Reguero (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scarano |first1=A. C. |last2=Vera |first2=B. |last3=Reguero |first3=M. |year=2021 |title=Evolutionary trends of ''Protypotherium'' (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata) lineage throughout the Miocene of South America |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=885–895 |doi=10.1007/s10914-020-09534-5 |s2cid=230986107 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphology of deciduous and permanent teeth of ''[[Biology:Interatherium|Interatherium]]'' and ''Protypotherium'', reevaluating the diagnostic dental characteristics used to describe interatheriine taxa, is published by Fernández, Fernicola & Cerdeño (2021), who transfer the species ''Eudiastatus lingulatus'' to the genus ''Protypotherium''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fernández |first1=M. |last2=Fernicola |first2=J. C. |last3=Cerdeño |first3=E. |title=Deciduous dentition and dental eruption sequence in Interatheriinae (Notoungulata, Interatheriidae): implications in the systematics of the group |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=861–885 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2021.7 |s2cid=233649237 }}</ref>
* A study on the shape and evolution of the snout in [[Biology:Mesotheriidae|mesotheriid]] notoungulates, and on its implications for the knowledge of the dietary preferences in mesotheriids, is published by Ercoli & Armella (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ercoli |first1=M. D. |last2=Armella |first2=M. A. |year=2021 |title=Snout shape and masticatory apparatus of the rodent‐like mesotheriid ungulates (Notoungulata, Typotheria): exploring evolutionary trends in dietary strategies through ancestral reconstructions |journal=Palaeontology |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=385–408 |doi=10.1111/pala.12530 |s2cid=233684440 }}</ref>
* A study on tooth size variations within assemblages of ''[[Biology:Tremacyllus|Tremacyllus]]'' is published by Armella (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Armella |first=M. A. |year=2021 |title=Tooth Size Variation in Assemblages of ''Tremacyllus'' (Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata): Insights into Geographical Gradients, Systematics, and Sexual Dimorphism |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=in press |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09575-4 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Colbertia falui''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fernández |first1=M. |last2=Zimicz |first2=A. N. |last3=Bond |first3=M. |last4=Chornogubsky |first4=L. |last5=Arnal |first5=M. |last6=Cárdenas |first6=M. |last7=Fernicola |first7=J. C. |title=New Eocene South American native ungulates from the Quebrada de los Colorados Formation at Los Cardones National Park, Argentina |year=2021 |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.4202/app.00784.2020 |s2cid=234198606 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Fernández ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]] ([[Earth:Casamayoran|Casamayoran]])
|
Quebrada de los Colorados Formation
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A member of [[Biology:Typotheria|Typotheria]].
|
|-
|
''Nanolophodon''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Castro |first1=L. O. R. |last2=García-López |first2=D. |last3=Bergqvist |first3=L. P. |last4=de Araújo-Júnior |first4=H. I. |title=A new basal notoungulate from the Itaboraí Basin (Paleogene) of Brazil |year=2021 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=272–288 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.05.02.2021.3387  |s2cid=234220780 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Castro ''et al.''
|
Early Eocene
|
Itaboraí Basin
|
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
A [[Biology:Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] notoungulate. Genus includes new species ''N. tutuca''.
|
|-
|
''Neoicochilus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fernández |first1=M. |last2=Fernicola |first2=J. C. |last3=Cerdeño |first3=E. |year=2021 |title=A new genus of Interatheriinae (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Santa Cruz Formation (early–middle Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, and the revision of the genus ''Cochilius'' Ameghino, 1902 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=Online edition |pages=e1956940 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1956940 |s2cid=239647102 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Fernández, Fernicola & Cerdeño
| 
[[Earth:Santacrucian|Santacrucian]]
|
Santa Cruz Formation
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Interatheriidae|Interatheriidae]]; a new genus for ''"Icochilus" undulatus''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Teushentherium|Teushentherium]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martínez |first1=G. |last2=Dozo |first2=M. T. |last3=Gelfo |first3=J. N. |last4=Ciancio |first4=M. R. |last5=González-José |first5=R. |title=A new toxodont (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and systematic considerations on the paraphyletic 'Notohippidae' |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=24 |pages=1995–2013 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.1872723 |s2cid=232116246 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Martínez ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A member of [[Biology:Toxodonta|Toxodonta]]. The type species is ''T. camaronensis''.
|
|-
|}

===Odd-toed ungulates===
* Description of new fossil material of ''[[Biology:Lophiaspis|Lophiaspis]] maurettei'' from the early [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]] of {{wipe|France}}, and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species and [[Biology:Lophiodontidae|lophiodontids]] in general, is published by Vautrin ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vautrin |first1=Q. |last2=Tabuce |first2=R. |last3=Lihoreau |first3=F. |last4=Bronnert |first4=C. |last5=Gheerbrant |first5=E. |last6=Godinot |first6=M. |last7=Metais |first7=G. |last8=Yans |first8=J. |last9=Dutour |first9=Y. |last10=Vialle |first10=N. |last11=Philip |first11=J. |last12=Billet |first12=G. |year=2021 |title=New Remains of ''Lophiaspis maurettei'' (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Early Eocene of France and the Implications for the Origin of the Lophiodontidae |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=e1878200 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1878200 |s2cid=233680856 }}</ref>
* New fossil material of [[Biology:Chalicothere|chalicothere]]s, indicating that the fossil record of the genus ''[[Biology:Ancylotherium|Ancylotherium]]'' in Africa dates back to ca. 10 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]], is described from the upper Miocene Nakali Formation (Kenya) by Handa ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Handa |first1=N. |last2=Nakatsukasa |first2=M. |last3=Kunimatsu |first3=Y. |last4=Tsubamoto |first4=T. |last5=Nakaya |first5=H. |year=2021 |title=The Chalicotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the upper Miocene Nakali Formation, Kenya |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1876042 |s2cid=234015871 }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil material of rhinoceroses from the Rotem and Yeroham basins in the Negev ([[Place:Israel|Israel]]), including fossils of a member of the genus ''Brachypotherium'' belonging or related to the species ''B. snowi'', and the only record of ''Gaindatherium'' found outside the Sivalik Hills, is published by Pandolfi ''et al.'' (2021), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the biogeography and dispersal of rhinoceroses during the early [[Earth:Neogene|Neogene]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pandolfi |first1=L. |last2=Calvo |first2=R. |last3=Grossman |first3=A. |last4=Rabinovich |first4=R. |title=Rhinocerotidae from the early Miocene of the Negev (Israel) and implications for the dispersal of early Neogene rhinoceroses |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=95 |issue=6 |pages=1340–1351 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2021.64 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* New fossil material of ''Aprotodon lanzhouensis'' is described from the Miocene Xianshuihe Formation (China) by Li ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li |first1=Z. |last2=Li |first2=Y. |last3=Zhang |first3=Y. |last4=Xie |first4=K. |last5=Li |first5=Z. |last6=Chen |first6=Y. |year=2021 |title=New material of ''Aprotodon lanzhouensis'' (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene in Northwest China |journal=Geological Journal |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=4779–4787 |doi=10.1002/gj.4212 |s2cid=237834591 }}</ref>
* A study on the ecology and the eventual niche partitioning of rhinocerotids from the Miocene locality of Béon 1 ({{wipe|France}}) is published by Hullot ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hullot |first1=M. |last2=Laurent |first2=Y. |last3=Merceron |first3=G. |last4=Antoine |first4=P.-O. |title=Paleoecology of the Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Béon 1, Montréal-du-Gers (late early Miocene, SW France): Insights from dental microwear texture analysis, mesowear, and enamel hypoplasia |year=2021 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=Article number 24.2.a27 |doi=10.26879/1163 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* New fossil material of Merck's rhinoceros is described from localities in West Siberia and East Siberia by Lobachev ''et al.'' (2021), expanding known geographic distribution of this species and providing new information on its ecology, variability, and evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lobachev |first1=Y.V. |last2=Shpansky |first2=A.V. |last3=Bondarev |first3=A.A. |last4=Lobachev |first4=A.Y. |last5=Vasiliev |first5=S.K. |last6=Klementev |first6=A.M. |last7=Grebnev |first7=I.E. |last8=Silaev |first8=V.I. |title=New findings of ''Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis'' in Siberia |year=2021 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 24.1.a14 |doi=10.26879/734 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the ecology of the [[Biology:Woolly rhinoceros|woolly rhinoceros]], based on data from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from bone and tooth specimens and from mitochondrial DNA sequences, is published by Rey-Iglesia ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rey-Iglesia |first1=A. |last2=Lister |first2=A. M. |last3=Stuart |first3=A. J. |last4=Bocherens |first4=H. |last5=Szpak |first5=P. |last6=Willerslev |first6=E. |last7=Lorenzen |first7=E. D. |title=Late Pleistocene paleoecology and phylogeography of woolly rhinoceroses |year=2021 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=263 |pages=Article 106993 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106993 |bibcode=2021QSRv..26306993R |s2cid=236234739 }}</ref>
* A study on range changes and environment of the woolly rhinoceros in west [[Earth:Beringia|Beringia]] (northeast Asia) during the Late Pleistocene is published by Puzachenko ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Puzachenko |first1=A. Yu. |last2=Levchenko |first2=V. A. |last3=Bertuch |first3=F. |last4=Zazovskaya |first4=E. P. |last5=Kirillova |first5=I. V. |title=Late Pleistocene chronology and environment of woolly rhinoceros (''Coelodonta antiquitatis'' (Blumenbach, 1799)) in Beringia |year=2021 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=263 |pages=Article 106994 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106994 |bibcode=2021QSRv..26306994P |s2cid=236317042 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolutionary history of rhinocerotids, based on data from genomes of extant and extinct taxa, is published by Liu ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liu |first1=S. |last2=Westbury |first2=M. V. |last3=Dussex |first3=N. |last4=Mitchell |first4=K. J. |last5=Sinding |first5=M-H. S. |last6=Heintzman |first6=P. D. |last7=Duchêne |first7=D. A. |last8=Kapp |first8=J. D. |last9=von Seth |first9=J. |last10=Heiniger |first10=H. |last11=Sánchez-Barreiro |first11=F. |last12=Margaryan |first12=A. |last13=André-Olsen |first13=R. |last14=De Cahsan |first14=B. |last15=Meng |first15=G. |last16=Yang |first16=C. |last17=Chen |first17=L. |last18=van der Valk |first18=T. |last19=Moodley |first19=Y. |last20=Rookmaaker |first20=K. |last21=Bruford |first21=M. W. |last22=Ryder |first22=O. |last23=Steiner |first23=C. |last24=Bruins-van Sonsbeek |first24=L. G. R. |last25=Vartanyan |first25=S. |last26=Guo |first26=C. |last27=Cooper |first27=A. |last28=Kosintsev |first28=P. |last29=Kirillova |first29=I. |last30=Lister |first30=A. M. |last31=Marques-Bonet |first31=T. |last32=Gopalakrishnan |first32=S. |last33=Dunn |first33=R. R. |last34=Lorenzen |first34=E. D. |last35=Shapiro |first35=B. |last36=Zhang |first36=G. |last37=Antoine |first37=P.-O. |last38=Dalén |first38=L. |last39=Gilbert |first39=M. T. P. |title=Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family |year=2021 |journal=Cell |volume=184 |issue=19 |pages=4874–4885.e16 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032 |pmid=34433011 |s2cid=237273079 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphology of the central forelimb metapodial joint surface in extant and extinct members of Equoidea, aiming to determine potential drivers of modifications of the shape of metapodial–[[Biology:Phalanx bone|phalangeal]] joint in horse limbs throughout their evolutionary history, is published by MacLaren (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last=MacLaren |first=J. A. |year=2021 |title=Biogeography a key influence on distal forelimb variation in horses through the Cenozoic |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1942 |pages=Article ID 20202465 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.2465 |pmid=33434465 |pmc=7892410 |pmc-embargo-date=January 13, 2022 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the gait and speed of extinct horses, based on data from footprints likely produced by ''[[Biology:Scaphohippus|Scaphohippus]] intermontanus'' and ''[[Biology:Equus conversidens|Equus conversidens]]'', is published by Vincelette (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vincelette |first=A. |title=Determining the gait of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene horses from fossilized trackways |year=2021 |journal=Fossil Record |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=151–169 |doi=10.5194/fr-24-151-2021 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution, [[Earth:Biogeography|biogeography]] and ecology of Eurasian and African hipparion horses living between 11.4 and 1 million years ago is published by Bernor ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bernor |first1=R. L. |last2=Kaya |first2=F. |last3=Kaakinen |first3=A. |last4=Saarinen |first4=J. |last5=Fortelius |first5=M. |year=2021 |title=Old world hipparion evolution, biogeography, climatology and ecology |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=221 |pages=Article 103784 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103784 |bibcode=2021ESRv..22103784B |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the bone and dental [[Biology:Histology|histology]] of ''[[Biology:Eurygnathohippus|Eurygnathohippus]] hooijeri'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the life history of this equid, is published by Nacarino-Meneses & Chinsamy (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nacarino-Meneses |first1=C. |last2=Chinsamy |first2=A. |year=2021 |title=Mineralized-tissue histology reveals protracted life history in the Pliocene three-toed horse from Langebaanweg (South Africa) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=in press |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab037 }}</ref>
* Partially complete skeleton of a specimen of ''[[Biology:Hippidion|Hippidion]] saldiasi'' living near the end of the last glaciation, representing the southernmost high-elevation record for this species reported to date, is described from the Salar de Surire (northern {{wipe|Chile}}) by Labarca ''et al.'' (2021), who attempt to determine the body mass and diet of this specimen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Labarca |first1=R. |last2=Caro |first2=F. J. |last3=Villavicencio |first3=N. A. |last4=Capriles |first4=J. M. |last5=Briones |first5=E. |last6=Latorre |first6=C. |last7=Santoro |first7=C. M. |year=2021 |title=A Partially Complete Skeleton of ''Hippidion saldiasi'' Roth, 1899 (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from the Late Pleistocene of the High Andes in Northern Chile |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=e1862132 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1862132 |s2cid=233706381 }}</ref>
* A study testing existing body mass estimation equations of [[Biology:Equidae|equids]] for their accuracy with modern zebras, and evaluating the implications of this test for the knowledge of the relationship between body size, diet and habitat in Pleistocene members of the genus ''[[Biology:Equus (genus)|Equus]]'' from Europe, is published by Saarinen ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saarinen |first1=J. |last2=Cirilli |first2=O. |last3=Strani |first3=F. |last4=Meshida |first4=K. |last5=Bernor |first5=R. L. |year=2021 |title=Testing Equid Body Mass Estimate Equations on Modern Zebras—With Implications to Understanding the Relationship of Body Size, Diet, and Habitats of ''Equus'' in the Pleistocene of Europe |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=9 |pages=Article 622412 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.622412 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the validity of the genera ''Plesippus'' and ''Allohippus'', on the evolutionary relationships of ''[[Biology:Equus stenonis|Equus stenonis]]'' to other Old World Pleistocene and extant members of the genus ''Equus'', and on the origin of zebras and asses is published by Cirilli ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cirilli |first1=O. |last2=Pandolfi |first2=L. |last3=Rook |first3=L. |last4=Bernor |first4=R. L. |year=2021 |title=Evolution of Old World ''Equus'' and origin of the zebra-ass clade |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 10156 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-89440-9 |pmid=33980921 |pmc=8114910 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1110156C }}</ref>
* Revision of the European record of ''Equus stenonis'' and related forms is published by Cirilli ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cirilli |first1=O. |last2=Saarinen |first2=J. |last3=Pandolfi |first3=L. |last4=Rook |first4=L. |last5=Bernor |first5=R. L. |title=An updated review on ''Equus stenonis'' (Mammalia, Perissodactyla): New implications for the European early Pleistocene ''Equus'' taxonomy and paleoecology, and remarks on the Old World ''Equus'' evolution |year=2021 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=269 |pages=Article 107155 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107155 |bibcode=2021QSRv..26907155C }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil material of horses from the Dmanisi site ([[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgia]]), including the oldest well-calibrated occurrence of ''Equus altidens'' in western Eurasia, is published by Bernor ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bernor |first1=R. L. |last2=Cirilli |first2=O. |last3=Bukhsianidze |first3=M. |last4=Lordkipanidze |first4=D. |last5=Rook |first5=L. |year=2021 |title=The Dmanisi ''Equus'': Systematics, biogeography, and paleoecology |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=158 |pages=Article 103051 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103051 |pmid=34365132 }}</ref>
* A skull of the [[Biology:Grévy's zebra|Grévy's zebra]], representing the oldest definitive record of this species reported to date, is described from the Pleistocene [[Earth:Kapthurin Formation|Kapthurin Formation]] (Kenya) by O’Brien ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O’Brien |first1=K. |last2=Tryon |first2=C. A. |last3=Blegen |first3=N. |last4=Kimeu |first4=B. |last5=Rowan |first5=J. |last6=Faith |first6=J. T. |year=2021 |title=First appearance of Grévy's zebra (''Equus grevyi''), from the middle Pleistocene Kapthurin Formation, Kenya, sheds light on the evolution and paleoecology of large zebras |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=256 |pages=Article 106835 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106835 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25606835O |s2cid=233638447 }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil material of ''Equus apolloniensis'' from the Pleistocene Apollonia 1 site (Mygdonia Basin, Greece), and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species, is published by Gkeme, Koufos & Kostopoulos (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gkeme |first1=A. G. |last2=Koufos |first2=G. D. |last3=Kostopoulos |first3=D. S. |title=Reconsidering the Equids from the Early Pleistocene Fauna of Apollonia 1 (Mygdonia Basin, Greece) |year=2021 |journal=Quaternary |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=Article 12 |doi=10.3390/quat4020012 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine possible impact of the Bering Land Bridge on genetic diversity and connectivity among North American and Eurasian populations of the caballine horses throughout their evolutionary history, based on data from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes from present-day and extinct horses sampled across the [[Biology:Holarctic realm|Holarctic]] is published by Vershinina ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vershinina |first1=A. O. |last2=Heintzman |first2=P. D. |last3=Froese |first3=D. G. |last4=Zazula |first4=G. |last5=Cassatt-Johnstone |first5=M. |last6=Dalén |first6=L. |last7=Der Sarkissian |first7=C. |last8=Dunn |first8=S. G. |last9=Ermini |first9=L. |last10=Gamba |first10=C. |last11=Groves |first11=P. |last12=Kapp |first12=J. D. |last13=Mann |first13=D. H. |last14=Seguin-Orlando |first14=A. |last15=Southon |first15=J. |last16=Stiller |first16=M. |last17=Wooller |first17=M. J. |last18=Baryshnikov |first18=G. |last19=Gimranov |first19=D. |last20=Scott |first20=E. |last21=Hall |first21=E. |last22=Hewitson |first22=S. |last23=Kirillova |first23=I. |last24=Kosintsev |first24=P. |last25=Shidlovsky |first25=F. |last26=Tong |first26=H.-W. |last27=Tiunov |first27=M. P. |last28=Vartanyan |first28=S. |last29=Orlando |first29=L. |last30=Corbett-Detig |first30=R. |last31=MacPhee |first31=R. D. |last32=Shapiro |first32=B. |title=Ancient horse genomes reveal the timing and extent of dispersals across the Bering Land Bridge |year=2021 |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=in press |doi=10.1111/mec.15977 |pmid=33971056 |s2cid=234360028 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Elasmotherium primigenium''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sun |first1=D. |last2=Deng |first2=T. |last3=Jiangzuo |first3=Q. |year=2021 |title=The most primitive ''Elasmotherium'' (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Miocene of northern China |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1907368 |s2cid=235558419 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Sun, Deng & Jiangzuo
|
Late Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
| 
|-
|''[[Biology:Eoazara|Eoazara]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Geraads |first1=D. |last2=Zouhri |first2=S. |title=A new late Miocene elasmotheriine rhinoceros from Morocco |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |year=2021 |volume=66 |doi=10.4202/app.00904.2021 |s2cid=239058309 }}</ref>
|Gen. et sp. nov
|In press
|Geraads & Zouhri
|Late Miocene
|Ouarzazate Basin
|{{Flag|Morocco}}
|A rhinoceros in the subfamily [[Biology:Elasmotheriinae|Elasmotheriinae]]. The type species is ''E. xerrii.''
|
|-
|
''Leptolophus cuestai''<ref name=JVPLeptolophus>{{Cite journal|last1=Perales-Gogenola |first1=L. |last2=Badiola |first2=A. |last3=Gómez-Olivencia |first3=A. |last4=Pereda-Suberbiola |first4=X. |year=2021 |title=New ''Leptolophus'' (Palaeotheriidae) species from the Iberian Peninsula and early evidence of hypsodonty in an Eocene perissodactyl |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=e1912061 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1912061 |s2cid=236397348 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Perales-Gogenola ''et al.''
|
Late Eocene
|
Miranda-Treviño Basin
|
{{Flag|Spain}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Palaeotheriidae|Palaeotheriidae]].
|
|-
|
''Leptolophus franzeni''<ref name=JVPLeptolophus />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Perales-Gogenola ''et al.''
|
Late Eocene
|
Miranda-Treviño Basin
|
{{Flag|Spain}}
|
A member of the family Palaeotheriidae.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Nesorhinus|Nesorhinus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Antoine |first1=P.-O. |last2=Reyes |first2=M. C. |last3=Amano |first3=N. |last4=Bautista |first4=A. P. |last5=Chang |first5=C.-H. |last6=Claude |first6=J. |last7=De Vos |first7=J. |last8=Ingicco |first8=T. |title=A new rhinoceros clade from the Pleistocene of Asia sheds light on mammal dispersals to the Philippines |year=2021 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=Online edition |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab009 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Antoine ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|Philippines}}<br>
{{Flag|Taiwan}}
|
A rhinoceros. Genus includes ''"Rhinoceros" philippinensis'' von Koenigswald (1956) and ''"Rhinoceros sinensis" hayasakai'' Otsuka & Lin (1984; raised to the rank of a separate species ''N. hayasakai'').
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Paraceratherium|Paraceratherium linxiaense]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deng |first1=T. |last2=Lu |first2=X. |last3=Wang |first3=S. |last4=Flynn |first4=L. J. |last5=Sun |first5=D. |last6=He |first6=W. |last7=Chen |first7=S. |title=An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into ''Paraceratherium'' evolution |year=2021 |journal=Communications Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 639 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02170-6 |doi-access=free |pmid=34140631 |pmc=8211792 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Deng ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]]
|
Jiaozigou Formation
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A [[Biology:Indricotheriinae|paracerathere]].
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Ronzotherium|Ronzotherium heissigi]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tissier |first1=J. |last2=Antoine |first2=P.-O. |last3=Becker |first3=D. |title=New species, revision, and phylogeny of ''Ronzotherium'' Aymard, 1854 (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) |year=2021 |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |issue=753 |pages=1–80 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2021.753.1389 |s2cid=236275994 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Tissier, Antoine & Becker
|
[[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|France}}<br>{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|
A rhinoceros.
|
|-
|}

===Even-toed ungulates===
* A study on the diversity dynamics of cainotherioids through time is published by Weppe ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weppe |first1=R. |last2=Orliac |first2=M. J. |last3=Guinot |first3=G. |last4=Condamine |first4=F. L. |year=2021 |title=Evolutionary drivers, morphological evolution and diversity dynamics of a surviving mammal clade: cainotherioids at the Eocene–Oligocene transition |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1952 |pages=Article ID 20210173 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2021.0173 |pmid=34074121 |pmc=8170207 |arxiv=2110.05232 |pmc-embargo-date=June 9, 2022 }}</ref>
* A study on the basicranial morphology of ''[[Biology:Protoceras|Protoceras]] celer'' is published by Robson, Seale & Theodor (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that [[Biology:Protoceratidae|protoceratid]] basicrania (unlike other regions of their skull) did not undergo drastic changes during their evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Robson |first1=S. V. |last2=Seale |first2=B. |last3=Theodor |first3=J. M. |year=2021 |title=The petrosal and basicranial morphology of ''Protoceras celer'' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=e0251832 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0251832 |pmid=34324518 |pmc=8321106 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1651832R |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* New fossil material of ''[[Biology:Paracamelus|Paracamelus]] aguirrei'' is described from the Miocene locality Venta del Moro ({{wipe|Spain}}) by Caballero ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret ''P. aguirrei'' as a large [[Biology:Camelidae|camelid]], comparable in size to ''[[Biology:Megacamelus|Megacamelus]] merriami'', ''Paracamelus gigas'' and ''[[Biology:Camelus knoblochi|Camelus knoblochi]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Caballero |first1=Ó. |last2=Montoya |first2=P. |last3=Crespo |first3=V. D. |last4=Morales |first4=J. |last5=Abella |first5=J. |title=The autopodial skeleton of ''Paracamelus aguirrei'' (Morales 1984) (Tylopoda, Mammalia) from the late Miocene site of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain) |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Iberian Geology |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=483–500 |doi=10.1007/s41513-020-00144-x |s2cid=231580255 }}</ref>
* A study on the taxonomic status of ''Selenogonus narinoensis'' is published by Gasparini, Moreno-Mancilla & Cómbita (2021), who interpret the [[Biology:Holotype|holotype]] of this species as a specimen of ''[[Biology:Platygonus|Platygonus]] marplatensis'' or a related species, representing one of the northernmost South American records of the genus, and possibly one of the most ancient records of peccaries in South America.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gasparini |first1=G. M. |last2=Moreno-Mancilla |first2=O. F. |last3=Cómbita |first3=J. L. |title=''Selenogonus narinoensis'' Stirton, 1947 (Tayassuidae, Cetartiodactyla, Mammalia): taxonomic status and paleobiogeographic implications |year=2021 |journal=Fossil Record |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=65–75 |doi=10.5194/fr-24-65-2021 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine whether the "law of constant extinction" proposed by [[Biography:Leigh Van Valen|Leigh Van Valen]] (stating that long and short‐lived taxa have equal chances of going extinct) applies to the [[Biology:Ruminant|ruminant]]s, taking the inherent biases of the fossil record into account, is published by Januario & Quental (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Januario |first1=M. |last2=Quental |first2=T. B. |title=Re‐evaluation of the "law of constant extinction" for ruminants at different taxonomical scales |year=2021 |journal=Evolution |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=656–671 |doi=10.1111/evo.14177 |pmid=33486771 |s2cid=231702201 }}</ref>
* A study on the tooth wear and hypsodonty in ruminants from the early and middle Miocene of Kenya and Uganda, and on its implications for the knowledge of the ecological preferences of these ruminants, is published by Hall & Cote (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=A. S. |last2=Cote |first2=S. |year=2021 |title=Ruminant mesowear reveals consistently browse-dominated diets throughout the early and middle Miocene of eastern Africa |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=567 |pages=Article 110253 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110253 |bibcode=2021PPP...567k0253H |s2cid=233517877 }}</ref>
* Review of the fossil material attributed to ''Amphimoschus'', and a reassessment of the validity of the species assigned to this genus, is published by Mennecart ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mennecart |first1=B. |last2=Métais |first2=G. |last3=Costeur |first3=L. |last4=Ginsburg |first4=L. |last5=Rössner |first5=G. E. |title=Reassessment of the enigmatic ruminant Miocene genus ''Amphimoschus'' Bourgeois, 1873 (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Pecora) |year=2021 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=e0244661 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0244661 |pmid=33513144 |pmc=7846017 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1644661M |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study comparing the [[Biology:Ontogeny|ontogenetic]] trends in the limb bones of Pleistocene pronghorns ''[[Biology:Capromeryx minor|Capromeryx minor]]'' and ''[[Biology:Capromeryx|Capromeryx]] arizonensis'', aiming to determine how ontogenetic slopes compare to the slope of dwarfing, is published by [[Biography:Donald Prothero|Prothero]] ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prothero |first1=D. R. |last2=Syverson |first2=V. J. P. |last3=Hulbert |first3=R. |last4=de Anda |first4=E. E. |last5=Balassa |first5=D. |title=Allometric trends in growth and dwarfing in the dwarf pronghorn ''Capromeryx'': does dwarfing follow the same trends as growth? |year=2021 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=82 |pages=335–339 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348168303 }}</ref>
* Description of the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of ''Capromeryx minor'' is published by Prothero, de Anda & Balassa (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prothero |first1=D. R. |last2=de Anda |first2=E. E. |last3=Balassa |first3=D. |title=The postcranial skeleton of ''Capromeryx minor'', a dwarf pronghorn (Artiodactyla: Antilocapridae) from the late Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea |year=2021 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=82 |pages=321–333 }}</ref>
* Description of new fossil teeth of ''[[Biology:Bramatherium|Bramatherium]] grande'' from the Late Miocene of {{wipe|Pakistan}}, providing new information on the variability of dental morphology in Late Miocene [[Biology:Sivatheriinae|sivatherine]] [[Biology:Giraffidae|giraffids]], and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Khan, Babar & Ríos (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khan |first1=M. A. |last2=Babar |first2=M. A. |last3=Ríos |first3=M. |year=2021 |title=New material of ''Bramatherium grande'' from the Siwaliks of Pakistan sheds light on dental intra-clade morphological variability of Late Miocene sivatheres |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=e1898976 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1898976 |s2cid=234831069 }}</ref>
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil [[Biology:Bovidae|bovids]] is published by Calamari (2021), who attempts to identify novel hard-tissue [[Biology:Synapomorphy and apomorphy|synapomorphies]] for Bovidae and its [[Biology:Tribe|tribes]] in order to determine the relationships of fossil members of this family.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Calamari |first=Z. T. |title=Total evidence phylogenetic analysis supports new morphological synapomorphies for Bovidae |year=2021 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3970 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1206/3970.1 |hdl=2246/7267 |s2cid=235441087 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5355809 }}</ref>
* Redescription of the [[Biology:Holotype|holotype]] skull of a putative [[Biology:Boselaphini|boselaphine]] ''Proboselaphus watasei'' is published by Nishioka, Kohno & Kudo (2021), who reinterpret it as a skull of the [[Biology:Sambar deer|sambar deer]] or a related species of deer, and evaluate the implications of this reinterpretation for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of boselaphines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nishioka |first1=Y. |last2=Kohno |first2=N. |last3=Kudo |first3=Y. |year=2021 |title=Taxonomic revision of the holotype of ''Proboselaphus watasei'' Matsumoto, 1915 (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) from Chuanyu area, China |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=200–212 |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.210322 }}</ref>
* Revision of [[Biology:Deer|cervids]] from the Late Miocene of Europe included in the subfamily Pliocervinae is published by Croitor (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Croitor |first=R. |title=Early evolutionary radiation and diversity of the Old World telemetacarpal deer (Capreolinae, Cervidae, Mammalia) |year=2021 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=300 |issue=1 |pages=33–67 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2021/0978 |s2cid=234849546 }}</ref>
* Redescription and revision of the taxonomy of cervid fossils from the João Cativo and Lage Grande sites in the {{wipe|Brazil}}ian Intertropical Region is published by Rotti ''et al.'' (2021), who identify fossils of members of the genus ''[[Biology:Morenelaphus|Morenelaphus]]'' from these sites, and evaluate the implications of the presence of giant deers for reconstructions of the climate and environment of the Brazilian Intertropical Region during the Pleistocene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rotti |first1=A. |last2=Vezzosi |first2=R. I. |last3=Mothé |first3=D. |last4=Avilla |first4=L. S. |year=2021 |title=Rising from the ashes: The biggest South American deers (Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae) once roamed Northeast Brazil |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=108 |pages=Article 103154 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103154 |bibcode=2021JSAES.10803154R |s2cid=233546889 }}</ref>
* New skull material of Pleistocene dwarf deers belonging to the genus ''[[Biology:Candiacervus|Candiacervus]]'', providing new information on the anatomy and island adaptations of these deers, is described from Crete (Greece) by Schilling & Rössner (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schilling |first1=A.-M. |last2=Rössner |first2=G. E. |title=New skull material of Pleistocene dwarf deer from Crete (Greece) |year=2021 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=141–164 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a9 |s2cid=233788288 }}</ref>
* A study on the [[Biology:Histology|histology]] of the bone tissue in the [[Biology:Holotype|holotype]] and [[Biology:Paratype|paratype]] specimens of ''Candiacervus major'' is published by Palombo & Zedda (2021), who interpret the studied bones as belonging to an individual affected by pituitary gigantism (representing the first case of pituitary gigantism in an extinct mammal reported to date), consider the species ''C. major'' to be possibly [[Biology:Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with ''C. dorothensis'', and consider it unlikely to represent an endemic species of an extraordinary large-sized deer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Palombo |first1=M. R. |last2=Zedda |first2=M. |year=2021 |title=The intriguing giant deer from the Bate cave (Crete): could paleohistological evidence question its taxonomy and nomenclature? |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=in press |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12533 |pmid=33728744 |s2cid=232262602 }}</ref>
* A study on the population dynamics and demise of the [[Biology:Irish elk|Irish elk]], based on data Late Pleistocene and Holocene mitogenomes, is published by Rey-Iglesia ''et al.'' (2021)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rey-Iglesia |first1=A. |last2=Lister |first2=A. M. |last3=Campos |first3=P. F. |last4=Brace |first4=S. |last5=Mattiangeli |first5=V. |last6=Daly |first6=K. G. |last7=Teasdale |first7=M. D. |last8=Bradley |first8=D. G. |last9=Barnes |first9=I. |last10=Hansen |first10=A. J. |year=2021 |title=Exploring the phylogeography and population dynamics of the giant deer (''Megaloceros giganteus'') using Late Quaternary mitogenomes |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1950 |pages=Article ID 20201864 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.1864 |pmid=33977786 |pmc=8114472 |pmc-embargo-date=May 12, 2022 }}</ref>
* Revision of the [[Biology:Messinian|Messinian]] fossil record of bovids from Italy, with a focus on fossils from the Monticino Quarry (Brisighella, central Italy), is published by Pandolfi, Masini & Kostopoulos (2021), who transfer the species ''"Samotragus" occidentalis'' to the genus ''[[Biology:Oioceros|Oioceros]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pandolfi |first1=L. |last2=Masini |first2=F. |last3=Kostopoulos |first3=D. S. |year=2021 |title=Messinian Italian Bovidae revised: paleobiogeographic and biochronological implications |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1878513 |s2cid=233669813 }}</ref>
* Redescription of the anatomy of the skull of ''Hezhengia bohlini'', and a revision of the phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese late Miocene "ovibovines", is published by Shi & Deng (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shi |first1=Q. |last2=Deng |first2=T. |year=2021 |title=Redescription of the skull of ''Hezhengia bohlini'' (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) and a reassessment of the systematics of the Chinese late Miocene 'ovibovines' |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=24 |pages=2059–2074 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.1883756 |s2cid=232116327 }}</ref>
* A study comparing intraspecific variation and changes in the anatomy of the horn core, dentition and skull of ''Hezhengia bohlini'' during [[Biology:Ontogeny|ontogeny]] is published by Shi ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shi |first1=Q. |last2=Hou |first2=S. |last3=Sun |first3=B. |last4=Wang |first4=S. |last5=Deng |first5=T. |year=2021 |title=Ontogenetic and Intraspecific Variation in the Skull Morphology of the Late Miocene Bovid ''Hezhengia bohlini'' |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=871–884 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09558-5 |s2cid=238816485 }}</ref>
* A study on the ecomorphology of ''[[Biology:Rusingoryx|Rusingoryx]] atopocranion'', and on its implications for reconstructions of the environment of the Lake Victoria Basin during the late Pleistocene, is published by Kovarovic ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kovarovic |first1=K. |last2=Faith |first2=J. T. |last3=Jenkins |first3=K. E. |last4=Tryon |first4=C. A. |last5=Peppe |first5=D. J |year=2021 |title=Ecomorphology and ecology of the grassland specialist, ''Rusingoryx atopocranion'' (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), from the late Pleistocene of western Kenya |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=101 |pages=187–204 |doi=10.1017/qua.2020.102 |bibcode=2021QuRes.101..187K |s2cid=234185272 }}</ref>
* An overview of the phylogeny and evolution of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene species of ''[[Biology:Bison|Bison]]'', focusing on data from ancient DNA studies, is published by Zver, Toškan & Bužan (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zver |first1=L. |last2=Toškan |first2=B. |last3=Bužan |first3=E. |title=Phylogeny of Late Pleistocene and Holocene ''Bison'' species in Europe and North America |year=2021 |journal=Quaternary International |volume=595 |pages=30–38 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.04.022 |bibcode=2021QuInt.595...30Z }}</ref>
* Revision of the European fossil record of bisons, with a focus on the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition in general and on fossil sites from the Vallparadís Composite Section (Terrassa, NE Iberian Peninsula) in particular, is published by Sorbelli ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sorbelli |first1=L. |last2=Alba |first2=D. M. |last3=Cherin |first3=M. |last4=Moullé |first4=P.-É. |last5=Brugal |first5=J.-P. |last6=Madurell-Malapeira |first6=J. |year=2021 |title=A review on ''Bison schoetensacki'' and its closest relatives through the early-Middle Pleistocene transition: Insights from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberian Peninsula) and other European localities |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=261 |pages=Article 106933 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106933 |bibcode=2021QSRv..26106933S |s2cid=235527116 }}</ref>
* A study on the bone microanatomy of extant and fossil members of [[Biology:Hippopotamoidea|Hippopotamoidea]], and on its implications for the knowledge of the ecology of extinct hippopotamoids, is published by Houssaye ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houssaye |first1=A. |last2=Martin |first2=F. |last3=Boisserie |first3=J.-R. |last4=Lihoreau |first4=F. |year=2021 |title=Paleoecological Inferences from Long Bone Microanatomical Specializations in Hippopotamoidea (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=847–870 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09536-x |s2cid=233670466 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03170283/file/Houssaye_et_al_JME.pdf }}</ref>
* Ducrocq ''et al.'' (2021) report the first discovery of the lower teeth of ''Siamotherium pondaungensis'' from the Eocene Pondaung Formation (Myanmar).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ducrocq |first1=S. |last2=Chaimanee |first2=Y. |last3=Naing Soe |first3=A. |last4=Sein |first4=C. |last5=Jaeger |first5=J.-J. |last6=Chavasseau |first6=O. |title=First report of the lower dentition of ''Siamotherium pondaungensis'' (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamoidea) from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar |year=2021 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=301 |issue=2 |pages=217–228 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2021/1010 |s2cid=238734575 }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil material of [[Biology:Hippopotamidae|hippopotamids]] from the uppermost Miocene deposits of Gravitelli (Sicily, Italy), and a study on the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the dispersal of hippopotamids into the Mediterranean area around  the Mio-Pliocene transition, is published by Martino ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martino |first1=R. |last2=Pignatti |first2=J. |last3=Rook |first3=L. |last4=Pandolfi |first4=L. |year=2021 |title=Hippopotamid dispersal across the Mediterranean in the latest Miocene: a re-evaluation of the Gravitelli record from Sicily, Italy |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=66  |issue=Supplement to 3 |pages=S67–S78 |doi=10.4202/app.00838.2020 |s2cid=237333551 }}</ref>
* The earliest record of ''[[Biology:Hippopotamus (genus)|Hippopotamus]]'' from the {{wipe|United Kingdom}} known to date (a tooth of a member or a relative of the species ''[[Biology:Hippopotamus antiquus|Hippopotamus antiquus]]'') is reported from the Early Pleistocene mammal assemblage from Westbury Cave (Somerset) by Adams, Candy & Schreve (2021), who interpret this finding as likely evidence of a warm period that has not been recognized previously in the British Quaternary record.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adams |first1=N. F. |last2=Candy |first2=I. |last3=Schreve |first3=D. C. |year=2021 |title=An Early Pleistocene hippopotamus from Westbury Cave, Somerset, England: support for a previously unrecognized temperate interval in the British Quaternary record |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |volume=in press |doi=10.1002/jqs.3375 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the morphology of the carpal bones of the [[Biology:Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus|Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus]], and on its implications for the knowledge of the locomotion of this hippopotamus, is published by Georgitsis, Liakopoulou & Theodorou (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Georgitsis |first1=M. K. |last2=Liakopoulou |first2=D. E. |last3=Theodorou |first3=G. E. |year=2021 |title=Morphofunctional examination of the carpal bones of pygmy hippopotamus from Ayia Napa, Cyprus |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=in press |doi=10.1002/ar.24738 |pmid=34369097 |s2cid=236959026 }}</ref>
* Orliac & Thewissen (2021) describe the endocranial cast of ''[[Biology:Indohyus|Indohyus]] indirae'', and evaluate its implications for the knowledge of the evolution of the anatomy of the cetacean brain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Orliac |first1=M. J. |last2=Thewissen |first2=J. G. M. |year=2021 |title=The Endocranial Cast of ''Indohyus'' (Artiodactyla, Raoellidae): The Origin of the Cetacean Brain |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=831–843 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09552-x |s2cid=235522471 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03405524 }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil material of ''Sylvochoerus woodburnei'', ''Waldochoerus bassleri'' and ''[[Biology:Surameryx|Surameryx]] acrensis'' is published by Gasparini ''et al.'' (2021), who consider the fossils of these ungulates to be more likely of Quaternary rather than Miocene age, reinterpret ''S. woodburnei'' and ''W. bassleri'' as [[Biology:Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonyms]] of extant peccary species, and reinterpret ''S. acrensis'' as described on the basis of fossil material of a deer rather than a [[Biology:Palaeomerycidae|palaeomerycid]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gasparini |first1=G. M. |last2=Parisi Dutra |first2=R. |last3=Perini |first3=F. A. |last4=Croft |first4=D. A. |last5=Cozzuol |first5=M. A. |last6=Missagia |first6=R. V. |last7=Lucas |first7=S. G. |year=2021 |title=On the supposed presence of Miocene Tayassuidae and Dromomerycinae (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla) in South America |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3968 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1206/3968.1 |hdl=2246/7259 |s2cid=232341391 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/177230 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Amphimoschus xishuiensis''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li |first1=Y.-K. |last2=Mennecart |first2=B. |last3=Aiglstorfer |first3=M. |last4=Ni |first4=X.-J. |last5=Li |first5=Q. |last6=Deng |first6=T. |title=The early evolution of cranial appendages in Bovoidea revealed by new species of ''Amphimoschus'' (Mammalia: Ruminantia) from China |year=2021 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=Online edition |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab053 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Li ''et al.''
|
Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
Probably a [[Biology:Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member of [[Biology:Bovoidea|Bovoidea]].
|
|-
|
''Chiyoumeryx''<ref name=Chiyoumeryx>{{Cite journal|last1=Mennecart |first1=B. |last2=Aiglstorfer |first2=M. |last3=Li |first3=Y. |last4=Li |first4=C. |last5=Wang |first5=S.Q. |title=Ruminants reveal Eocene Asiatic palaeobiogeographical provinces as the origin of diachronous mammalian Oligocene dispersals into Europe |year=2021 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 17710 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-96221-x |pmid=34489502 |pmc=8421421 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Mennecart ''et al.''
|
Late [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]]
|
Shinao Formation
|
{{Flag|China}}<br>
{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}?
|
A ruminant belonging to the group [[Biology:Tragulina|Tragulina]] and the family Lophiomerycidae. The type species is ''"Lophiomeryx" shinaoensis'' Miao (1982); genus also includes new species ''C. flavimperatoris'', and possibly also ''"Lophiomeryx" turgaicus'' Flerow (1938).
|
|-
|
''Colbertchoerus''<ref name=NMMNHSB85>{{Cite journal |last=Prothero |first=D. R. |title=The systematics of North American peccaries (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) |year=2021 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=85 |pages=1–76 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
[[Biography:Donald Prothero|Prothero]]
|
Late [[Earth:Barstovian|Barstovian]]-early [[Earth:Clarendonian|Clarendonian]]
|
Calvert Formation<br>Choptank Formation<br>Valentine Formation
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Colorado}}<br>{{Flag|Maryland}}<br>{{Flag|Nebraska}})
|
A peccary. The type species is ''"[[Biology:Prosthennops|Prosthennops]]" niobrarense'' Colbert (1935).
|
|-
|
''Erlianhyus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li |first1=Q. |last2=Li |first2=Q. |year=2021 |title=A new middle Eocene bunodont artiodactyl from the Erlian Basin (Nei Mongol, China) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1989679 |s2cid=239828310 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Li & Li
|
Eocene
|
Irdin Manha Formation
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
An even-toed ungulate positioned outside of the [[Biology:Anthracotheriidae|anthracotheriid]]-suoid-dichobunoid [[Biology:Clade|clade]]. Genus includes new species ''E. primitivus''.
|
|-
|
''Etruscotherium''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pickford |first=M. |year=2021 |title=Europe's last anthracothere (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Ribolla (MN 12) Italy |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1900169 |s2cid=233686772 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Pickford
|
Miocene (Turolian)
|
|
{{Flag|Italy}}
|
An [[Biology:Anthracotheriidae|anthracothere]]. Genus includes new species ''E. ribollaense''.
| 
|-
|
''Gangraia''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kostopoulos |first1=D. S. |last2=Sevim Erol |first2=A. |last3=Yavuz |first3=A. Y. |last4=Mayda |first4=S. |title=A new late Miocene bovid (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from Çorakyerler (Turkey) |year=2021 |journal=Fossil Record |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.5194/fr-24-9-2021 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Kostopoulos ''et al.''
|
Late Miocene
|
Tüglu Formation
|
{{Flag|Turkey}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Bovidae|Bovidae]] belonging to the subfamily [[Biology:Antilopinae|Antilopinae]]. The type species is ''G. anatolica''.
|
|-
|
''Iberomeryx miaoi''<ref name=Chiyoumeryx />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Mennecart ''et al.''
|
Late Eocene
|
Shinao Formation
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A [[Biology:Chevrotain|chevrotain]].
|
|-
|
''Mckennahyus''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prothero |first=D. R. |title=''Mckennahyus parisidutrai'', a new late Miocene peccary with bizarre flaring cheekbones |year=2021 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=82 |pages=305–311 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Prothero
|
Middle Clarendonian
|
Ash Hollow Formation
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Nebraska}})
|
A peccary. The type species is ''M. parisidutrai''.
|
|-
|
''Praesinomegaceros bakri''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Croitor |first1=R. |last2=Abbas |first2=S. G. |last3=Babar |first3=M. A. |last4=Khan |first4=M. A. |title=A new deer species (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the upper Siwaliks (Pakistan) |year=2021 |journal=Quaternary International |volume=595 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.03.009 |bibcode=2021QuInt.595....1C }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Croitor ''et al.''
|
Early [[Earth:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|Pakistan}}
|
A deer.
|
|-
|
''Rajouria''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rana |first1=R. S. |last2=Waqas |first2=M. |last3=Orliac |first3=M. |last4=Folie |first4=A. |last5=Smith |first5=T. |title=A new basal raoellid artiodactyl (Mammalia) from the middle Eocene Subathu Group of Rajouri District, Jammu and Kashmir, northwest Himalaya, India |year=2021 |journal=Geobios |volume=66-67 |pages=193–206 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2020.12.003 |s2cid=233516820 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Rana ''et al.''
|
Middle [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]]
|
Subathu Group
|
{{Flag|India}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Raoellidae|Raoellidae]]. Genus includes new species ''R. gunnelli''.
|
|-
|
''Stirtonhyus''<ref name=NMMNHSB85 />
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Prothero
|
Early through early late Barstovian
|
Calvert Formation<br>Fleming Formation<br>[[Earth:Olcott Formation|Olcott Formation]]<br>Pawnee Creek Beds<br>[[Earth:Torreya Formation|Torreya Formation]]<br>Valentine Formation
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Colorado}}<br>{{Flag|Florida}}<br>{{Flag|Maryland}}<br>{{Flag|Nebraska}}<br>{{Flag|Texas}})
|
A peccary. The type species is ''"Prosthennops" xiphidonticus'' Barbour (1925).
|
|-
|
''Tedfordhyus''<ref name=NMMNHSB85 />
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Prothero
|
Early [[Earth:Hemingfordian|Hemingfordian]] to late Barstovian
|
[[Earth:Barstow Formation|Barstow Formation]]<br>Caliente Formation<br>[[Earth:Temblor Formation|Temblor Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Panama}}<br>
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|California}})
|
A peccary. The type species is ''"Cynorca" occidentale'' Woodburne (1969).
|
|-
|
''Webbochoerus''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prothero |first=D. R. |title=''Webbochoerus macfaddeni'', a new fossil peccary from the late Miocene of Florida |year=2021 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=82 |pages=313–320 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Prothero
|
Late Clarendonian
|
Love Bone Bed
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Florida}})
|
A peccary. The type species is ''W. macfaddeni''.
|
|-
|}

===Cetaceans===
* A study on the effects of incorporation of fossil taxa for inferences about phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of cetaceans is published by Lloyd & Slater (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lloyd |first1=G. T. |last2=Slater |first2=G. J. |year=2021 |title=A total-group phylogenetic metatree for Cetacea and the importance of fossil data in diversification analyses |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=922–939 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syab002 |pmid=33507304 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of the cetacean brain size is published by Waugh & [[Biography:Hans Thewissen|Thewissen]] (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Waugh |first1=D. A. |last2=Thewissen |first2=J. G. M. |year=2021 |title=The pattern of brain-size change in the early evolution of cetaceans |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=e0257803 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0257803 |doi-access=free |pmid=34582492 |pmc=8478358 }}</ref>
* Kassegne ''et al.'' (2021) report the first discovery of a partial cetacean skull from middle [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]] deposits of Togo, identified as belonging to a [[Biology:Protocetidae|protocetid]] close to ''[[Biology:Togocetus|Togocetus]]'', and evaluate the implications of this specimen for the knowledge of the protocetid diversity in the Togolese phosphate basin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kassegne |first1=K. E. |last2=Mourlam |first2=M. J. |last3=Guinot |first3=G. |last4=Amoudji |first4=Y. Z. |last5=Martin |first5=J. E. |last6=Togbe |first6=K. A. |last7=Johnson |first7=A. K. |last8=Hautier |first8=L. |title=First partial cranium of ''Togocetus'' from Kpogamé (Togo) and the protocetid diversity in the Togolese phosphate basin |year=2021 |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=Article 102488 |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2021.102488 |s2cid=236757400 }}</ref>
* A tooth a possible member of the family [[Biology:Remingtonocetidae|Remingtonocetidae]], potentially extending the range of this family across the Atlantic to eastern North America, is described from the [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]] of North Carolina by Uhen & Peredo (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Uhen |first1=M. D. |last2=Peredo |first2=C. M. |year=2021 |title=The first possible remingtonocetid stem whale from North America |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=77–83 |doi=10.4202/app.00799.2020 |s2cid=234133438 }}</ref>
* Redescription of the Eocene cetacean ''"[[Biology:Platyosphys|Platyosphys]] einori"'' is published by Davydenko ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret this taxon as a [[Biology:Basilosauridae|basilosaurid]] of uncertain phylogenetic placement, and report that it shows adaptations to life in water typical for modern whales but unique for the Eocene cetaceans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Davydenko |first1=S. |last2=Shevchenko |first2=T. |last3=Ryabokon |first3=I. |last4=Tretiakov |first4=R. |last5=Gol’din |first5=P. |year=2021 |title=A giant Eocene whale from Ukraine uncovers early cetacean adaptations to the fully aquatic life |journal=Evolutionary Biology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=67–80 |doi=10.1007/s11692-020-09524-8|s2cid=230110031 }}</ref>
* Revision of the [[Earth:Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]], [[Earth:Biogeography|biogeographic]] and environmental distribution of ''[[Biology:Basilosaurus|Basilosaurus]]'' in North America is published by Smith ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith |first1=K. M. |last2=Hastings |first2=A. K. |last3=Bebej |first3=R. M. |last4=Uhen |first4=M. D. |title=Biogeographic, stratigraphic, and environmental distribution of ''Basilosaurus'' (Mammalia, Cetacea) in North America with a review of the late Eocene shoreline in the southeastern coastal plain |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=in press |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2021.90 |s2cid=240244165 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5167386 }}</ref>
* A study on the internal neurovascular anatomy of the [[Biology:Holotype|holotype]] skull of ''[[Biology:Aetiocetus|Aetiocetus]] weltoni'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the teeth to baleen transition in cetaceans, is published by Ekdale & Deméré (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ekdale |first1=E. G. |last2=Deméré |first2=T. A. |title=Neurovascular evidence for a co-occurrence of teeth and baleen in an Oligocene mysticete and the transition to filter-feeding in baleen whales |year=2021 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=in press |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab017 }}</ref>
* Two partial skulls of members of the family [[Biology:Eurhinodelphinidae|Eurhinodelphinidae]] are described from the Miocene ([[Earth:Burdigalian|Burdigalian]]) Chilcatay Formation (Pisco Basin, Peru) by Lambert ''et al.'' (2021), representing the first diagnostic remains attributable to this family reported from the [[Earth:Southern Hemisphere|Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lambert |first1=O. |last2=de Muizon |first2=C. |last3=Varas-Malca |first3=R. M. |last4=Urbina |first4=M. |last5=Bianucci |first5=G. |year=2021 |title=Eurhinodelphinids from the early Miocene of Peru: first unambiguous records of these hyper-longirostrine dolphins outside the North Atlantic realm |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=17–32 |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/15124 }}</ref>
* New fossil material of ''[[Biology:Xiphiacetus|Xiphiacetus]] cristatus'' is described from the [[Biology:Tortonian|Tortonian]] Diest Formation (Belgium) by Lambert & Goolaerts (2021), providing evidence of the survival of hyper-longirostrine dolphins into the early late Miocene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lambert |first1=O. |last2=Goolaerts |first2=S. |year=2021 |title=Late Miocene Survival of a Hyper-Longirostrine Dolphin and the Neogene to Recent Evolution of Rostrum Proportions Among Odontocetes |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=in press |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09573-6 |s2cid=240016777 }}</ref>
* Partial skull of a member of the [[Biology:Crown group#Stem groups|stem group]] of Delphinida is described from the Caujarao Formation (Venezuela) by Benites-Palomino ''et al.'' (2021), providing evidence that stem delphinidans were present in the southern Caribbean region during the early late Miocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benites-Palomino |first1=A. |last2=Reyes-Cespedes |first2=A. E. |last3=Aguirre-Fernández |first3=G. |last4=Sánchez |first4=R. |last5=Carrillo-Briceño |first5=J. D. |last6=Sánchez-Villagra |first6=M. R. |year=2021 |title=A stem delphinidan from the Caribbean region of Venezuela |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=Article 6 |doi=10.1186/s13358-021-00217-z |pmid=33746896 |pmc=7929948 }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy and evolution of the inner ear of late Oligocene–early Miocene marine platanistoids is published by Viglino ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viglino |first1=M. |last2=Gaetán |first2=M. |last3=Buono |first3=M. R. |last4=Fordyce |first4=R. E. |last5=Park |first5=T. |year=2021 |title=Hearing from the ocean and into the river: the evolution of the inner ear of Platanistoidea (Cetacea: Odontoceti) |journal=Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1017/pab.2021.11 |s2cid=233517623 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4480277 }}</ref>
* Redescription and revision of the taxonomic status of ''Preaulophyseter gualichensis'' is published by Paolucci ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paolucci |first1=F. |last2=Buono |first2=M. R. |last3=Fernández |first3=M. S. |last4=Cuitiño |first4=J. |title=Systematic revision of a Miocene sperm whale from Patagonia, Argentina, and the phylogenetic signal of tympano-periotic bones in Physeteroidea |year=2021 |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=63–76 |doi=10.4202/app.00763.2020 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the bite force of ''[[Biology:Zygophyseter|Zygophyseter]] varolai'' is published by Peri ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peri |first1=E. |last2=Falkingham |first2=P. L. |last3=Collareta |first3=A. |last4=Bianucci |first4=G. |year=2021 |title=Biting in the Miocene seas: estimation of the bite force of the macroraptorial sperm whale ''Zygophyseter varolai'' using finite element analysis |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1986814 |s2cid=239510338 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2021.1986814 }}</ref>
* Description of a new diminutive partial skull of a member of the genus ''Thalassocetus'' from the Miocene ([[Biology:Tortonian|Tortonian]]) of Antwerp (Belgium), providing new information on the facial morphology of this cetacean, and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of ''Thalassocetus'' is published by Alfsen, Bosselaers & Lambert (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alfsen |first1=A. |last2=Bosselaers |first2=M. |last3=Lambert |first3=O. |title=New sperm whale remains from the late Miocene of the North Sea and a revised family attribution for the small crown physeteroid ''Thalassocetus'' Abel, 1905 |year=2021 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=807–822 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a39 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of the brain in cetaceans, based on data from fossils of [[Biology:Baleen whale|baleen whale]]s, is published by Mccurry ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mccurry |first1=M. R. |last2=Marx |first2=F. G. |last3=Evans |first3=A. R. |last4=Park |first4=T. |last5=Pyenson |first5=N. D. |last6=Kohno |first6=N. |last7=Castiglione |first7=S. |last8=Fitzgerald |first8=E. M. G. |year=2021 |title=Brain size evolution in whales and dolphins: new data from fossil mysticetes |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=133 |issue=4 |pages=990–998 |doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blab054 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of the length and mass in [[Biology:Balaenidae|balaenids]], based on data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by Bisconti, Pellegrino & Carnevale (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bisconti |first1=M. |last2=Pellegrino |first2=L. |last3=Carnevale |first3=G. |year=2021 |title=Evolution of gigantism in right and bowhead whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti: Balaenidae) |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=498–524 |doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blab086 }}</ref>
* Partial mandible of an unequivocal member of the family [[Biology:Cetotheriidae|Cetotheriidae]] is described from the upper Miocene Arenaria di Ponsano Formation (Italy) by Collareta ''et al.'' (2021), who evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the presence of cetotheriids in the Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Collareta |first1=A. |last2=Marx |first2=F. G. |last3=Casati |first3=S. |last4=Di Cencio |first4=A. |last5=Merella |first5=M. |last6=Bianucci |first6=G. |title=A cetotheriid whale from the upper Miocene of the Mediterranean |year=2021 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=301 |issue=1 |pages=9–16 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2021/0994 |s2cid=237736273 }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil material assigned to the genus ''[[Biology:Plesiocetus|Plesiocetus]]'' by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden in the 19th century is published by Bisconti & Bosselaers (201).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bisconti |first1=M. |last2=Bosselaers |first2=M. |year=2021 |title=On ''Plesiocetus'' van Beneden, 1859 (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti) |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=231–274 |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/15745 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Berardius kobayashii''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kawatani |first1=A. |last2=Kohno |first2=N. |year=2021 |title=The oldest fossil record of the extant genus ''Berardius'' (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from the Middle to Late Miocene boundary of the western North Pacific |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=Article ID 201152 |doi=10.1098/rsos.201152 |pmid=33959310 |pmc=8074928 |bibcode=2021RSOS....801152K }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Kawatani & Kohno
|
Miocene
|
Tsurushi Formation
|
{{Flag|Japan}}
|
A [[Biology:Beaked whale|beaked whale]], a species of ''[[Biology:Berardius|Berardius]]''.
|
|-
|
''Isoninia''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Godfrey |first1=S. J. |last2=Gutstein |first2=C. S. |last3=Morgan |first3=D. J. |title=A new odontocete (Inioidea, Odontoceti) from the late Neogene of North Carolina, USA |year=2021 |journal=Fossil Record |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=275–285 |doi=10.5194/fr-24-275-2021 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Godfrey, Gutstein & Morgan
|
Probably Miocene ([[Biology:Messinian|Messinian]])
|
Probably Eastover Formation
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|North Carolina}})
|
Possibly a member of the family [[Biology:Iniidae|Iniidae]]. The type species is ''I. borealis''.
|
|-
|
''Kennedycetus''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Solis-Añorve |first1=A. |last2=González-Barba |first2=G. |last3=Hernández-Rivera |first3=R. |last4=Schwennicke |first4=T. |year=2021 |title=Late Miocene balaenopterid (Cetacea:Mysticeti) from Baja California Sur, Mexico |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=111 |pages=Article 103498 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103498 |bibcode=2021JSAES.11103498S }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Solis-Añorve ''et al.''
|
Late Miocene
|
Trinidad Formation
|
{{Flag|Mexico}}
|
A member of Balaenopteroidea. Genus includes new species ''K. pericorum''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Kentriodon|Kentriodon sugawarai]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Guo |first1=Z. |last2=Kohno |first2=N. |year=2021 |title=A new kentriodontid (Cetacea: Odontoceti) from the early to middle Miocene of the western North Pacific and a revision of kentriodontid phylogeny |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e10945 |doi=10.7717/peerj.10945 |pmid=33665037 |pmc=7912617 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Guo & Kohno
|
Miocene
|
Kadonosawa Formation
|
{{Flag|Japan}}
|
|
|-
|
''Kogia danomurai''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Benites‐Palomino |first1=A. |last2=Vélez‐Juarbe |first2=J. |last3=Collareta |first3=A. |last4=Ochoa |first4=D. |last5=Altamirano |first5=A. |last6=Carré |first6=M. |last7=Laime |first7=M. J. |last8=Urbina |first8=M. |last9=Salas‐Gismondi |first9=R. |year=2021 |title=Nasal compartmentalization in Kogiidae (Cetacea, Physeteroidea): insights from a new late Miocene dwarf sperm whale from the Pisco Formation |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1507–1524 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1351 |s2cid=234058681 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/199101/1/Benites-Palomino_et_al._2021_Kogia_danomurai.pdf }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Benites‐Palomino ''et al.''
|
Late Miocene
|
[[Earth:Pisco Formation|Pisco Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Peru}}
|
A species of ''[[Biology:Kogia|Kogia]]''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Phiomicetus|Phiomicetus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gohar |first1=A. S. |last2=Antar |first2=M. S. |last3=Boessenecker |first3=R. W. |last4=Sabry |first4=D. A. |last5=El-Sayed |first5=S. |last6=Seiffert |first6=E. R. |last7=Zalmout |first7=I. S. |last8=Sallam |first8=H. M. |year=2021 |title=A new protocetid whale offers clues to biogeography and feeding ecology in early cetacean evolution |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1957 |pages=Article ID 20211368 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2021.1368 |pmid=34428967 |pmc=8385364 |pmc-embargo-date=August 25, 2022 |s2cid=237283049 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Gohar ''et al.''
|
Eocene ([[Earth:Lutetian|Lutetian]])
|
|
{{Flag|Egypt}}
|
A [[Biology:Protocetidae|protocetid]]. Genus includes new species ''P. anubis''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Pliodelphis|Pliodelphis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Belluzzo |first1=A. |last2=Lambert |first2=O. |title=A new delphinid from the lower Pliocene of the North Sea and the early radiations of true dolphins |year=2021 |journal=Fossil Record |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=77–92 |doi=10.5194/fr-24-77-2021 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Belluzzo & Lambert
|
Pliocene (Zanclean)
|
Kattendijk Sands
|
{{Flag|Belgium}}
|
An [[Biology:Oceanic dolphin|oceanic dolphin]]. The type species is ''P. doelensis''.
|
|-
|}

===Carnivorans===
* A study on late Oligocene and middle Miocene carnivoran teeth from Thailand is published by de Bonis ''et al.'' (2021), who report the oldest occurrence of the family Ursidae in southern Asia (a specimen of ''[[Biology:Cephalogale|Cephalogale]]'' from the late Oligocene) and a new [[Biology:Viverridae|viverrid]] (a specimen of ''Semigenetta'' from the middle Miocene), and interpret these fossils as evidence of stratigraphic correlations of the [[Earth:Mammal Paleogene zone|MP29]] and MN7–8 fossil sites in Europe with Southeast Asian localities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Bonis |first1=L. |last2=Grohé |first2=C. |last3=Chaimanee |first3=Y. |last4=Jaeger |first4=J.-J. |last5=Yamee |first5=C. |last6=Rugbumrung |first6=M. |title=New fossil Carnivora from Thailand: transcontinental paleobiostratigraphic correlations and paleobiogeographical implications |year=2021 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=299 |issue=3 |pages=319–332 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2021/0972 |s2cid=233603122 }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil material from the Pliocene locality Çalta-1 ([[Place:Turkey|Turkey]]) attributed to ''Vulpes galatica'' is published by Bartolini-Lucenti & Madurell-Malapeira (2021), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the evolution of members of the genus ''[[Biology:Vulpes|Vulpes]]'' in the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, and interpret ''V. galatica'' as a [[Biology:Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''Vulpes beihaiensis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bartolini-Lucenti |first1=S. |last2=Madurell-Malapeira |first2=J. |title=Ancestral foxes at the gates of Europe: the Pliocene fox from Çalta-1 (Turkey) and their relationships with Asian and European Plio-Pleistocene foxes |year=2021 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=20 |issue=29 |pages=619–626 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a29 |s2cid=237744814 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolutionary history of [[Biology:Dire wolf|dire wolves]], based on data from five genomes sequenced from sub-fossil remains, is published by Perri ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that dire wolves were members of a highly divergent lineage that split from living [[Biology:Canidae|canids]] around 5.7 million years ago, and recommend transferring them to the separate genus ''Aenocyon''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Perri |first1=A. R. |last2=Mitchell |first2=K. J. |last3=Mouton |first3=A. |last4=Álvarez-Carretero |first4=S. |last5=Hulme-Beaman |first5=A. |last6=Haile |first6=J. |last7=Jamieson |first7=A. |last8=Meachen |first8=J. |last9=Lin |first9=A. T. |last10=Schubert |first10=B. W. |last11=Ameen |first11=C. |last12=Antipina |first12=E. E. |last13=Bover |first13=P. |last14=Brace |first14=S. |last15=Carmagnini |first15=A. |last16=Carøe |first16=C. |last17=Samaniego Castruita |first17=J. A. |last18=Chatters |first18=J. C. |last19=Dobney |first19=K. |last20=dos Reis |first20=M. |last21=Evin |first21=A. |last22=Gaubert |first22=P. |last23=Gopalakrishnan |first23=S. |last24=Gower |first24=G. |last25=Heiniger |first25=H. |last26=Helgen |first26=K. M. |last27=Kapp |first27=J. |last28=Kosintsev |first28=P. A. |last29=Linderholm |first29=A. |last30=Ozga |first30=A. T. |last31=Presslee |first31=S. |last32=Salis |first32=A. T. |last33=Saremi |first33=N. F. |last34=Shew |first34=C. |last35=Skerry |first35=K. |last36=Taranenko |first36=D. E. |last37=Thompson |first37=M. |last38=Sablin |first38=M. V. |last39=Kuzmin |first39=Y. V. |last40=Collins |first40=M. J. |last41=Sinding |first41=M.-H. S. |last42=Gilbert |first42=M. T. P. |last43=Stone |first43=A. C. |last44=Shapiro |first44=B. |last45=Van Valkenburgh |first45=B. |last46=Wayne |first46=R. K. |last47=Larson |first47=G. |last48=Cooper |first48=A. |last49=Frantz |first49=L. A. F. |title=Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage |year=2021 |journal=Nature |volume=591 |issue=7848 |pages=87–91 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-03082-x |pmid=33442059 |bibcode=2021Natur.591...87P |s2cid=231604957 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c087f6d0-e084-4558-be53-d503697ce140 }}</ref>
* Bartolini-Lucenti ''et al.'' (2021) describe fossil material of ''Canis (Xenocyon) lycaonoides'' from the Dmanisi site ([[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgia]]), representing the first record of a large-sized canid from this site reported to date, and attempt to determine the role played by social behaviour in the geographic expansion of canids and hominins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bartolini-Lucenti |first1=S. |last2=Madurell-Malapeira |first2=J. |last3=Martínez-Navarro |first3=B. |last4=Palmqvist |first4=P. |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=D. |last6=Rook |first6=L. |title=The early hunting dog from Dmanisi with comments on the social behaviour in Canidae and hominins |year=2021 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 13501 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-92818-4 |pmid=34326360 |pmc=8322302 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the phylogenetic placement and evolutionary history of the [[Biology:Sardinian dhole|Sardinian dhole]], based on data from the genome of a ''ca''-21,100-year-old specimen, is published by Ciucani ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ciucani |first1=M. M. |last2=Kragmose Jensen |first2=J. |last3=Sinding |first3=M.-H. S. |last4=Smith |first4=O. |last5=Bartolini Lucenti |first5=S. |last6=Rosengren |first6=E. |last7=Rook |first7=L. |last8=Tuveri |first8=C. |last9=Arca |first9=M. |last10=Cappellini |first10=E. |last11=Galaverni |first11=M. |last12=Randi |first12=E. |last13=Guo |first13=C. |last14=Zhang |first14=G. |last15=Sicheritz-Pontén |first15=T. |last16=Dalén |first16=L. |last17=Gilbert |first17=M. P. T. |last18=Gopalakrishnan |first18=S. |year=2021 |title=Evolutionary history of the extinct Sardinian dhole |journal=Current Biology |volume=in press |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.059 |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(21)01315-4 |pmid=34655517 |s2cid=238996621 }}</ref>
* A study on changes of diets of [[Biology:Wolf|gray wolves]] from the [[Earth:Yukon|Yukon]] Territory ({{wipe|Canada}}) from the Pleistocene to the Holocene is published by Landry ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Landry |first1=Z. |last2=Kim |first2=S. |last3=Trayler |first3=R. B. |last4=Gilbert |first4=M. |last5=Zazula |first5=G. |last6=Southon |first6=J. |last7=Fraser |first7=D. |year=2021 |title=Dietary reconstruction and evidence of prey shifting in Pleistocene and recent gray wolves (''Canis lupus'') from Yukon Territory |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=571 |pages=Article 110368 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110368 |bibcode=2021PPP...571k0368L |s2cid=233662657 }}</ref>
* A study on changes of diets of British wolves over the course of the Pleistocene is published by Flower, Schreve & Lamb (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Flower |first1=L. O. H. |last2=Schreve |first2=D. C. |last3=Lamb |first3=A. L. |year=2021 |title=Nature of the beast? Complex drivers of prey choice, competition and resilience in Pleistocene wolves (''Canis lupus'' L., 1754) |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=272 |pages=Article 107212 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107212 |bibcode=2021QSRv..27207212F }}</ref>
* Lahtinen ''et al.'' (2021) argue that the differences between dietary constraints of wolves and humans enabled dog domestication in harsh environments across northern Eurasia in the Late Pleistocene, as the prey species of wolves have protein ratios over the limit that humans can consume, which resulted in [[Earth:Upper Paleolithic|Upper Paleolithic]] hunter-gatherers having excess protein from their prey available to feed to captured/pet wolves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lahtinen |first1=M. |last2=Clinnick |first2=D. |last3=Mannermaa |first3=K. |last4=Salonen |first4=J. S. |last5=Viranta |first5=S. |title=Excess protein enabled dog domestication during severe Ice Age winters |year=2021 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 7 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-78214-4 |pmid=33414490 |pmc=7790815 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11....7L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the processes driving the early phases of dog domestication, based on data from canid remains from the Magdalenian cave site of Gnirshöhle (Hegau Jura, {{wipe|Germany}}), is published by Baumann ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baumann |first1=C. |last2=Pfrengle |first2=S. |last3=Münzel |first3=S. C. |last4=Molak |first4=M. |last5=Feuerborn |first5=T. R. |last6=Breidenstein |first6=A. |last7=Reiter |first7=E. |last8=Albrecht |first8=G. |last9=Kind |first9=C.-J. |last10=Verjux |first10=C. |last11=Leduc |first11=C. |last12=Conard |first12=N. J. |last13=Drucker |first13=D. G. |last14=Giemsch |first14=L. |last15=Thalmann |first15=O. |last16=Bocherens |first16=H. |last17=Schuenemann |first17=V. J. |title=A refined proposal for the origin of dogs: the case study of Gnirshöhle, a Magdalenian cave site |year=2021 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 5137 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-83719-7 |doi-access=free |pmid=33664287 |pmc=7933181 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.5137B }}</ref>
* Perri ''et al.'' (2021) compare population genetic results of humans and dogs from Siberia, Beringia and North America, and interpret their findings as indicating that dogs were domesticated in Siberia by ∼23,000 years ago, and subsequently accompanied the first people into the Americas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Perri |first1=A. R. |last2=Feuerborn |first2=T. R. |last3=Frantz |first3=L. A. F. |last4=Larson |first4=G. |last5=Malhi |first5=R. S. |last6=Meltzer |first6=D. J. |last7=Witt |first7=K. E. |year=2021 |title=Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=6 |pages=e2010083118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2010083118 |pmid=33495362 |pmc=8017920 }}</ref>
* Da Silva Coelho ''et al.'' (2021) report a complete mitochondrial genome of an early dog from southeast [[Earth:Alaska|Alaska]], dated to approximately 10 150 calibrated years [[Earth:Before Present|BP]], and interpret this specimen as an early-branching precontact dog and evidence that initial human and dog migration into the Americas occurred together along the North Pacific coastal route.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=da Silva Coelho |first1=F. A. |last2=Gill |first2=S. |last3=Tomlin |first3=C. M. |last4=Heaton |first4=T. H. |last5=Lindqvist |first5=C. |year=2021 |title=An early dog from southeast Alaska supports a coastal route for the first dog migration into the Americas |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1945 |pages=Article ID 20203103 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.3103 |pmid=33622130 |pmc=7934960 }}</ref>
* Description and a study on the functional anatomy of the forelimb of ''[[Biology:Amphicynodon|Amphicynodon]] leptorhynchus'', aiming to infer probable lifestyle of this carnivoran, is published by Gardin ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gardin |first1=A. |last2=Salesa |first2=M. J. |last3=Siliceo |first3=G. |last4=Antón |first4=M. |last5=Pastor |first5=J. F. |last6=de Bonis |first6=L. |year=2021 |title=Climbing Adaptations of an Enigmatic Early Arctoid Carnivoran: the Functional Anatomy of the Forelimb of ''Amphicynodon leptorhynchus'' From the Lower Oligocene of the Quercy Phosphorites (France) |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=785–811 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09553-w |s2cid=236586858 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolutionary history and past distributional patterns of the [[Biology:Giant panda|giant panda]], based on data from ecological niche modelling, [[Biology:Phylogeography|phylogeography]] and fossil record, is published by Luna-Aranguré & Vázquez-Domínguez (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luna-Aranguré |first1=C. |last2=Vázquez-Domínguez |first2=E. |title=Of pandas, fossils, and bamboo forests: ecological niche modeling of the giant panda (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'') during the Last Glacial Maximum |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=718–730 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyab033 }}</ref>
* Pedersen ''et al.'' (2021) report the retrieval of low-coverage environmental genomes from [[Biology:American black bear|American black bear]] and [[Biology:Short-faced bear|giant short-faced bear]] from Late Pleistocene cave sediments from northern Mexico, as well as lower-coverage giant short-faced bear genomes obtained from fossils from [[Earth:Yukon|Yukon]] ({{wipe|Canada}}), and evaluate the utility of these genomes for population genomic and phylogenetic studies of Late Pleistocene bears.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pedersen |first1=M. W. |last2=De Sanctis |first2=B. |last3=Saremi |first3=N. F. |last4=Sikora |first4=M. |last5=Puckett |first5=E. E. |last6=Gu |first6=Z. |last7=Moon |first7=K. L. |last8=Kapp |first8=J. D. |last9=Vinner |first9=L. |last10=Vardanyan |first10=Z. |last11=Ardelean |first11=C. F. |last12=Arroyo-Cabrales |first12=J. |last13=Cahill |first13=J. A. |last14=Heintzman |first14=P. D. |last15=Zazula |first15=G. |last16=MacPhee |first16=R. D. E. |last17=Shapiro |first17=B. |last18=Durbin |first18=R. |last19=Willerslev |first19=E. |title=Environmental genomics of Late Pleistocene black bears and giant short-faced bears |journal=Current Biology |year=2021 |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2728–2736.e8 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.027 |pmid=33878301 |s2cid=233303447 }}</ref>
* Barlow ''et al.'' (2021) report the recovery of the genome of a 360,000-year-old cave bear from Kudaro 1 cave ([[Place:South Ossetia|South Ossetia]]), representing the oldest genome from a non-permafrost environment reported to date, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the evolution of cave bears.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barlow |first1=A. |last2=Paijmans |first2=J. L. A. |last3=Alberti |first3=F. |last4=Gasparyan |first4=B. |last5=Bar-Oz |first5=G. |last6=Pinhasi |first6=R. |last7=Foronova |first7=I. |last8=Puzachenko |first8=A. Y. |last9=Pacher |first9=M. |last10=Dalén |first10=L. |last11=Baryshnikov |first11=G. |last12=Hofreiter |first12=M. |title=Middle Pleistocene genome calibrates a revised evolutionary history of extinct cave bears |journal=Current Biology |year=2021 |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=1771–1779.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.073 |pmid=33592193 |s2cid=231930115 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphological variability and evolution of lower incisors of cave bears from the Middle and Late Pleistocene of Caucasus and Urals is published by Gimranov, Kosintsev & Baryshnikov (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gimranov |first1=D. |last2=Kosintsev |first2=P. |last3=Baryshnikov |first3=G. F. |title=Variability of the lower incisors in the cave bears (Carnivora, Ursidae) from the Caucasus and Urals |year=2021 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=20 |issue=25 |pages=539–553 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a25 }}</ref>
* A study on ancient DNA obtained from a Pleistocene brown bear remains from Honshu Island, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of extinct brown bears from the Japanese Archipelago, is published by Segawa ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Segawa |first1=T. |last2=Yonezawa |first2=T. |last3=Mori |first3=H. |last4=Akiyoshi |first4=A. |last5=Allentoft |first5=M. E. |last6=Kohno |first6=A. |last7=Tokanai |first7=F. |last8=Willerslev |first8=E. |last9=Kohno |first9=N. |last10=Nishihara |first10=H. |year=2021 |title=Ancient DNA reveals multiple origins and migration waves of extinct Japanese brown bear lineages |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=Article ID 210518 |doi=10.1098/rsos.210518 |pmid=34386259 |pmc=8334828 |bibcode=2021RSOS....810518S |s2cid=236898469 }}</ref>
* A study on the phylogenetic placement of [[Biology:Barbourofelidae|barbourofelines]] within Carnivora, and on the evolution of sabertooth adaptations amongst carnivorans, is published by Barrett, Hopkins & Price (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barrett |first1=P. Z. |last2=Hopkins |first2=W. S. B. |last3=Price |first3=S. A. |year=2021 |title=How many sabertooths? Reevaluating the number of carnivoran sabertooth lineages with total-evidence Bayesian techniques and a novel origin of the Miocene Nimravidae |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=e1923523 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1923523 |s2cid=236221655 }}</ref>
* Three fragments of a skull of ''[[Biology:Pachycrocuta|Pachycrocuta]] brevirostris'' are described from the Jinyuan Cave (Dalian, {{wipe|China}}) by Liu ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret this specimen as the largest skull of a member of this species reported so far, and evaluate its implications for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of this species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liu |first1=Jinyi |last2=Liu |first2=Jinyuan |last3=Zhang |first3=H. |last4=Wagner |first4=J. |last5=Jiangzuo |first5=Q. |last6=Song |first6=Y. |last7=Liu |first7=S. |last8=Wang |first8=Y. |last9=Jin |first9=C. |year=2021 |title=The giant short-faced hyena ''Pachycrocuta brevirostris'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from Northeast Asia: A reinterpretation of subspecies differentiation and intercontinental dispersal |journal=Quaternary International |volume=577 |pages=29–51 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.031 |bibcode=2021QuInt.577...29L |s2cid=234125458 }}</ref>
* Description of fossil material of ''Pachycrocuta brevirostris'' from the late Early Pleistocene site of Nogaisk, representing the first record of this species from {{wipe|Ukraine}}, and a study on the evolution of this species in Eurasia is published by Marciszak ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Semenov |first2=Y. |last3=Portnicki |first3=P. |last4=Derkach |first4=T. |year=2021 |title=First record of ''Pachycrocuta brevirostris'' (Gervais, 1850) from Ukraine on the background of the European occurrence of the species |journal=Journal of Iberian Geology |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=535–549 |doi=10.1007/s41513-021-00164-1 |s2cid=231877455 }}</ref>
* Revision of the European fossil record of ''Pachycrocuta brevirostris'', and of the whole Epivillafranchian and [[Earth:European land mammal age#Quaternary European mammal zones|Galerian]] record of hyenas from Europe, is published by Iannucci ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iannucci |first1=A. |last2=Mecozzi |first2=B. |last3=Sardella |first3=R. |last4=Iurino |first4=D. A. |year=2021 |title=The extinction of the giant hyena ''Pachycrocuta brevirostris'' and a reappraisal of the Epivillafranchian and Galerian Hyaenidae in Europe: Faunal turnover during the Early–Middle Pleistocene Transition |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=272 |pages=Article 107240 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107240 |s2cid=239548772 }}</ref>
* A study on the diversity on North American hyenas belonging to the genus ''[[Biology:Chasmaporthetes|Chasmaporthetes]]'' is published by Pérez-Claros, Coca-Ortega & Werdelin (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez-Claros |first1=J. A. |last2=Coca-Ortega |first2=C. |last3=Werdelin |first3=L. |year=2021 |title=How many hyenas in North America? A quantitative perspective |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=in press |pages=e1979988 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1979988 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1979988 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolutionary history of the genus ''[[Biology:Crocuta|Crocuta]]'', based on data from near-complete mitochondrial genomes sequenced from two Late Pleistocene cave hyena skulls from northeastern China, is published by Hu ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=J. |last2=Westbury |first2=M. V. |last3=Yuan |first3=J. |last4=Zhang |first4=Z. |last5=Chen |first5=S. |last6=Xiao |first6=B. |last7=Hou |first7=X. |last8=Ji |first8=H. |last9=Lai |first9=X. |last10=Hofreiter |first10=M. |last11=Sheng |first11=G. |year=2021 |title=Ancient mitochondrial genomes from Chinese cave hyenas provide insights into the evolutionary history of the genus ''Crocuta'' |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1943 |pages=Article ID 20202934 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.2934 |pmid=33499784 |pmc=7893252 |pmc-embargo-date=January 27, 2022 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of the mandible shape in early [[Biology:Machairodontinae|machairodontines]], based on data from fossils of ''[[Biology:Promegantereon|Promegantereon]] ogygia'' and ''[[Biology:Machairodus|Machairodus]] aphanistus'' from the [[Biology:Cerro de los Batallones|Batallones]] localities in {{wipe|Spain}}, is published by Chatar ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chatar |first1=N. |last2=Fischer |first2=V. |last3=Siliceo |first3=G. |last4=Antón |first4=M. |last5=Morales |first5=J. |last6=Salesa |first6=M. J. |year=2021 |title=Morphometric Analysis of the Mandible of Primitive Sabertoothed Felids from the late Miocene of Spain |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=753–771 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09541-0 |s2cid=225170582 }}</ref>
* Fossil material of ''[[Biology:Dinofelis|Dinofelis]]'', representing the smallest specimens belonging to this genus reported to date (with the size of a large [[Biology:Eurasian lynx|Eurasian lynx]] or small [[Biology:Cougar|puma]]), is described from the latest Pliocene-earliest Early Pleistocene (ca. 2.5 million years old) Guefaït-4 site (Morocco) by Madurell-Malapeira ''et al.'' (2021), who argue that the overall small dimensions of the studied specimens not ascribable to [[Biology:Sexual dimorphism|sexual dimorphism]] or interspecific variability, and interpret these specimens as representing a previously unknown lineage or species of ''Dinofelis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Madurell-Malapeira |first1=J. |last2=Rodríguez-Hidalgo |first2=A. |last3=Aouraghe |first3=H. |last4=Haddoumi |first4=H. |last5=Bartolini Lucenti |first5=S. |last6=Oujaa |first6=A. |last7=Saladié |first7=P. |last8=Bengamra |first8=S. |last9=Marín |first9=J. |last10=Souhir |first10=M. |last11=Farkouch |first11=M. |last12=Mhamdi |first12=H. |last13=Aissa |first13=A. M. |last14=Werdelin |first14=L. |last15=Chacón |first15=M. G. |last16=Sala-Ramos |first16=R. |year=2021 |title=First small-sized ''Dinofelis'': Evidence from the Plio-Pleistocene of North Africa |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=265 |pages=Article 107028 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107028 |bibcode=2021QSRv..26507028M |s2cid=237702164 }}</ref>
* A study on the dietary ecology of ''[[Biology:Homotherium|Homotherium]] serum'', based on data from fossil specimens from the Friesenhahn Cave ({{wipe|Texas}}, United States), is published by DeSantis ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=DeSantis |first1=L. R. G. |last2=Feranec |first2=R. S. |last3=Antón |first3=M. |last4=Lundelius Jr. |first4=E. L. |year=2021 |title=Dietary ecology of the scimitar-toothed cat ''Homotherium serum'' |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2674–2681.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.061 |pmid=33862006 |s2cid=233247330 }}</ref>
* Revision of the fossil material of ''Megantereon'' from the late Early Pleistocene to Middle Pleistocene strata in China is published by Li & Sun (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li |first1=Y. |last2=Sun |first2=B. |year=2021 |title=''Megantereon'' (Carnivora, Felidae) in the late Early Pleistocene in China and its implications for paleobiogeography |journal=Quaternary International |volume=in press |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.09.008 }}</ref>
* An association of two subadult and one adult specimen of ''[[Biology:Smilodon|Smilodon]] fatalis'' is reported from the Pleistocene [[Earth:Tablazo Formation, Ecuador|Tablazo Formation]] (Ecuador) by Reynolds, Seymour & [[Biography:David C. Evans (paleontologist)|Evans]] (2021), who interpret the subadult specimens as likely to be siblings, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the life history of ''S. fatalis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reynolds |first1=A. R. |last2=Seymour |first2=K. L. |last3=Evans |first3=D. C. |year=2021 |title=''Smilodon fatalis'' siblings reveal life history in a saber-toothed cat |journal=iScience |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=Article 101916 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101916 |doi-access=free |pmid=33532710 |pmc=7835254 |bibcode=2021iSci...24j1916R }}</ref>
* A study on a pathological pelvis and associated right femur of a specimen of ''Smilodon fatalis'' from the La Brea Tar Pits ({{wipe|California}}, United States) is published by Balisi ''et al.'' (2021), who diagnose this specimen as affected by [[Medicine:Hip dysplasia|hip dysplasia]], and evaluate the implications of this specimen for the knowledge of social strategies of ''S. fatalis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Balisi |first1=M. A. |last2=Sharma |first2=A. K. |last3=Howard |first3=C. M. |last4=Shaw |first4=C. A. |last5=Klapper |first5=R. |last6=Lindsey |first6=E. L. |year=2021 |title=Computed tomography reveals hip dysplasia in the extinct Pleistocene saber-tooth cat ''Smilodon'' |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 21271 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-99853-1 |pmid=34711910 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Fossil material of the [[Biology:Iberian lynx|Iberian lynx]], extending known paleobiogeographical distribution of this species and representing the largest sample of lynx fossils reported from Europe to date, is described from the Late Pleistocene Ingarano site (southern Italy) by Mecozzi ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mecozzi |first1=B. |last2=Sardella |first2=R. |last3=Boscaini |first3=A. |last4=Cherin |first4=M. |last5=Costeur |first5=L. |last6=Madurell-Malapeira |first6=J. |last7=Pavia |first7=M. |last8=Profico |first8=A. |last9=Iurino |first9=D. A. |year=2021 |title=The tale of a short-tailed cat: New outstanding Late Pleistocene fossils of ''Lynx pardinus'' from southern Italy |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=262 |pages=Article 106840 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106840 |bibcode=2021QSRv..26206840M |hdl=11573/1546549 |s2cid=233635913 }}</ref>
* A study on the impact of the climatic transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene on cougars and bobcats, based on data from fossil from the La Brea Tar Pits, is published by Balassa, Prothero & Syverson (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Balassa |first1=D. |last2=Prothero |first2=D. R. |last3=Syverson |first3=V. J. P. |title=How did cougars and bobcats respond to the end of the ice ages? Evidence from La Brea Tar Pits |year=2021 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=82 |pages=1–7 }}</ref>
* Chi ''et al.'' (2021) report the discovery of fossil teeth from the Longshia-dong Cave, interpreted as the first known record of [[Biology:Leopard|leopard]]s from the Late Pleistocene of Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chi |first1=T. |last2=Gan |first2=Y. |last3=Yang |first3=T. |last4=Chang |first4=C. |year=2021 |title=First report of leopard fossils from a limestone cave in Kenting area, southern Taiwan |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e12020 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12020 |doi-access=free |pmid=34513335 |pmc=8388558 }}</ref>
* Preliminary description of two mummified [[Biology:Panthera spelaea|cave lion]] cubs from [[Biography:Sakha|Sakha]] ({{wipe|Russia}}) is published by Boeskorov ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boeskorov |first1=G. G. |last2=Plotnikov |first2=V. V. |last3=Protopopov |first3=A. V. |last4=Baryshnikov |first4=G. F. |last5=Fosse |first5=P. |last6=Dalén |first6=L. |last7=Stanton |first7=D. W. G. |last8=Pavlov |first8=I. S. |last9=Suzuki |first9=N. |last10=Tikhonov |first10=A. N. |title=The Preliminary Analysis of Cave Lion Cubs ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810) from the Permafrost of Siberia |year=2021 |journal=Quaternary |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=Article 24 |doi=10.3390/quat4030024 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on changes of the range of the [[Biology:Lion|lion]] during the late Pleistocene and Holocene is published by Cooper ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cooper |first1=D. M. |last2=Dugmore |first2=A. J. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |last4=Metzger |first4=M. J. |last5=Trabucco |first5=A. |title=A kingdom in decline: Holocene range contraction of the lion (''Panthera leo'') modelled with global environmental stratification |year=2021 |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e10504 |doi=10.7717/peerj.10504 |pmid=33628628 |pmc=7891088 }}</ref>
* A study on the habitat and potential prey preferences of ''Smilodon populator'', ''[[Biology:Protocyon|Protocyon]] troglodytes'' and ''[[Biology:Arctotherium|Arctotherium]] wingei'' from the Brazilian Intertropical Region, based on data from isotopic studies, is published by Dantas ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dantas |first1=M. A. T. |last2=Bernardes |first2=C. |last3=Asevedo |first3=L. |last4=Pansani |first4=T. R. |last5=França |first5=L. M. |last6=Aragão |first6=W. S. |last7=Santos |first7=F. S. |last8=Cravo |first8=E. |last9=Ximenes |first9=C. |year=2021 |title=Isotopic palaeoecology (δ<sup>13</sup>C) of three faunivores from Late Pleistocene of the Brazilian intertropical region |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1933468 |s2cid=236272572 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''[[Biology:Ammitocyon|Ammitocyon]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morales |first1=J. |last2=Abella |first2=J. |last3=Sanisidro |first3=O. |last4=Valenciano |first4=A. |title=''Ammitocyon kainos'' gen. et sp. nov., a chimerical amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the late Miocene carnivore traps of Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid, Spain) |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=393–415 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.1910868 |s2cid=235363054 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Morales ''et al.''
|
Late Miocene
|
[[Biology:Cerro de los Batallones|Cerro de los Batallones]]
|
{{Flag|Spain}}
|
A [[Biology:Bear dog|bear dog]]. Genus includes new species ''A. kainos''.
|
|-
|
''Canis orcensis''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martinez-Navarro |first1=B. |last2=Bartolini Lucenti |first2=S. |last3=Palmqvist |first3=P. |last4=Ros-Montoya |first4=S. |last5=Madurell-Malapeira |first5=J. |last6=Espigares |first6=M. P. |title=A new species of dog from the Early Pleistocene site of Venta Micena (Orce, Baza Basin, Spain) |year=2021 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=20 |issue=17 |pages=297–314 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a17 |s2cid=235562791 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Martinez-Navarro ''et al.''
|
Early Pleistocene
|
|
{{Flag|Spain}}
|
A species of ''[[Biology:Canis|Canis]]''.
|
|-
|
''Cynelos jitu''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morlo |first1=M. |last2=Friscia |first2=A. |last3=Miller |first3=E. R. |last4=Locke |first4=E. |last5=Nengo |first5=I. |title=Systematics and paleobiology of Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya |year=2021 |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=465–484 |doi=10.4202/app.00794.2020 |s2cid=236655608 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Morlo ''et al.''
|
Early Miocene
|
Bakate Formation
|
{{Flag|Kenya}}
|
A [[Biology:Bear dog|bear dog]].
|
|-
|
''Dunictis''<ref name=Dunictis>{{Cite journal|last1=Morales |first1=J. |last2=Pickford |first2=M. |title=Taxonomic revision of the genus ''Leptoplesictis'' (Viverridae, Mammalia) with description of new fossils from Grillental VI (Namibia) and Moratilla 2 (Spain) |year=2021 |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=23 |pages=161–176 |url=http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/a96_Morales_Pickford%202021_Leptoplesictis%20from%20Grillental%20and%20Spain.pdf }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Morales & Pickford
|
Early Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Kenya}}<br>
{{Flag|Namibia}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Viverridae|Viverridae]]. The type species is ''"Leptoplesictis" senutae'' Morales, Pickford & Salesa (2008); genus also includes ''"Leptoplesictis" rangwai'' Schmidt-Kittler (1987) and possibly also ''"Leptoplesictis" mbitensis'' Schmidt-Kittler (1987) and ''"Leptoplesictis" namibiensis'' Morales, Pickford & Salesa (2008).
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Eomellivora|Eomellivora moralesi]] ''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alba |first1=D. M. |last2=Robles |first2=J. M. |last3=Valenciano |first3=A. |last4=Abella |first4=J. |last5=Casanovas-Vilar |first5=I. |year=2021 |title=A new species of ''Eomellivora'' from the latest Aragonian of Abocador de Can Mata (NE Iberian Peninsula) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1943380 |s2cid=238002927 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Alba ''et al.''
|
Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Spain}}
|
A [[Biology:Mellivorinae|mellivorine]] [[Biology:Mustelidae|mustelid]].
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Eucyon|Eucyon khoikhoi]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valenciano |first1=A. |last2=Morales |first2=J. |last3=Govender |first3=R. |title=''Eucyon khoikhoi'' sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene |year=2021 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=Online edition |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab022 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Valenciano, Morales & Govender
|
Early Pliocene
|
|
{{Flag|South Africa}}
|
|
|-
|[[Biology:Eusmilus|''Eusmilus adelos'']]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barrett|first=Paul Zachary|date=2021-10-26|title=The largest hoplophonine and a complex new hypothesis of nimravid evolution|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=21078|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-00521-1|issn=2045-2322|pmid=34702935|pmc=8548586}}</ref>
|Sp. nov
|Valid
|Paul Zachary Barrett
|Early [[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]]
|[[Earth:White River Formation|White River Formation]]
|{{Flag|United States}}({{Flag|Wyoming}})
|A [[Biology:Nimravidae|nimravid]].
|
|-
|
''Forsythictis''<ref name=Dunictis />
|
Gen. et sp. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Morales & Pickford
|
Middle Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|France}}<br>
{{Flag|Germany}}<br>
{{Flag|Spain}}
|
A member of the family Viverridae. The type species is ''F. ibericus''; genus also includes ''"Stenogale" aurelianensis'' Schlosser (1889) and ''"Herpestes (Leptoplesictis) aurelianensis" atavus'' Beaumont (1973; raised to the rank of a separate species ''F. atavus'').
|
|-
|
''Gansuyaena''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Galiano |first1=H. |last2=Tseng |first2=Z. J. |last3=Solounias |first3=N. |last4=Wang |first4=X.-M. |last5=Qiu |first5=Z.-X. |last6=White |first6=S. C. |year=2021 |title=A new aardwolf-line fossil hyena from Middle and Late Miocene deposits of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=Online edition |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.211025 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Galiano ''et al.''
|
Miocene
|
Linxia Basin
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A [[Biology:Hyena|hyena]] belonging to the subfamily Protelinae. The type species is ''G. megalotis''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Machairodus|Machairodus lahayishupup]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Orcutt |first1=J. D. |last2=Calede |first2=J. J. M. |year=2021 |title=Quantitative analyses of feliform humeri reveal the existence of a very large cat in North America during the Miocene |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=729–751 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09540-1 |s2cid=235541255 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Orcutt & Calede
|
Miocene ([[Biology:Hemphillian|Hemphillian]])
|
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Idaho}}<br>{{Flag|Oregon}})
|
|
|-
|
''Magnotherium''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rahmat |first1=S. |last2=Hafed |first2=A. B. |last3=Godfrey |first3=S. J. |last4=Nance |first4=J. R. |last5=Koretsky |first5=I. A. |year=2021 |title=A new unusual Monachinae from the Neogene of the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Maryland, USA) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1933469 |s2cid=237752557 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Rahmat ''et al.''
|
Late Miocene
|
St. Marys Formation
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Maryland}})
|
A [[Biology:Monachinae|monachine]] [[Biology:Earless seal|earless seal]]. Genus includes new species ''M. johnsii''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Oaxacagale|Oaxacagale]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferrusquía-Villafranca |first1=I. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |year=2021 |title=The first Paleogene mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora) from southern North America and its paleontologic significance |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=109 |pages=Article 103236 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103236 |bibcode=2021JSAES.10903236F |s2cid=233830062 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Ferrusquía-Villafranca & Wang
|
[[Earth:Paleogene|Paleogene]]
|
Yolomécatl Formation
|
{{Flag|Mexico}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Mustelidae|Mustelidae]]. Genus includes new species ''O. ruizi''.
|
|-
|
''Planopusa''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Koretsky |first1=I. A. |last2=Rahmat |first2=S. J. |title=Unique Short-Faced Miocene Seal Discovered in Grytsiv (Ukraine) |year=2021 |journal=Zoodiversity |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=143–154 |doi=10.15407/zoo2021.02.143 |s2cid=235518003 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Koretsky & Rahmat
|
Middle-late Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Ukraine}}
|
An [[Biology:Earless seal|earless seal]] belonging to the subfamily [[Biology:Phocinae|Phocinae]]. The type species is ''P. semenovi''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Protocyon|Protocyon orocualensis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ruiz-Ramoni |first1=D. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |last3=Rincón |first3=A. D. |title=Canids (Caninae) from the past of Venezuela |year=2021 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=in press |doi=10.5710/AMGH.16.09.2021.3448 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Ruiz-Ramoni, Wang & Rincón
|
Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene
|
|
{{Flag|Venezuela}}
|
A canid belonging to the subtribe [[Biology:Cerdocyonina|Cerdocyonina]].
|
|-
|
''Vishnuonyx neptuni''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kargopoulos |first1=N. |last2=Valenciano |first2=A. |last3=Kampouridis |first3=P. |last4=Lechner |first4=T. |last5=Böhme |first5=M. |year=2021 |title=New early late Miocene species of ''Vishnuonyx'' (Carnivora, Lutrinae) from the hominid locality of Hammerschmiede, Bavaria, Germany |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=Online edition |pages=e1948858 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1948858 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Kargopoulos ''et al.''
|
Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Germany}}
|
An [[Biology:Otter|otter]].
|
|-
|
''Vulpes rooki''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartolini Lucenti |first=S. |year=2021 |title=A new large-sized Pliocene fox (Carnivora, Canidae) from Yushe Basin (Shanxi, China) |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=133–147 |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/15206 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Bartolini Lucenti
|
Pliocene
|
Yushe Basin
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A fox, a species of ''[[Biology:Vulpes|Vulpes]]''
|
|-
|}

===Rodents===
* New postcranial material of ischyromyids is described from the Erlian Basin ([[Place:Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia]], China) by Fostowicz-Frelik, López-Torres & Li (2021), who interpret these fossils as indicative of a greater species richness of this group in northern China during the middle Eocene than was previously suggested by fossil teeth, as well as indicative of different paleoecology of Asian and North American ischyromyids.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fostowicz-Frelik |first1=Ł. |last2=López-Torres |first2=S. |last3=Li |first3=Q. |year=2021 |title=Tarsal morphology of ischyromyid rodents from the middle Eocene of China gives an insight into the group's diversity in Central Asia |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 11543 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-90796-1 |pmid=34078948 |pmc=8172891 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1111543F }}</ref>
* Description of the fossil material of dormice from the [[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]] localities of St-Martin-de-Castillon C ({{wipe|France}}) and Montalbán 1D ({{wipe|Spain}}), and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil dormice, is published by Lu ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lu |first1=X. |last2=Costeur |first2=L. |last3=Hugueney |first3=M. |last4=Maridet |first4=O. |year=2021 |title=New data on early Oligocene dormice (Rodentia, Gliridae) from southern Europe: phylogeny and diversification of the family |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.1888814 |s2cid=233402319 }}</ref>
* A study on changes in the brain over time, across phylogeny, and associated with locomotor behaviour in extant and fossil squirrels, [[Biology:Aplodontiidae|aplodontiids]] and their close relatives is published by Bertrand ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bertrand |first1=O. C. |last2=Püschel |first2=H. P. |last3=Schwab |first3=J. A. |last4=Silcox |first4=M. T. |last5=Brusatte |first5=S. L. |title=The impact of locomotion on the brain evolution of squirrels and close relatives |year=2021 |journal=Communications Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 460 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-01887-8 |pmid=33846528 |pmc=8042109 }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy of the skull of ''Csakvaromys bredai'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the evolution of ground squirrels, is published by Sinitsa, Čermák & Kryuchkova (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sinitsa |first1=M. V. |last2=Čermák |first2=S. |last3=Kryuchkova |first3=L. Yu. |year=2021 |title=Cranial Anatomy of ''Csakvaromys bredai'' (Rodentia, Sciuridae, Xerinae) and Implications for Ground Squirrel Evolution and Systematics |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=in press |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09561-w }}</ref>
* Redescription of ''"Orthomyctera" chapalmalense'' is published by Madozzo-Jaén, Pérez & Deschamps (2021), who transfer this species to the genus ''[[Biology:Mara (mammal)|Dolichotis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Madozzo-Jaén |first1=M. C. |last2=Pérez |first2=M. E. |last3=Deschamps |first3=C. M. |year=2021 |title=The oldest species of ''Dolichotis'' (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the Pliocene of Argentina: redescription and taxonomic status of ''"Orthomyctera" chapalmalense'' |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=995–1013 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09559-4 |s2cid=238708251 }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of ''Neoepiblema'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the paleobiology of this rodent, is published by Kerber ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kerber |first1=L. |last2=Candela |first2=A. M. |last3=Ferreira |first3=J. D. |last4=Pretto |first4=F. A. |last5=Bubadué |first5=J. |last6=Negri |first6=F. R. |year=2021 |title=Postcranial Morphology of the Extinct Rodent ''Neoepiblema'' (Rodentia: Chinchilloidea): Insights Into the Paleobiology of Neoepiblemids |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=in press |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09567-4 |s2cid=239145691 }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine the ecological adaptation that allowed ''[[Biology:Trogontherium|Trogontherium]] cuvieri'' to persist in northeast China in the Pleistocene, based on data from Early to Middle Pleistocene specimens from the Jinyuan Cave, is published by Yang ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yang |first1=Y. |last2=Qiang |first2=L. |last3=Xijun |first3=N. |last4=Cheng |first4=X. |last5=Zhang |first5=J. |last6=Li |first6=H. |last7=Jin |first7=C. |year=2021 |title=Tooth micro-wear analysis reveals that persistence of beaver ''Trogontherium cuvieri'' (Rodentia, Mammalia) in Northeast China relied on its plastic ecological niche in Pleistocene |journal=Quaternary International |volume=591 |pages=70–79 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.004 |bibcode=2021QuInt.591...70Y |s2cid=234255041 }}</ref>
* New fossil material of cricetodontine [[Biology:Cricetidae|cricetids]], providing evidence of the [[Biology:Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]] of the genera ''Lartetomys'' and ''Mixocricetodon'', is described from the middle Miocene locality Höll (German part of the northern Alpine basin) by Prieto ''et al.'' (2021), who also study the evolution  of the genus ''Lartetomys''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prieto |first1=J. |last2=Rummel |first2=M. |last3=Scholz |first3=H. |last4=Mein |first4=P. |title=A new middle Miocene lineage based on taxonomic revision of the large and rare cricetid-rodent genus ''Lartetomys'' |year=2021 |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |volume=in press |doi=10.1007/s12549-021-00485-0 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Description of new fossil material of ''Olympicomys vossi'' from the Vorohué Formation ({{wipe|Argentina}}), and a study on the phylogenetic placement of this rodent, is published by Barbière ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barbière |first1=F. |last2=Taglioretti |first2=M. |last3=Pardiñas |first3=U. F. J. |last4=Ortiz |first4=P. E. |year=2021 |title=New craniodental material of the extinct sigmodontine ''Olympicomys'' (Rodentia, Cricetidae) allows a discussion of its tribal affiliation |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1896501 |s2cid=233636862 }}</ref>
* A study on the fossil record of the Miocene murine rodents from the Siwalik Group of {{wipe|Pakistan}}, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the origin of the tribes [[Biology:Arvicanthini|Arvicanthini]] and [[Biology:Murini|Murini]], is published by Kimura, Flynn & Jacobs (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kimura |first1=Y. |last2=Flynn |first2=L. J. |last3=Jacobs |first3=L. L. |year=2021 |title=Tempo and Mode: Evidence on a Protracted Split From a Dense Fossil Record |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=9 |pages=Article 642814 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.642814 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Aliveria mojmiri''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bonilla Salomón |first1=I. |last2=Luján |first2=À. H. |last3=Ivanov |first3=M. |last4=Sabol |first4=M. |year=2021 |title=''Aliveria mojmiri'' sp. nov. among other flying and ground squirrels (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Mokrá-Quarry sites (Moravia, Czech Republic) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1992403 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Bonilla Salomón ''et al.''
|
Early Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Czech Republic}}
|
A flying squirrel.
|
|-
|
''Asteromys puelche''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Candela |first1=A. M. |last2=Pérez |first2=M. E. |last3=Rasia |first3=L. L. |last4=Cerdeño |first4=E. |year=2021 |title=New late Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Mendoza Province, central-western Argentina |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=e1929264 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1929264 |s2cid=237518023 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Candela ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Deseadan|Deseadan]]
|
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A member of Cavioidea.
|
|-
|
''Auroremys''<ref name=Auroremys>{{Cite journal|last1=Vianey-Liaud |first1=M. |last2=Marivaux |first2=L. |title=The beginning of the adaptive radiation of Theridomorpha (Rodentia) in Western Europe: morphological and phylogenetic analyses of early and middle Eocene taxa; implications for systematics |year=2021 |journal=Palæovertebrata |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=e2 |doi=10.18563/pv.44.2.e2 |url=https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03354449/file/Vianey-Liaud-%26-Marivaux_2021_Palaeovertebrata_Early-radiation-Theridomorpha.pdf }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
In press
|
Vianey-Liaud & Marivaux
|
Eocene
|
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
A member of the family Pseudosciuridae. The type species is ''"[[Biology:Ailuravus|Ailuravus]]" subita'' Comte ''et al.'' (2012).
|
|-
|
''Balsayacuy''<ref name=Balsayacuy>{{Cite journal|last1=Boivin |first1=M. |last2=Marivaux |first2=L. |last3=Aguirre-Diaz |first3=W. |last4=Andriolli Custódio |first4=M. |last5=Benites-Palomino |first5=A. |last6=Pujos |first6=F. |last7=Roddaz |first7=M. |last8=Salas-Gismondi |first8=R. |last9=Stutz |first9=N. |last10=Tejada-Lara |first10=J. V. |last11=Yans |first11=J. |last12=Antoine |first12=P.-O. |year=2021 |title=Eocene caviomorph rodents from Balsayacu (Peruvian Amazonia) |journal=PalZ |volume=in press |doi=10.1007/s12542-021-00551-0 |s2cid=235326588 |url=https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03248990/file/Boivin-et-al_2021-Palaontologische%20Zeitschrift_Balsayacu-rodents.pdf }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Boivin ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|Peru}}
|
A member of [[Biology:Caviomorpha|Caviomorpha]]. Genus includes new species ''B. huallagaensis''.
|
|-
|
''Batomys cagayanensis''<ref name=JMOchoaetal>{{Cite journal|last1=Ochoa |first1=J. |last2=Mijares |first2=A. S. B. |last3=Piper |first3=P. J. |last4=Reyes |first4=M. C. |last5=Heaney |first5=L. R. |title=Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini) |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=909–930 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyab023 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Ochoa ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|Philippines}}
|
A [[Biology:Cloud rat|cloud rat]], a species of ''[[Biology:Batomys|Batomys]]''.
|
|-
|
''Caecocricetodon''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lu |first1=X.-Y. |last2=Ni |first2=X. |last3=Maridet |first3=O. |year=2021 |title=A new glirid-like cricetid from the lower Oligocene of southern China |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=e1917587 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1917587 |s2cid=236302122 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Lu, Ni & Maridet
|
Early [[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]]
|
Caijiachong Formation
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Cricetidae|Cricetidae]]. The type species is ''C. yani''.
|
|-
|
''Caribeomys''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marivaux |first1=L. |last2=Vélez-Juarbe |first2=J. |last3=Viñola López |first3=L. W. |last4=Fabre |first4=P.-H. |last5=Pujos |first5=F. |last6=Santos-Mercado |first6=H. |last7=Cruz |first7=E. J. |last8=Grajales Pérez |first8=A. M. |last9=Padilla |first9=J. |last10=Vélez-Rosado |first10=K. I. |last11=Cornée |first11=J.-J. |last12=Philippon |first12=M. |last13=Münch |first13=P. |last14=Antoine |first14=P.-O. |title=An unpredicted ancient colonization of the West Indies by North American rodents: dental evidence of a geomorph from the early Oligocene of Puerto Rico |year=2021 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=2021–2039 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1388 |s2cid=237235904 |url=https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03289699/file/Marivaux-et-al-2021_MorphoMuseuM_Caribeomys-merzeraudi.pdf }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Marivaux ''et al.''
|
Early [[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Puerto Rico}})
|
A member of [[Biology:Geomorpha|Geomorpha]]. Genus includes new species ''C. merzeraudi''.
|
|-
|
''Carpomys dakal''<ref name=JMOchoaetal />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Ochoa ''et al.''
|
Pleistocene to late [[Earth:Holocene|Holocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|Philippines}}
|
A cloud rat, a species of ''[[Biology:Carpomys|Carpomys]]''.
|
|-
|
''Chachapoyamys''<ref name=Balsayacuy />
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Boivin ''et al.''
|
Eocene
|
|
{{Flag|Peru}}
|
A member of Caviomorpha. Genus includes new species ''C. kathetos''.
|
|-
|
''Crateromys ballik''<ref name=JMOchoaetal />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Ochoa ''et al.''
|
Pleistocene to late Holocene
|
|
{{Flag|Philippines}}
|
A cloud rat, a species of ''[[Biology:Crateromys|Crateromys]]''.
|
|-
|
''Ctenomys rusconii''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Santi |first1=N. A. |last2=Verzi |first2=D. H. |last3=Olivares |first3=A. I. |last4=Piñero |first4=P. |last5=Álvarez |first5=A. |last6=Morgan |first6=C. C. |title=A new Pleistocene ''Ctenomys'' and divergence dating of the hyperdiverse South American rodent family Ctenomyidae |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=377–392 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.1910583 |s2cid=235363109 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
De Santi ''et al.''
|
Early Pleistocene
|
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A [[Biology:Tuco-tuco|tuco-tuco]].
|
|-
|
''Daxneria''<ref name=Daxneria>{{Cite journal|last1=van de Weerd |first1=A. A. |last2=de Bruijn |first2=H. |last3=Wessels |first3=W. |year=2021 |title=New rodents from the late Oligocene site of Gözükızıllı in Anatolia (Turkey) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=2406–2431 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1800682 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Van de Weerd, de Bruijn & Wessels
|
Late [[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]]
| Kızılırmak, Güvendik
|
{{Flag|Turkey}}
|
A member of [[Biology:Hystricognathi|Hystricognathi]] belonging to the subfamily Baluchimyinae. The type species is ''D. fragilis''.
|
|-
|
''Eucricetodon oculatus''<ref name=Daxneria />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Van de Weerd, de Bruijn & Wessels
|
Late Oligocene
| Kızılırmak, Güvendik
|
{{Flag|Turkey}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Muridae|Muridae]] belonging to the subfamily Eucricetodontinae.
|
|-
|
''Eucricetodon ruber''<ref name=Daxneria />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Van de Weerd, de Bruijn & Wessels
|
Late Oligocene
| Kızılırmak
|
{{Flag|Turkey}}
|
A member of the family Muridae belonging to the subfamily Eucricetodontinae.
|
|-
|
''Lophiomys imhausi maremortum''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lazagabaster |first1=I. A. |last2=Rovelli |first2=R. |last3=Fabre |first3=P.-H. |last4=Porat |first4=R. |last5=Ullman |first5=M. |last6=Davidovich |first6=U. |last7=Lavi |first7=T. |last8=Ganor |first8=A. |last9=Klein |first9=E. |last10=Weiss |first10=K. |last11=Nuriel |first11=P. |last12=Meiri |first12=M. |last13=Marom |first13=N. |year=2021 |title=Rare crested rat subfossils unveil Afro–Eurasian ecological corridors synchronous with early human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=31 |pages=e2105719118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2105719118 |pmid=34312232 |pmc=8346873 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11805719L |pmc-embargo-date=January 26, 2022 |s2cid=236453662 }}</ref>
|
Subsp. nov
|
In press
|
Lazagabaster ''et al.''
|
Late Pleistocene
|
|
{{Flag|Israel}}
|
A subspecies of the [[Biology:Maned rat|maned rat]].
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Megalomys camerhogne|Megalomys camerhogne]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mistretta |first1=B. A. |last2=Giovas |first2=C. M. |last3=Weksler |first3=M. |last4=Turvey |first4=S. T. |title=Extinct insular oryzomyine rice rats (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) from the Grenada Bank, southern Caribbean |year=2021 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4951 |issue=3 |pages=434–460 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.2 |pmid=33903389 |s2cid=233410451 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Mistretta ''et al.''
|
Holocene
|
|
{{Flag|Grenada}}
|
A species of ''[[Biology:Megalomys|Megalomys]]''.
|
|-
|
''Metacaremys''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Piñero |first1=P. |last2=Verzi |first2=D. H. |last3=Olivares |first3=A. I. |last4=Montalvo |first4=C. I. |last5=Tomassini |first5=R. L. |last6=Fernández Villoldo |first6=A. |title=Evolutionary pattern of ''Metacaremys'' gen. nov. (Rodentia, Octodontidae) and its biochronological implications for the late Miocene and early Pliocene of southern South America |year=2021 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=1895–1917 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1368 |s2cid=236309712 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. et 2 sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Piñero ''et al.''
|
Late Miocene to Miocene-Pliocene boundary
|
[[Earth:Cerro Azul Formation|Cerro Azul Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}<br>
{{Flag|Bolivia}}
|
A member of Octodontoidea related to the family [[Biology:Octodontidae|Octodontidae]]. The type species is ''"Cercomys" primitiva''; genus also includes new species ''M. calfucalel'' and ''M. dimi''.
|
|-
|
''Myomimus tanjuae''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bilgin |first1=M. |last2=Joniak |first2=P. |last3=Mayda |first3=S. |last4=Göktaş |first4=F. |last5=Peláez-Campomanes |first5=P. |last6=van den Hoek Ostende |first6=L. W. |title=Micromammals from the late early Miocene of Çapak (western Anatolia) herald a time of change |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=1079–1096 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2021.27 |s2cid=234848590 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Bilgin ''et al.''
|
Early Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Turkey}}
|
A species of ''[[Biology:Myomimus|Myomimus]]''.
|
|-
|
''Noamys''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ercoli |first1=M. D. |last2=Álvarez |first2=A. |last3=Verzi |first3=D. H. |last4=Villalba Ulberich |first4=J. P. |last5=Quiñones |first5=S. I. |last6=Constantini |first6=O. E. |last7=Zurita |first7=A. E. |year=2021 |title=A new mammalian assemblage for Guanaco Formation (northwestern Argentina), and the description of a new genus of New World porcupine |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=110 |pages=Article 103389 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103389 |bibcode=2021JSAES.11003389E }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Ercoli ''et al.''
|
Late Miocene
|
Guanaco Formation
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}
|
A [[Biology:New World porcupine|New World porcupine]]. Genus includes new species ''N. hypsodonta''.
|
|-
|
''Pannoniamys''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van de Weerd |first1=A. A. |last2=de Bruijn |first2=H. |last3=Wessels |first3=W. |last4=Marković |first4=Z. |title=New late Oligocene rodent faunas from the Pannonian basin |year=2021 |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |volume=Online edition |doi=10.1007/s12549-021-00487-y |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Van de Weerd ''et al.''
|
Late Oligocene
|
|
{{Flag|Serbia}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Spalacidae|Spalacidae]]. The type species is ''P. paragovensis''.
|
|-
|
''Paralonchothrix''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Piñero |first1=P. |last2=Olivares |first2=A. I. |last3=Verzi |first3=D. H. |last4=Contreras |first4=V. H. |year=2021 |title=''Paralonchothrix'' gen. nov., the first record of Echimyini (Rodentia, Octodontoidea) in the late Miocene of Southern South America |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=147–158 |doi=10.1017/S175569102100027X |s2cid=237576539 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et comb. nov
|
Valid
|
Piñero ''et al.''
|
Late Miocene
|
Loma de Las Tapias Formation
|
{{Flag|Argentina}}<br>
{{Flag|Brazil}}
|
A member of the tribe [[Biology:Echimyini|Echimyini]]. Genus includes ''"Eumysops" ponderosus'' Rovereto (1914).
|
|-
|
''Qatranimys''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Al-Ashqar |first1=S. F. |last2=Seiffert |first2=E. R. |last3=de Vries |first3=D. |last4=El-Sayed |first4=S. |last5=Antar |first5=M. S. |last6=Sallam |first6=H. M. |year=2021 |title=New phiocricetomyine rodents (Hystricognathi) from the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Depression, Egypt |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e12074 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12074 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Al-Ashqar ''et al.''
|
Late [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]]
|
Jebel Qatrani Formation
|
{{Flag|Egypt}}
|
A member of [[Biology:Phiomorpha|Phiomorpha]] belonging to the subfamily [[Biology:Phiocricetomyinae|Phiocricetomyinae]]. The type species is ''Q. safroutus''.
|
|-
|
''Reinomys''<ref name=Auroremys />
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Vianey-Liaud & Marivaux
|
Eocene
|
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
A [[Biology:Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member of Theridomorpha. The type species is ''R. rhomboides''.
|
|-
|
''Yuomys robustus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gong |first1=H. |last2=Li |first2=Q. |last3=Ni |first3=X. |year=2021 |title=New species of ''Yuomys'' (Rodentia, Ctenodactyloidea) from the upper Eocene of eastern Ningxia, China |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=in press |pages=e1938099 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1938099 |s2cid=238841435 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Gong, Li & Ni
|
Late Eocene
|
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A member of Ctenodactyloidea.
|
|-
|}

===Primates===
* A study on tooth morphology and probable diet of extinct [[Biology:Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhines]] is published by Fulwood ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fulwood |first1=E. L. |last2=Shan |first2=S. |last3=Winchester |first3=J. M. |last4=Gao |first4=T. |last5=Kirveslahti |first5=H. |last6=Daubechies |first6=I. |last7=Boyer |first7=D. M. |year=2021 |title=Reconstructing dietary ecology of extinct strepsirrhines (Primates, Mammalia) with new approaches for characterizing and analyzing tooth shape |journal=Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1017/pab.2021.9 |s2cid=233672224 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4424708 }}</ref>
* A study on the changes in teeth and dentary shape through time in [[Biology:Notharctinae|notharctines]] from the Eocene [[Earth:Willwood Formation|Willwood Formation]] (Wyoming, United States) is published by O'Leary (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Leary |first=M. A. |year=2021 |title=A dense sample of fossil primates (Adapiformes, Notharctidae, Notharctinae) from the Early Eocene Willwood Formation, Wyoming: Documentation of gradual change in tooth area and shape through time |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=174 |issue=4 |pages=728–743 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24177 |pmid=33483945 |s2cid=231688788 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of dietary adaptations in the teeth of [[Biology:Lemuriformes|lemuriforms]], based on data from fossil primates, extant strepsirrhines and recently extinct lemurs, is published by Fulwood ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fulwood |first1=E. L. |last2=Shan |first2=S. |last3=Winchester |first3=J. M. |last4=Kirveslahti |first4=H. |last5=Ravier |first5=R. |last6=Kovalsky |first6=S. |last7=Daubechies |first7=I. |last8=Boyer |first8=D. M. |year=2021 |title=Insights from macroevolutionary modelling and ancestral state reconstruction into the radiation and historical dietary ecology of Lemuriformes (Primates, Mammalia) |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 60 |doi=10.1186/s12862-021-01793-x |pmid=33882818 |pmc=8061064 }}</ref>
* Marciniak ''et al.'' (2021) present a nuclear genome sequence of ''[[Biology:Megaladapis|Megaladapis]] edwardsi'', and evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of this species and its possible diet-related adaptations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marciniak |first1=S. |last2=Mughal |first2=M. R. |last3=Godfrey |first3=L. R. |last4=Bankoff |first4=R. J. |last5=Randrianatoandro |first5=H. |last6=Crowley |first6=B. E. |last7=Bergey |first7=C. M. |last8=Muldoon |first8=K. M. |last9=Randrianasy |first9=J. |last10=Raharivololona |first10=B. M. |last11=Schuster |first11=S. C. |last12=Malhi |first12=R. S. |last13=Yoder |first13=A. D. |last14=Louis |first14=E. E. |last15=Kistler |first15=L. |last16=Perry |first16=G. H. |year=2021 |title=Evolutionary and phylogenetic insights from a nuclear genome sequence of the extinct, giant, "subfossil" koala lemur ''Megaladapis edwardsi'' |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=26 |pages=e2022117118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2022117118 |pmid=34162703 |pmc=8255780 }}</ref>
* A study on dietary niches of Miocene [[Biology:Colobinae|colobines]] ''[[Biology:Mesopithecus|Mesopithecus]] delsoni'' and ''M. pentelicus'' in southeastern Europe is published by Thiery ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thiery |first1=G. |last2=Gibert |first2=C. |last3=Guy |first3=F. |last4=Lazzari |first4=V. |last5=Geraads |first5=D. |last6=Spassov |first6=N. |last7=Merceron |first7=G. |year=2021 |title=From leaves to seeds? The dietary shift in late Miocene colobine monkeys of southeastern Europe |journal=Evolution |volume=75 |issue=8 |pages=1983–1997 |doi=10.1111/evo.14283 |pmid=34131927 |s2cid=235449782 }}</ref>
* A study on the variations of the [[Biology:Graminivore|graminivorous]] behavior in fossil members of the genus ''[[Biology:Theropithecus|Theropithecus]]'', and on its probable impact on the evolution and extinction of these monkeys, is published by Fannin ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fannin |first1=L. D. |last2=Yeakel |first2=J. D. |last3=Venkataraman |first3=V. V. |last4=Seyoum |first4=C. |last5=Geraads |first5=D. |last6=Fashing |first6=P. J. |last7=Nguyen |first7=N. |last8=Fox-Dobbs |first8=K. |last9=Dominy |first9=N. J. |year=2021 |title=Carbon and strontium isotope ratios shed new light on the paleobiology and collapse of ''Theropithecus'', a primate experiment in graminivory |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=572 |pages=Article 110393 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110393 |bibcode=2021PPP...572k0393F |s2cid=234853117 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03328097/file/Fannin%20et%20al.%20-%202021%20-%20Carbon%20and%20strontium%20isotope%20ratios%20shed%20new%20light.pdf }}</ref>
* DeMiguel ''et al.'' (2021) present a reconstruction of the local climate and environments through the densely sampled primate-bearing sequence of Abocador de Can Mata ({{wipe|Spain}}), and attempt to determine whether turnovers in Miocene primate assemblages from this sequence were correlated with environmental changes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=DeMiguel |first1=D. |last2=Domingo |first2=L. |last3=Sánchez |first3=I. M. |last4=Casanovas-Vilar |first4=I. |last5=Robles |first5=J. M. |last6=Alba |first6=D. M. |year=2021 |title=Palaeoecological differences underlie rare co-occurrence of Miocene European primates |journal=BMC Biology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 6 |doi=10.1186/s12915-020-00939-5 |pmid=33461551 |pmc=7814646 }}</ref>
* Arias-Martorell ''et al.'' (2021) describe the first known postcranial specimen of ''Barberapithecus huerzeleri'' (a proximal [[Biology:Radius (bone)|radius]]) from the late Miocene of Castell de Barberà (Spain), and evaluate the implications of its anatomy for the knowledge of the locomotion of ''B. huerzeleri''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arias-Martorell |first1=J. |last2=Almécija |first2=S. |last3=Urciuoli |first3=A. |last4=Nakatsukasa |first4=M. |last5=Moyà-Solà |first5=S. |last6=Alba |first6=D. M. |year=2021 |title=A proximal radius of ''Barberapithecus huerzeleri'' from Castell de Barberà: Implications for locomotor diversity among pliopithecoids |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=157 |pages=Article 103032 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103032 |pmid=34233242 |s2cid=235767891 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphology of the [[Biology:Semicircular canals|semicircular canals]] of the bony labyrinth of ''[[Biology:Epipliopithecus|Epipliopithecus]] vindobonensis'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of this species, is published by Urciuoli ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Urciuoli |first1=A. |last2=Zanolli |first2=C. |last3=Beaudet |first3=A. |last4=Pina |first4=M. |last5=Almécija |first5=S. |last6=Moyà-Solà |first6=S. |last7=Alba |first7=D. M. |year=2021 |title=A comparative analysis of the vestibular apparatus in ''Epipliopithecus vindobonensis'': Phylogenetic implications |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=151 |pages=Article 102930 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102930 |pmid=33422741 |s2cid=231576237 }}</ref>
* A study on the orientation, proportions, and course of the [[Medicine:Carotid canal|carotid canal]] in ''[[Biology:Pliobates|Pliobates]] cataloniae'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the ancestral carotid canal course in main anthropoid clades, is published by Bouchet ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bouchet |first1=F. |last2=Urciuoli |first2=A. |last3=Beaudet |first3=A. |last4=Pina |first4=M. |last5=Moyà-Solà |first5=S. |last6=Alba |first6=D. M. |year=2021 |title=Comparative anatomy of the carotid canal in the Miocene small-bodied catarrhine ''Pliobates cataloniae'' |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=161 |pages=Article 103073 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103073 |pmid=34628300 |s2cid=238581331 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248421001251 }}</ref>
* A study on the inner ear morphology and phylogenetic relationships of ''[[Biology:Hispanopithecus|Hispanopithecus]]'' and ''[[Biology:Rudapithecus|Rudapithecus]]'' is published by Urciuoli ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Urciuoli |first1=A |last2=Zanolli |first2=C. |last3=Almécija |first3=S. |last4=Beaudet |first4=A. |last5=Dumoncel |first5=J. |last6=Morimoto |first6=N. |last7=Nakatsukasa |first7=M |last8=Moyà-Solà |first8=S. |last9=Begun |first9=D. R. |last10=Alba |first10=D. M. |year=2021 |title=Reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of the late Miocene apes ''Hispanopithecus'' and ''Rudapithecus'' based on vestibular morphology |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=5 |pages=e2015215118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2015215118 |pmid=33495351 |pmc=7865142 }}</ref>
* A study on the diversity of the Miocene [[Biology:Dryopithecini|dryopithecines]] from the Iberian Peninsula, as indicated by morphology of their molars, is published by Fortuny ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fortuny |first1=J. |last2=Zanolli |first2=C. |last3=Bernardini |first3=F. |last4=Tuniz |first4=C. |last5=Alba |first5=D. M. |year=2021 |title=Dryopithecine palaeobiodiversity in the Iberian Miocene revisited on the basis of molar endostructural morphology |journal=Palaeontology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=531–554 |doi=10.1111/pala.12540 |s2cid=236386603 }}</ref>
* New [[Biology:Femur|femoral]] remains of ''[[Biology:Nacholapithecus|Nacholapithecus]] kerioi'' are described by Pina ''et al.'' (2021), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the distinctiveness of the femur of ''Nacholapithecus'' when compared with other Miocene and extant apes, and for the knowledge of the within-species anatomical variation and locomotion of this ape.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pina |first1=M. |last2=Kikuchi |first2=Y. |last3=Nakatsukasa |first3=M. |last4=Nakano |first4=Y. |last5=Kunimatsu |first5=Y. |last6=Ogihara |first6=N. |last7=Shimizu |first7=D. |last8=Takano |first8=T. |last9=Tsujikawa |first9=H. |last10=Ishida |first10=H. |year=2021 |title=New femoral remains of ''Nacholapithecus kerioi'': Implications for intraspecific variation and Miocene hominoid evolution |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=155 |pages=Article 102982 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102982 |pmid=33862402 |s2cid=233278079 }}</ref>
* A study on the age of putative hominin [[Biology:Trachilos footprints|Trachilos footprints]] from Crete (Greece) is published by Kirscher ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kirscher |first1=U. |last2=El Atfy |first2=H. |last3=Gärtner |first3=A. |last4=Dallanave |first4=E. |last5=Munz |first5=P. |last6=Niedźwiedzki |first6=G. |last7=Athanassiou |first7=A. |last8=Fassoulas |first8=C. |last9=Linnemann |first9=U. |last10=Hofmann |first10=M. |last11=Bennett |first11=M. |last12=Ahlberg |first12=P. E. |last13=Böhme |first13=M. |year=2021 |title=Age constraints for the Trachilos footprints from Crete |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 19427 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-98618-0 |doi-access=free |pmid=34635686 |pmc=8505496 }}</ref>
* A study on the feeding ecology of ''[[Biology:Gigantopithecus|Gigantopithecus]] blacki'' in Guangxi (China) during the earliest Pleistocene is published by Jiang ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jiang |first1=Q. |last2=Zhao |first2=L. |last3=Guo |first3=L. |last4=Wu |first4=Y. |year=2021 |title=First direct evidence of conservative foraging ecology of early ''Gigantopithecus blacki'' (~2 Ma) in Guangxi, southern China |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=176 |issue=1 |pages=93–108 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24300 |pmid=33964022 |s2cid=233998055 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolutionary history of the African hominid oral microbiome, based on data from dental biofilms of Late Pleistocene to present-day modern humans, [[Biology:Neanderthal|Neanderthal]]s and nonhuman primates, is published by Fellows Yates ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fellows Yates |first1=J. A. |last2=Velsko |first2=I. M. |last3=Aron |first3=F. |last4=Posth |first4=C. |last5=Hofman |first5=C. A. |last6=Austin |first6=R. M. |last7=Parker |first7=C. E. |last8=Mann |first8=A. E. |last9=Nägele |first9=K. |last10=Arthur |first10=K. W. |last11=Arthur |first11=J. W. |last12=Bauer |first12=C. C. |last13=Crevecoeur |first13=I. |last14=Cupillard |first14=C. |last15=Curtis |first15=M. C. |last16=Dalén |first16=L. |last17=Díaz-Zorita Bonilla |first17=M. |last18=Díez Fernández-Lomana |first18=J. C. |last19=Drucker |first19=D. G. |last20=Escribano Escrivá |first20=E. |last21=Francken |first21=M. |last22=Gibbon |first22=V. E. |last23=González Morales |first23=M. R. |last24=Grande Mateu |first24=A. |last25=Harvati |first25=K. |last26=Henry |first26=A. G. |last27=Humphrey |first27=L. |last28=Menéndez |first28=M. |last29=Mihailović |first29=D. |last30=Peresani |first30=M. |last31=Rodríguez Moroder |first31=S. |last32=Roksandic |first32=M. |last33=Rougier |first33=H. |last34=Sázelová |first34=S. |last35=Stock |first35=J. T. |last36=Straus |first36=L. G. |last37=Svoboda |first37=J. |last38=Teßmann |first38=B. |last39=Walker |first39=M. J. |last40=Power |first40=R. C. |last41=Lewis |first41=C. M. |last42=Sankaranarayanan |first42=K. |last43=Guschanski |first43=K. |last44=Wrangham |first44=R. W. |last45=Dewhirst |first45=F. E. |last46=Salazar-García |first46=D. C. |last47=Krause |first47=J. |last48=Herbig |first48=A. |last49=Warinner |first49=C. |year=2021 |title=The evolution and changing ecology of the African hominid oral microbiome |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=20 |pages=e2021655118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2021655118 |pmid=33972424 |pmc=8157933 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ben-Dor |first1=M. |last2=Sirtoli |first2=R. |last3=Barkai |first3=R. |year=2021 |title=Human oral microbiome cannot predict Pleistocene starch dietary level, and dietary glucose consumption is not essential for brain growth |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=37 |pages=e2110764118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2110764118 |pmid=34475259 |pmc=8449337 |pmc-embargo-date=March 2, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Warinner |first1=C. |last2=Velsko |first2=I. M. |last3=Fellows Yates |first3=J. A. |year=2021 |title=Reply to Ben-Dor et al.: Oral bacteria of Neanderthals and modern humans exhibit evidence of starch adaptation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=37 |pages=e2112526118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2112526118 |pmid=34475260 |pmc=8449415 |pmc-embargo-date=March 2, 2022 }}</ref>

====General paleoanthropology====
* A study on the evolution of the efficiency of thumb opposition in fossil hominins is published by Karakostis ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karakostis |first1=F. A. |last2=Haeufle |first2=D. |last3=Anastopoulou |first3=I. |last4=Moraitis |first4=K. |last5=Hotz |first5=G. |last6=Tourloukis |first6=V. |last7=Harvati |first7=K. |title=Biomechanics of the human thumb and the evolution of dexterity |journal=Current Biology |year=2021 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1317–1325.e8 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.041 |pmid=33513351 |pmc=7987722 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolutionary history of hominins and the evolution of body mass and [[Biology:Encephalization|encephalization]] in hominins is published by Püschel ''et al.'' (2021), who estimate that the origin of the genus ''Homo'' probably occurred between 4.30 and 2.56 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Püschel |first1=H. P. |last2=Bertrand |first2=O. C. |last3=O’Reilly |first3=J. E. |last4=Bobe |first4=R. |last5=Püschel |first5=T. A. |title=Divergence-time estimates for hominins provide insight into encephalization and body mass trends in human evolution |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |year=2021 |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=808–819 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01431-1 |pmid=33795855 |s2cid=232764044 |url=https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/35151870-c7b5-477e-aca8-2c75c8382002 }}</ref>
* A study on the evolution of the hominin hand, with a focus on the hand of ''[[Biology:Ardipithecus ramidus|Ardipithecus ramidus]]'', is published by Prang ''et al.'' (2021), who report that the hand morphology of ''A. ramidus'' was more closely aligned with chimpanzees and bonobos than generalized quadrupeds, and interpret their findings as indicating that hominins evolved from an ancestor with a positional repertoire including suspension, vertical climbing, and possibly knuckle walking.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prang |first1=T. C. |last2=Ramirez |first2=K. |last3=Grabowski |first3=M. |last4=Williams |first4=S. A. |year=2021 |title=''Ardipithecus'' hand provides evidence that humans and chimpanzees evolved from an ancestor with suspensory adaptations |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=eabf2474 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf2474 |pmid=33627435 |pmc=7904256 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2474P }}</ref>
* A study on the age of the earliest deposits from the Swartkrans Cave (South Africa) is published by Kuman ''et al.'' (2021), who identify these deposits as containing the earliest known [[History:Oldowan|Oldowan]] stone tools and fossils of ''[[Biology:Paranthropus robustus|Paranthropus robustus]]'' in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuman |first1=K. |last2=Granger |first2=D. E. |last3=Gibbon |first3=R. J. |last4=Pickering |first4=T. R. |last5=Caruana |first5=M. V. |last6=Bruxelles |first6=L. |last7=Clarke |first7=R. J. |last8=Heaton |first8=J. L. |last9=Stratford |first9=D. |last10=Brain |first10=C. K. |year=2021 |title=A new absolute date from Swartkrans Cave for the oldest occurrences of ''Paranthropus robustus'' and Oldowan stone tools in South Africa |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=156 |pages=Article 103000 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103000 |pmid=34020297 |s2cid=235092783 }}</ref>
* A study comparing prevalence and patterns of tooth chipping in ''Paranthropus robustus'' and other extinct and extant primates is published by Towle, Irish & Loch (2021), who report that ''P. robustus'' experienced fewer [[Biology:Tooth enamel|tooth enamel]] chips than other hominin species and extant primates consuming hard objects, and interpret their findings as not corroborating that ''P. robustus'' regularly masticated hard foods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Towle |first1=I. |last2=Irish |first2=J. D. |last3=Loch |first3=C. |year=2021 |title=''Paranthropus robustus'' tooth chipping patterns do not support regular hard food mastication |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=158 |pages=Article 103044 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103044 |pmid=34303928 }}</ref>
* A bone tool is described from the Pleistocene site of [[Earth:Cooper's Cave|Cooper’s D]] (South Africa) by Hanon ''et al.'' (2021), who argue that this finding supports the interpretation of ''Paranthropus robustus'' as having the cognitive and manipulative abilities to develop and implement bone tools.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hanon |first1=R. |last2=d'Errico |first2=F. |last3=Backwell |first3=L. |last4=Prat |first4=S. |last5=Péan |first5=S. |last6=Patou-Mathis |first6=M. |year=2021 |title=New evidence of bone tool use by Early Pleistocene hominins from Cooper's D, Bloubank Valley, South Africa |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=39 |pages=Article 103129 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103129 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03385580/file/Art_BoneTools_Coopers_HAL.pdf }}</ref>
* A study on the skull of the ''[[Biology:Australopithecus|Australopithecus]]'' specimen StW 573 ("Little Foot"), aiming to identify and assess the degree of preservation of craniodental microstructures that could contribute to the reconstruction of ''Australopithecus''’ biology, is published by Beaudet ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beaudet |first1=A. |last2=Atwood |first2=R. C. |last3=Kockelmann |first3=W. |last4=Fernandez |first4=V. |last5=Connolley |first5=T. |last6=Vo |first6=N. T. |last7=Clarke |first7=R. |last8=Stratford |first8=D. |year=2021 |title=Preliminary paleohistological observations of the StW 573 ('Little Foot') skull |journal=eLife |volume=10 |pages=e64804 |doi=10.7554/eLife.64804 |pmid=33648628 |pmc=7924941 }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy of the shoulder girdle of the specimen StW 573, and on its implications for the knowledge of the evolution of the shoulder in hominins, is published by Carlson ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carlson |first1=K. J. |last2=Green |first2=D. J. |last3=Jashashvili |first3=T. |last4=Pickering |first4=T. R. |last5=Heaton |first5=J. L. |last6=Beaudet |first6=A. |last7=Stratford |first7=D. |last8=Crompton |first8=R. |last9=Kuman |first9=K. |last10=Bruxelles |first10=L. |last11=Clarke |first11=R. J. |year=2021 |title=The pectoral girdle of StW 573 ('Little Foot') and its implications for shoulder evolution in the Hominina |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=158 |pages=Article 102983 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102983 |pmid=33888323 }}</ref>
* Reconstruction of the environment at Allia Bay locality (Kenya) ca. 3.97 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ma]], based on data from bovid fossils, is published by Dumouchel ''et al.'' (2021), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the range of environments occupied by ''[[Biology:Australopithecus anamensis|Australopithecus anamensis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dumouchel |first1=L. |last2=Bobe |first2=R. |last3=Wynn |first3=J. G. |last4=Barr |first4=W. A. |year=2021 |title=The environments of ''Australopithecus anamensis'' at Allia Bay, Kenya: A multiproxy analysis of early Pliocene Bovidae |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=151 |pages=Article 102928 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102928 |pmid=33453510 |s2cid=231628172 }}</ref>
* A study comparing upper and lower limb joint proportions of multiple species of ''Australopithecus'', ''[[Biology:Paranthropus|Paranthropus]]'' and ''Homo'' is published by Prabhat ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that, unlike other species of ''Australopithecus'', ''[[Biology:Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]]'' was a committed terrestrial biped, and that this species evolved adaptations in limb joint proportions characteristic of bipedal locomotion independently of later Pleistocene hominins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prabhat |first1=A. M. |last2=Miller |first2=C. K. |last3=Prang |first3=T. C. |last4=Spear |first4=J. |last5=Williams |first5=S. A. |last6=DeSilva |first6=J. M. |year=2021 |title=Homoplasy in the evolution of modern human-like joint proportions in ''Australopithecus afarensis'' |journal=eLife |volume=10 |pages=e65897 |doi=10.7554/eLife.65897 |pmid=33978569 |pmc=8116054 }}</ref>
* A study on the biomechanical performance of the molars of ''Paranthropus robustus'' and ''[[Biology:Australopithecus africanus|Australopithecus africanus]]'', and on likely dietary ecologies of these hominins, is published by Berthaume & Kupczik (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berthaume |first1=M. A. |last2=Kupczik |first2=K. |year=2021 |title=Molar biomechanical function in South African hominins ''Australopithecus africanus'' and ''Paranthropus robustus'' |journal=Interface Focus |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=Article ID 20200085 |doi=10.1098/rsfs.2020.0085 |s2cid=236991162 }}</ref>
* A study comparing the sacrum of the small-bodied, presumed female subadult ''Australopithecus africanus'' skeleton STS 14 to the large, alleged male adult StW 431 and a geographically diverse sample of modern humans and apes is published by Fornai ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret the morphological differences between the studied fossils as most likely to be the result of the presence of more than one species of ''Australopithecus'' at [[Earth:Sterkfontein|Sterkfontein]] Member 4.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fornai |first1=C. |last2=Krenn |first2=V. A. |last3=Mitteroecker |first3=P. |last4=Webb |first4=N. M. |last5=Haeusler |first5=M. |title=Sacrum morphology supports taxonomic heterogeneity of "''Australopithecus africanus''" at Sterkfontein Member 4 |year=2021 |journal=Communications Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 347 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-01850-7 |pmid=33731844 |pmc=7969745 }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine potential differences in [[Medicine:Cochlea|cochlea]]r morphology among fossil hominin taxa from southern Africa is published by Braga ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Braga |first1=J. |last2=Samir |first2=C. |last3=Fradi |first3=A. |last4=Feunteun |first4=Y. |last5=Jakata |first5=J. |last6=Zimmer |first6=V. A. |last7=Zipfel |first7=B. |last8=Thackeray |first8=J. F. |last9=Macé |first9=M. |last10=Wood |first10=B. A. |last11=Grine |first11=F. E. |year=2021 |title=Cochlear shape distinguishes southern African early hominin taxa with unique auditory ecologies |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 17018 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-96543-w |pmid=34426640 |pmc=8382707 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1117018B |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the [[Biology:Speciation|speciation]] patterns in Pleistocene hominins, aiming to determine the [[Biology:Phylogeography|phylogeographic]] patterns underlying the spread and morphological divergence of Pleistocene ''Homo'' populations, is published by Parins-Fukuchi (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Parins-Fukuchi |first=C. |year=2021 |title=Morphological and phylogeographic evidence for budding speciation: an example in hominins |journal=Biology Letters |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=Article ID 20200754 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2020.0754 |pmid=33465331 |pmc=7876604 |pmc-embargo-date=January 1, 2022 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the adaptability of hominins living two million years ago to unstable environments, based on data from the Ewass Oldupa site (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania), is published by Mercader ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mercader |first1=J. |last2=Akuku |first2=P. |last3=Boivin |first3=N. |last4=Bugumba |first4=R. |last5=Bushozi |first5=P. |last6=Camacho |first6=A. |last7=Carter |first7=T. |last8=Clarke |first8=S. |last9=Cueva-Temprana |first9=A. |last10=Durkin |first10=P. |last11=Favreau |first11=J. |last12=Fella |first12=K. |last13=Haberle |first13=S. |last14=Hubbard |first14=S. |last15=Inwood |first15=J. |last16=Itambu |first16=M. |last17=Koromo |first17=S. |last18=Lee |first18=P. |last19=Mohammed |first19=A. |last20=Mwambwiga |first20=A |last21=Olesilau |first21=L. |last22=Patalano |first22=R. |last23=Roberts |first23=P. |last24=Rule |first24=S. |last25=Saladie |first25=P. |last26=Siljedal |first26=G. |last27=Soto |first27=M. |last28=Umbsaar |first28=J. |last29=Petraglia |first29=M. |title=Earliest Olduvai hominins exploited unstable environments ~ 2 million years ago |year=2021 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 3 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-20176-2 |pmid=33414467 |pmc=7791053 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12....3M |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the patterning and intensity of cut marks on animal bones from anthropogenic sites from Olduvai Gorge, and on their implications for the knowledge of carcass acquisition strategies of early Pleistocene hominins, is published by Domínguez-Rodrigo ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as invalidating hypotheses positing that carcasses of animals killed by other carnivores constituted a significant part of the diet of these hominins, and evaluate the impact of the adoption of carnivory by early members of the genus ''Homo'' on hominin evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Domínguez-Rodrigo |first1=M. |last2=Baquedano |first2=E. |last3=Organista |first3=E. |last4=Cobo-Sánchez |first4=L. |last5=Mabulla |first5=A. |last6=Maskara |first6=V. |last7=Gidna |first7=A. |last8=Pizarro-Monzo |first8=M. |last9=Aramendi |first9=J. |last10=Galán |first10=A. B. |last11=Cifuentes-Alcobendas |first11=G. |last12=Vegara-Riquelme |first12=B. |last13=Jiménez-García |first13=B. |last14=Abellán |first14=N. |last15=Barba |first15=R. |last16=Uribelarrea |first16=D. |last17=Martín-Perea |first17=D. |last18=Diez-Martin |first18=F. |last19=Maíllo-Fernández |first19=J. M. |last20=Rodríguez-Hidalgo |first20=A. |last21=Courtenay |first21=L. |last22=Mora |first22=R. |last23=Maté-González |first23=M. A. |last24=González-Aguilera |first24=D. |year=2021 |title=Early Pleistocene faunivorous hominins were not kleptoparasitic, and this impacted the evolution of human anatomy and socio-ecology |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 16135 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-94783-4 |pmid=34373471 |pmc=8352906 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1116135D |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* The first dated [[Engineering:Acheulean|Acheulean]] site from the [[Earth:An Nafud|Nefud Desert]] of northern Arabia is reported by Scerri ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scerri |first1=E. M. L. |last2=Frouin |first2=M. |last3=Breeze |first3=P. S. |last4=Armitage |first4=S. J. |last5=Candy |first5=I. |last6=Groucutt |first6=H. S. |last7=Drake |first7=N. |last8=Parton |first8=A. |last9=White |first9=T. S. |last10=Alsharekh |first10=A. M. |last11=Petraglia |first11=M. D. |year=2021 |title=The expansion of Acheulean hominins into the Nefud Desert of Arabia |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 10111 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-89489-6 |pmid=33980918 |pmc=8115331 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1110111S }}</ref>
* Groucutt ''et al.'' (2021) report multiple palaeolake sedimentary sequences with associated stone tool assemblages and fossil fauna from the Nefud Desert, and interpret their findings as evidence of at least five dispersals of hominins into the Arabian interior between 400 and 55 thousand years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Groucutt |first1=H. S. |last2=White |first2=T. S. |last3=Scerri |first3=E. M. L. |last4=Andrieux |first4=E. |last5=Clark-Wilson |first5=R. |last6=Breeze |first6=P. S. |last7=Armitage |first7=S. J. |last8=Stewart |first8=M. |last9=Drake |first9=N. |last10=Louys |first10=J. |last11=Price |first11=G. J. |last12=Duval |first12=M. |last13=Parton |first13=A. |last14=Candy |first14=I. |last15=Carleton |first15=W. C. |last16=Shipton |first16=C. |last17=Jennings |first17=R. P. |last18=Zahir |first18=M. |last19=Blinkhorn |first19=J. |last20=Blockley |first20=S. |last21=Al-Omari |first21=A. |last22=Alsharekh |first22=A. M. |last23=Petraglia |first23=M. D. |title=Multiple hominin dispersals into Southwest Asia over the past 400,000 years |year=2021 |journal=Nature |volume=597 |issue=7876 |pages=376–380 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03863-y |pmid=34471286 |pmc=8443443 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study aiming to reconstruct the [[Earth:Trophic level|trophic level]] of the ''Homo'' lineage that likely led to modern humans during the Pleistocene is published by Ben‐Dor, Sirtoli & Barkai (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ben‐Dor |first1=M. |last2=Sirtoli |first2=R. |last3=Barkai |first3=R. |year=2021 |title=The evolution of the human trophic level during the Pleistocene |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=175 |issue=S72 |pages=27–56 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24247 |pmid=33675083 |s2cid=232131317 }}</ref>
* A study on the origins of the structurally modern human brain, based on data from [[Biology:Endocast|endocast]]s of early members of the genus ''Homo'' from Africa, [[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and Southeast Asia, is published by Ponce de León ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ponce de León |first1=M. S. |last2=Bienvenu |first2=T. |last3=Marom |first3=A. |last4=Engel |first4=S. |last5=Tafforeau |first5=P. |last6=Alatorre Warren |first6=J. L. |last7=Lordkipanidze |first7=D. |last8=Kurniawan |first8=I. |last9=Murti |first9=D. B. |last10=Suriyanto |first10=R. A. |last11=Koesbardiati |first11=T. |last12=Zollikofer |first12=C. P. E. |title=The primitive brain of early ''Homo'' |journal=Science |year=2021 |volume=372 |issue=6538 |pages=165–171 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz0032 |pmid=33833119 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..165P |s2cid=233185978 }}</ref>
* A study aiming to determine the influence of environmental factors on the evolution of body and brain size of members of the genus ''Homo'' over the past ~1 million years is published by Will ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Will |first1=M. |last2=Krapp |first2=M. |last3=Stock |first3=J. T. |last4=Manica |first4=A. |title=Different environmental variables predict body and brain size evolution in ''Homo'' |year=2021 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 4116 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-24290-7 |doi-access=free |pmid=34238930 |pmc=8266824 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.4116W }}</ref>
* A study on the feeding biomechanics of the [[Biology:Holotype|holotype]] skull of ''[[Biology:Homo floresiensis|Homo floresiensis]]'' is published by Cook ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=R. W. |last2=Vazzana |first2=A. |last3=Sorrentino |first3=R. |last4=Benazzi |first4=S. |last5=Smith |first5=A. L. |last6=Strait |first6=D. S. |last7=Ledogar |first7=J. A. |year=2021 |title=The cranial biomechanics and feeding performance of ''Homo floresiensis'' |journal=Interface Focus |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=Article ID 20200083 |doi=10.1098/rsfs.2020.0083 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the variation of the shape of the [[Biology:Occipital bone|occipital]] and frontal bones in ''[[Biology:Homo erectus|Homo erectus]]'' and ''Homo sapiens'', aiming to assesses the hypothesis that similar evolutionary factors related to shared evolutionary history shaped cranial morphology in these species, is published by Baab (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baab |first=K. L. |year=2021 |title=Reconstructing cranial evolution in an extinct hominin |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1943 |pages=Article ID 20202604 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.2604 |pmid=33467996 |pmc=7893262 |pmc-embargo-date=January 27, 2022 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the [[Biology:Ontogeny|ontogenetic]] development of the [[Biology:Cranial vault|cranial vault]] in ''Homo erectus'', aiming to determine whether the 1.5-Myr-old hominin calvaria [[Biology:National Museums of Kenya|KNM]]-ER 42700 from [[Place:Ileret|Ileret]] (Kenya) might be a juvenile ''H. erectus'', is published by Baab ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baab |first1=K. L. |last2=Nesbitt |first2=A. |last3=Hublin |first3=J.-J. |last4=Neubauer |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Assessing the status of the KNM-ER 42700 fossil using ''Homo erectus'' neurocranial development |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=154 |pages=Article 102980 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102980 |pmid=33794419 |s2cid=232762648 }}</ref>
* Hammond ''et al.'' (2021) trace the original location of the skull fragment KNM-ER 2598 (one of the oldest fossils attributed to ''Homo erectus'') from East Turkana (Kenya), and describe additional hominin fossils which may represent the earliest postcrania attributable to ''H. erectus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hammond |first1=A. S. |last2=Mavuso |first2=S. S. |last3=Biernat |first3=M. |last4=Braun |first4=D. R. |last5=Jinnah |first5=Z. |last6=Kuo |first6=S. |last7=Melaku |first7=S. |last8=Wemanya |first8=S. N. |last9=Ndiema |first9=E. K. |last10=Patterson |first10=D. B. |last11=Uno |first11=K. T. |last12=Palcu |first12=D. V. |title=New hominin remains and revised context from the earliest ''Homo erectus'' locality in East Turkana, Kenya |year=2021 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 1939 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22208-x |doi-access=free |pmid=33850143 |pmc=8044126 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1939H }}</ref>
* Dusseldorp & Lombard (2021) develop a framework to differentiate the technological niches of co-existing hominin species, and apply this framework to the coexistence of ''[[Biology:Homo naledi|Homo naledi]]'' and ''Homo sapiens'' during the late Middle Pleistocene in southern Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dusseldorp |first1=G. L. |last2=Lombard |first2=M. |year=2021 |title=Constraining the likely technological niches of late Middle Pleistocene hominins with ''Homo naledi'' as case study |journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=11–52 |doi=10.1007/s10816-020-09501-7 |s2cid=233323386 }}</ref>
* Irish & Grabowski (2021) compare relative tooth size in ''Homo naledi'' and other Plio-Pleistocene and extant hominids, and evalute its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic placement of ''H. naledi'' and dental evolutionary trends in hominins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Irish |first1=J. D. |last2=Grabowski |first2=M. |year=2021 |title=Relative tooth size, Bayesian inference, and ''Homo naledi'' |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=176 |issue=2 |pages=262–282 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24353 |pmid=34190335 |s2cid=235687761 }}</ref>
* Hershkovitz ''et al.'' (2021) report the discovery of [[Social:Nesher Ramla Homo|fossils of archaic members of the genus ''Homo'']] from the site of Nesher Ramla ([[Place:Israel|Israel]]), possessing a distinctive combination of Neanderthal and archaic features, and interpret these fossils as likely representing late-surviving populations of Middle Pleistocene members of the genus ''Homo'';<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hershkovitz |first1=I. |last2=May |first2=H. |last3=Sarig |first3=R. |last4=Pokhojaev |first4=A. |last5=Grimaud-Hervé |first5=D. |last6=Bruner |first6=E. |last7=Fornai |first7=C. |last8=Quam |first8=R. |last9=Arsuaga |first9=J. L. |last10=Krenn |first10=V. A. |last11=Martinón-Torres |first11=M. |last12=Bermúdez de Castro |first12=J. M. |last13=Martín-Francés |first13=L. |last14=Slon |first14=V. |last15=Albessard-Ball |first15=L. |last16=Vialet |first16=A. |last17=Schüler |first17=T. |last18=Manzi |first18=G. |last19=Profico |first19=A. |last20=Di Vincenzo |first20=F. |last21=Weber |first21=G. W. |last22=Zaidner |first22=Y. |title=A Middle Pleistocene ''Homo'' from Nesher Ramla, Israel |journal=Science |year=2021 |volume=372 |issue=6549 |pages=1424–1428 |doi=10.1126/science.abh3169 |bibcode=2021Sci...372.1424H |s2cid=235628111 }}</ref> a study on the age of this site (dated to 140,000 to 120,000 years ago) and on stone tool assemblages associated with these fossils is published by Zaidner ''et al.'' (2021), who report that Middle Pleistocene members of the genus ''Homo'' mastered stone-tool production technologies previously known only among ''Homo sapiens'' and Neanderthals, and interpret this finding as indicative of cultural interactions between populations of ''Homo sapiens'' and Middle Pleistocene ''Homo''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zaidner |first1=Y. |last2=Centi |first2=L. |last3=Prévost |first3=M. |last4=Mercier |first4=N. |last5=Falguères |first5=C. |last6=Guérin |first6=G. |last7=Valladas |first7=H. |last8=Richard |first8=M. |last9=Galy |first9=A. |last10=Pécheyran |first10=C. |last11=Tombret |first11=O. |last12=Pons-Branchu |first12=E. |last13=Porat |first13=N. |last14=Shahack-Gross |first14=R. |last15=Friesem |first15=D. E. |last16=Yeshurun |first16=R. |last17=Turgeman-Yaffe |first17=Z. |last18=Frumkin |first18=A. |last19=Herzlinger |first19=G. |last20=Ekshtain |first20=R. |last21=Shemer |first21=M. |last22=Varoner |first22=O. |last23=Sarig |first23=R. |last24=May |first24=H. |last25=Hershkovitz |first25=I. |title=Middle Pleistocene ''Homo'' behavior and culture at 140,000 to 120,000 years ago and interactions with ''Homo sapiens'' |journal=Science |year=2021 |volume=372 |issue=6549 |pages=1429–1433 |doi=10.1126/science.abh3020 |bibcode=2021Sci...372.1429Z |s2cid=235628141 }}</ref>
* A study on the morphology and development of the [[Biology:Scapula|scapula]]e in ''[[Biology:Homo antecessor|Homo antecessor]]'' individuals from the Gran Dolina site ({{wipe|Spain}}) is published by García-Martínez, Green & Bermúdez de Castro (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=García-Martínez |first1=D. |last2=Green |first2=D. J. |last3=Bermúdez de Castro |first3=J. M. |title=Evolutionary development of the ''Homo antecessor'' scapulae (Gran Dolina site, Atapuerca) suggests a modern-like development for Lower Pleistocene ''Homo'' |year=2021 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 4102 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-83039-w |doi-access=free |pmid=33602966 |pmc=7892855 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.4102G }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy of the nasal region of hominins from the Sima de los Huesos site (Spain), and on it implications for the knowledge of the evolution of the nasal region of humans, is published by Schwartz, Pantoja-Pérez & [[Biography:Juan Luis Arsuaga|Arsuaga]] (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schwartz |first1=J. |last2=Pantoja-Pérez |first2=A. |last3=Arsuaga |first3=J. L. |year=2021 |title=The nasal region of the ~417 ka Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain) Hominin: New terminology and implications for later human evolution |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=in press |doi=10.1002/ar.24698 |pmid=34166582 |s2cid=235633520 }}</ref>
* Evidence of widespread [[History:Denisovan|Denisovan]] ancestry in contemporary human populations from Island Southeast Asia is presented by Teixeira ''et al.'' (2021), who find no evidence of substantial archaic hominin admixture compatible with known endemic hominins from Island Southeast Asia (''[[Biology:Homo floresiensis|Homo floresiensis]]'' and ''[[Biology:Homo luzonensis|Homo luzonensis]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Teixeira |first1=J. C. |last2=Jacobs |first2=G. S. |last3=Stringer |first3=C. |last4=Tuke |first4=J. |last5=Hudjashov |first5=G. |last6=Purnomo |first6=G. A. |last7=Sudoyo |first7=H. |last8=Cox |first8=M. P. |last9=Tobler |first9=R. |last10=Turney |first10=C. S. M. |last11=Cooper |first11=A. |last12=Helgen |first12=K. M. |title=Widespread Denisovan ancestry in Island Southeast Asia but no evidence of substantial super-archaic hominin admixture |year=2021 |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=616–624 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01408-0 |pmid=33753899 |s2cid=232323599 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/321355 }}</ref>
* McGrath ''et al.'' (2021) describe a method to create high-resolution 3D models of the [[Biology:Tooth enamel|tooth enamel]] surface using confocal profilometry, apply it to a sample of 17 Neanderthal and 18 ''Homo sapiens'' anterior teeth, and report evidence indicative of faster growth rates of anterior teeth in Neanderthals than in ''H. sapiens'', as well as evidence that ratios of severity of linear enamel hypoplasia are not significantly different in Neanderthal sample and in ''H. sapiens'' sample as a whole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McGrath |first1=K. |last2=Limmer |first2=L. S. |last3=Lockey |first3=A.-L. |last4=Guatelli-Steinberg |first4=D. |last5=Reid |first5=D. J. |last6=Witzel |first6=C. |last7=Bocaege |first7=E. |last8=McFarlin |first8=S. C. |last9=El Zaatari |first9=S. |title=3D enamel profilometry reveals faster growth but similar stress severity in Neanderthal versus ''Homo sapiens'' teeth |year=2021 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 522 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80148-w |pmid=33436796 |pmc=7804262 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the mobility patterns of Neanderthals and modern humans in Europe during the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition period, based on data from teeth from the Fumane Cave (Italy), is published by Richards ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Richards |first1=M. P. |last2=Mannino |first2=M. A. |last3=Jaouen |first3=K. |last4=Dozio |first4=A. |last5=Hublin |first5=J.-J. |last6=Peresani |first6=M. |year=2021 |title=Strontium isotope evidence for Neanderthal and modern human mobility at the upper and middle palaeolithic site of Fumane Cave (Italy) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=e0254848 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254848 |pmid=34428206 |pmc=8384160 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1654848R |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the sound power transmission through the outer and middle ear and on the occupied bandwidth in Neanderthals is published by Conde-Valverde ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that the auditory and speech capacities of Neanderthals were similar to those in ''Homo sapiens''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Conde-Valverde |first1=M. |last2=Martínez |first2=I. |last3=Quam |first3=R. M. |last4=Rosa |first4=M. |last5=Velez |first5=A. D. |last6=Lorenzo |first6=C. |last7=Jarabo |first7=P. |last8=Bermúdez de Castro |first8=J. M. |last9=Carbonell |first9=E. |last10=Arsuaga |first10=J. L. |title=Neanderthals and ''Homo sapiens'' had similar auditory and speech capacities |year=2021 |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=609–615 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01391-6 |pmid=33649543 |s2cid=232090739 }}</ref>
* A study on the population history of Neanderthals, based on data from nuclear DNA from cave deposits in western Europe and southern Siberia dated to between approximately 200,000 and 50,000 years ago, is published by Vernot ''et al.'' (2021), who report evidence of two radiation events in Neanderthal history during the early part of the Late Pleistocene, and evidence of a population replacement in northern {{wipe|Spain}} approximately 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vernot |first1=B. |last2=Zavala |first2=E. I. |last3=Gómez-Olivencia |first3=A. |last4=Jacobs |first4=Z. |last5=Slon |first5=V. |last6=Mafessoni |first6=F. |last7=Romagné |first7=F. |last8=Pearson |first8=A. |last9=Petr |first9=M. |last10=Sala |first10=N. |last11=Pablos |first11=A. |last12=Aranburu |first12=A. |last13=Bermúdez de Castro |first13=J. M. |last14=Carbonell |first14=E. |last15=Li |first15=B. |last16=Krajcarz |first16=M. T. |last17=Krivoshapkin |first17=A. I. |last18=Kolobova |first18=K. A. |last19=Kozlikin |first19=M. B. |last20=Shunkov |first20=M. V. |last21=Derevianko |first21=A. P. |last22=Viola |first22=B. |last23=Grote |first23=S. |last24=Essel |first24=E. |last25=Herráez |first25=D. L. |last26=Nagel |first26=S. |last27=Nickel |first27=B. |last28=Richter |first28=J. |last29=Schmidt |first29=A. |last30=Peter |first30=B. |last31=Kelso |first31=J. |last32=Roberts |first32=R. G. |last33=Arsuaga |first33=J.-L. |last34=Meyer |first34=M. |title=Unearthing Neanderthal population history using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from cave sediments |year=2021 |journal=Science |volume=372 |issue=6542 |pages=eabf1667 |doi=10.1126/science.abf1667 |pmid=33858989 |s2cid=233260228 }}</ref>
* Evidence of a contraction and shift of the ecological niche of culturally cohesive Neanderthal populations in Western Europe approximately 70,000 years ago is presented by Banks ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Banks |first1=W. E. |last2=Moncel |first2=M.-H. |last3=Raynal |first3=J.-P. |last4=Cobos |first4=M. E. |last5=Romero-Alvarez |first5=D. |last6=Woillez |first6=M.-N. |last7=Faivre |first7=J.-P. |last8=Gravina |first8=B. |last9=d’Errico |first9=F. |last10=Locht |first10=J.-L. |last11=Santos |first11=F. |title=An ecological niche shift for Neanderthal populations in Western Europe 70,000 years ago |year=2021 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 5346 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-84805-6 |pmid=33674720 |pmc=7935894 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.5346B }}</ref>
* A study on the fossil and archaeological collections from the [[Place:Shuqba cave|Shuqba cave]] is published by Blinkhorn ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret the hominin tooth from this site as the southernmost known Neanderthal fossil known to date, and interpret the site as the first direct association between Neanderthals and Nubian [[Biology:Levallois technique|Levallois]] technology, demonstrating that this technology is not an exclusive marker of ''Homo sapiens''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blinkhorn |first1=J. |last2=Zanolli |first2=C. |last3=Compton |first3=T. |last4=Groucutt |first4=H. S. |last5=Scerri |first5=E. M. L. |last6=Crété |first6=L. |last7=Stringer |first7=C. |last8=Petraglia |first8=M. D. |last9=Blockley |first9=S. |title=Nubian Levallois technology associated with southernmost Neanderthals |year=2021 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 2869 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82257-6 |doi-access=free |pmid=33589653 |pmc=7884387 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.2869B }}</ref>
* Leder ''et al.'' (2021) report the discovery of an at least 51,000-year-old engraved giant deer [[Biology:Phalanx bone|phalanx]] from the Unicorn Cave (Germany), and interpret this finding as evidence of presence of conceptual imagination in Neanderthals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leder |first1=D. |last2=Hermann |first2=R. |last3=Hüls |first3=M. |last4=Russo |first4=G. |last5=Hoelzmann |first5=P. |last6=Nielbock |first6=R. |last7=Böhner |first7=U. |last8=Lehmann |first8=J. |last9=Meier |first9=M. |last10=Schwalb |first10=A. |last11=Tröller-Reimer |first11=A. |last12=Koddenberg |first12=T. |last13=Terberger |first13=T. |title=A 51,000-year-old engraved bone reveals Neanderthals' capacity for symbolic behaviour |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |year=2021 |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=1273–1282 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01487-z |pmid=34226702 |s2cid=235746596 }}</ref>
* Rothschild & Haeusler (2021) diagnose the Neanderthal skeleton [[Biology:La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1|La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1]] as likely affected by [[Medicine:Brucellosis|brucellosis]], making it the oldest known record of this disease in hominin evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rothschild |first1=B. |last2=Haeusler |first2=M. |year=2021 |title=Possible vertebral brucellosis infection in a Neanderthal |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 19846 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-99289-7 |pmid=34615929 |pmc=8494896 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on putative paintings on a large speleothem from the Cueva de Ardales ({{wipe|Spain}}) is published by Pitarch Martí ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as supporting the interpretation of the putative paintings were not the result of natural processes but rather were produced by Neanderthals, indicating that the pigments used in the paintings do not come from the outcrops of colorant material known in the cave, and indicating that the artistic activity occurred over an extended time span.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pitarch Martí |first1=A. |last2=Zilhão |first2=J. |last3=d’Errico |first3=F. |last4=Cantalejo-Duarte |first4=P. |last5=Domínguez-Bella |first5=S. |last6=Fullola |first6=J. M. |last7=Weniger |first7=G. C. |last8=Ramos-Muñoz |first8=J. |year=2021 |title=The symbolic role of the underground world among Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=33 |pages=e2021495118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2021495118 |pmid=34341069 |pmc=8379954 |pmc-embargo-date=February 2, 2022 }}</ref>
* A study on the age of the Neanderthal material from Spy (Belgium), and on its implications for the knowledge of the timing of Neanderthal disappearance from Northwest Europe, is published by Devièse ''et al.'' (2021);<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Devièse |first1=T. |last2=Abrams |first2=G. |last3=Hajdinjak |first3=M. |last4=Pirson |first4=S. |last5=De Groote |first5=I. |last6=Di Modica |first6=K. |last7=Toussaint |first7=M. |last8=Fischer |first8=V. |last9=Comeskey |first9=D. |last10=Spindler |first10=L. |last11=Meyer |first11=M. |last12=Semal |first12=P. |last13=Higham |first13=T. |year=2021 |title=Reevaluating the timing of Neanderthal disappearance in Northwest Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=12 |pages=e2022466118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2022466118 |pmid=33798098 |pmc=7999949 }}</ref> the study is subsequently criticized by Van Peer (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Peer |first=P. |year=2021 |title=The stratigraphic context of Spy Cave and the timing of Neanderthal disappearance in Northwest Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=26 |pages=e2106335118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2106335118 |pmid=34155119 |pmc=8255951 |pmc-embargo-date=December 21, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Devièse |first1=T. |last2=Abrams |first2=G. |last3=Hajdinjak |first3=M. |last4=Pirson |first4=S. |last5=De Groote |first5=I. |last6=Di Modica |first6=K. |last7=Toussaint |first7=M. |last8=Fischer |first8=V. |last9=Comeskey |first9=D. |last10=Spindler |first10=L. |last11=Meyer |first11=M. |last12=Semal |first12=P. |last13=Higham |first13=T. |year=2021 |title=Reply to Van Peer: Direct radiocarbon dating and ancient genomic analysis reveal the true age of the Neanderthals at Spy Cave |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=26 |pages=e2107116118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2107116118 |pmid=34155120 |pmc=8256027 |pmc-embargo-date=December 21, 2021 }}</ref>
* A study on the diet of members of eastern Neanderthal populations from the Chagyrskaya Cave (Altai Mountains, Russia), based on data from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from bone collagen and microbotanical remains in dental calculus, is published by Salazar-García ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Salazar-García |first1=D. C. |last2=Power |first2=R. C. |last3=Rudaya |first3=N. |last4=Kolobova |first4=K. |last5=Markin |first5=S. |last6=Krivoshapkin |first6=A. |last7=Henry |first7=A. G. |last8=Richards |first8=M. P. |last9=Viola |first9=B. |year=2021 |title=Dietary evidence from Central Asian Neanderthals: A combined isotope and plant microremains approach at Chagyrskaya Cave (Altai, Russia) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=156 |pages=Article 102985 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102985 |pmid=34051612 |s2cid=235248744 }}</ref>
* A review of the knowledge of the origins of modern human ancestry is published by Bergström ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bergström |first1=A. |last2=Stringer |first2=C. |last3=Hajdinjak |first3=M. |last4=Scerri |first4=E. M. L. |last5=Skoglund |first5=P. |year=2021 |title=Origins of modern human ancestry |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=229–237 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 |pmid=33568824 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..229B |s2cid=231883210 }}</ref>
* Wilkins ''et al.'' (2021) present evidence from a rockshelter deposit in the southern Kalahari Basin indicative of intentional collection of non-utilitarian objects (calcite crystals) and ostrich eggshell by people living in the interior of southern Africa approximately 105,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilkins |first1=J. |last2=Schoville |first2=B. J. |last3=Pickering |first3=R. |last4=Gliganic |first4=L. |last5=Collins |first5=B. |last6=Brown |first6=K. S. |last7=von der Meden |first7=J. |last8=Khumalo |first8=W. |last9=Meyer |first9=M. C. |last10=Maape |first10=S. |last11=Blackwood |first11=A. F. |last12=Hatton |first12=A. |title=Innovative ''Homo sapiens'' behaviours 105,000 years ago in a wetter Kalahari |year=2021 |journal=Nature |volume=592 |issue=7853 |pages=248–252 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03419-0 |pmid=33790469 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..248W |s2cid=232483324 }}</ref>
* Bone tools dated to 120,000 to 90,000 years ago, including tools likely used for leather and fur working, and found in association with carnivore remains that were possibly skinned for fur, are described from the Contrebandiers Cave (Morocco) by Hallett ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hallett |first1=E. Y. |last2=Marean |first2=C. W. |last3=Steele |first3=T. E. |last4=Álvarez-Fernández |first4=E. |last5=Jacobs |first5=Z. |last6=Cerasoni |first6=J. N. |last7=Aldeias |first7=V. |last8=Scerri |first8=E. M. L. |last9=Olszewski |first9=D. I. |last10=El Hajraoui |first10=M. A. |last11=Dibble |first11=H. L. |year=2021 |title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco |journal=iScience |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=Article 102988 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988 |pmid=34622180 |pmc=8478944 }}</ref>
* Partial skeleton of a roughly 2.5- to 3.0-year-old child dating to around 78,000 years ago is described from the Middle Stone Age deposits of the Panga ya Saidi cave site (Kenya) by Martinón-Torres ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret this finding as the oldest human burial in Africa reported to date.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martinón-Torres |first1=M. |last2=d’Errico |first2=F. |last3=Santos |first3=E. |last4=Álvaro Gallo |first4=A. |last5=Amano |first5=N. |last6=Archer |first6=W. |last7=Armitage |first7=S. J. |last8=Arsuaga |first8=J. L. |last9=Bermúdez de Castro |first9=J. M. |last10=Blinkhorn |first10=J. |last11=Crowther |first11=A. |last12=Douka |first12=K. |last13=Dubernet |first13=S. |last14=Faulkner |first14=P. |last15=Fernández-Colón |first15=P. |last16=Kourampas |first16=N. |last17=González García |first17=J. |last18=Larreina |first18=D. |last19=Le Bourdonnec |first19=F.-X. |last20=MacLeod |first20=G. |last21=Martín-Francés |first21=L. |last22=Massilani |first22=D. |last23=Mercader |first23=J. |last24=Miller |first24=J. M. |last25=Ndiema |first25=E. |last26=Notario |first26=B. |last27=Pitarch Martí |first27=A. |last28=Prendergast |first28=M. E. |last29=Queffelec |first29=A. |last30=Rigaud |first30=S. |last31=Roberts |first31=P. |last32=Shoaee |first32=M. J. |last33=Shipton |first33=C. |last34=Simpson |first34=I. |last35=Boivin |first35=N. |last36=Petraglia |first36=M. D. |title=Earliest known human burial in Africa |journal=Nature |year=2021 |volume=593 |issue=7857 |pages=95–100 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03457-8 |pmid=33953416 |bibcode=2021Natur.593...95M |s2cid=233871256 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03385642 }}</ref>
* Genome-wide data from three individuals found in direct association with an Initial [[Earth:Upper Paleolithic|Upper Paleolithic]] assemblage of artefacts in [[Earth:Bacho Kiro cave|Bacho Kiro cave]] (Bulgaria) is studied by Hajdinjak ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that the studied individuals belonged to a modern human migration into Europe that was not previously known from the genetic record, and that all three individuals had Neanderthal ancestors a few generations back in their family history.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hajdinjak |first1=M. |last2=Mafessoni |first2=F. |last3=Skov |first3=L. |last4=Vernot |first4=B. |last5=Hübner |first5=A. |last6=Fu |first6=Q. |last7=Essel |first7=E. |last8=Nagel |first8=S. |last9=Nickel |first9=B. |last10=Richter |first10=J. |last11=Moldovan |first11=O. T. |last12=Constantin |first12=S. |last13=Endarova |first13=E. |last14=Zahariev |first14=N. |last15=Spasov |first15=R. |last16=Welker |first16=F. |last17=Smith |first17=G. M. |last18=Sinet-Mathiot |first18=V. |last19=Paskulin |first19=L. |last20=Fewlass |first20=H. |last21=Talamo |first21=S. |last22=Rezek |first22=Z. |last23=Sirakova |first23=S. |last24=Sirakov |first24=N. |last25=McPherron |first25=S. P. |last26=Tsanova |first26=T. |last27=Hublin |first27=J.-J. |last28=Peter |first28=B. M. |last29=Meyer |first29=M. |last30=Skoglund |first30=P. |last31=Kelso |first31=J. |last32=Pääbo |first32=S. |title=Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry |year=2021 |journal=Nature |volume=592 |issue=7853 |pages=253–257 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3 |pmid=33828320 |pmc=8026394 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..253H }}</ref>
* A study on local seasonal temperatures in the area of the Bacho Kiro cave in the Initial Upper Paleolithic, and on its implications for the knowledge whether early presence of ''Homo sapiens'' in Europe was contingent on warm climates, is published by Pederzani ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pederzani |first1=S. |last2=Britton |first2=K. |last3=Aldeias |first3=V. |last4=Bourgon |first4=N. |last5=Fewlass |first5=H. |last6=Lauer |first6=T. |last7=McPherron |first7=S. P. |last8=Rezek |first8=Z. |last9=Sirakov |first9=N. |last10=Smith |first10=G. M. |last11=Spasov |first11=R. |last12=Tran |first12=N.-H. |last13=Tsanova |first13=T. |last14=Hublin |first14=J.-J. |year=2021 |title=Subarctic climate for the earliest ''Homo sapiens'' in Europe |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=39 |pages=eabi4642 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abi4642 |pmid=34550733 |pmc=8457653 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on genome sequences generated from ~45,000 years old skull of a woman from Zlatý kůň ([[Place:Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]) is published by Prüfer ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret this individual as likely to be one of the earliest Eurasian inhabitants following the expansion out of modern humans of Africa, probably belonging to a population that formed before the populations that gave rise to present-day Europeans and Asians split from one another.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prüfer |first1=K. |last2=Posth |first2=C. |last3=Yu |first3=H. |last4=Stoessel |first4=A. |last5=Spyrou |first5=M. A. |last6=Deviese |first6=T. |last7=Mattonai |first7=M. |last8=Ribechini |first8=E. |last9=Higham |first9=T. |last10=Velemínský |first10=P. |last11=Brůžek |first11=J. |last12=Krause |first12=J. |title=A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia |year=2021 |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=820–825 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x |pmid=33828249 |pmc=8175239 }}</ref>
* Svensson ''et al.'' (2021) sequence the genome of a woman from [[History:Peștera Muierilor|Peștera Muierilor]] (Romania) who lived ∼34,000 years ago, and interpret their findings as indicating that this woman belonged to a group that was a side branch to the ancestor of modern-day Europeans, as well as indicating that the genetic diversity in the populations of early anatomically modern humans in Europe was higher than previously assumed, and argue that the bottlenecks associated with loss of genetic diversity in non-Africans occurred during and after the Last Glacial Maximum rather than during the out-of-Africa migration.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Svensson |first1=E. |last2=Günther |first2=T. |last3=Hoischen |first3=A. |last4=Hervella |first4=M. |last5=Munters |first5=A. R. |last6=Ioana |first6=M. |last7=Ridiche |first7=F. |last8=Edlund |first8=H. |last9=van Deuren |first9=R. C. |last10=Soficaru |first10=A. |last11=de-la-Rua |first11=C. |last12=Netea |first12=M. G. |last13=Jakobsson |first13=M. |title=Genome of Peştera Muierii skull shows high diversity and low mutational load in pre-glacial Europe |journal=Current Biology |year=2021 |volume=31 |issue=14 |pages=2973–2983.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.045 |pmid=34010592 |s2cid=234793812 }}</ref>
* A study aiming to assess climate adaptations in face anatomy of Upper Paleolithic humans from Mladeč and Sungir is published by Stansfield ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stansfield |first1=E. |last2=Mitteroecker |first2=P. |last3=Vasilyev |first3=S. Y. |last4=Vasilyev |first4=S. |last5=Butaric |first5=L. N. |year=2021 |title=Respiratory adaptation to climate in modern humans and Upper Palaeolithic individuals from Sungir and Mladeč |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 7997 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-86830-x |pmid=33846400 |pmc=8042039 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.7997S }}</ref>
* A study on the age of putative early remains of anatomically modern humans from caves in southern China is published by Sun ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret these fossils as much more recent than previously suggested, and argue that anatomically modern humans settled southern China no earlier than ca. 50 to 45 ka;<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sun |first1=X. |last2=Wen |first2=S. |last3=Lu |first3=C. |last4=Zhou |first4=B. |last5=Curnoe |first5=D. |last6=Lu |first6=H. |last7=Li |first7=H. |last8=Wang |first8=W. |last9=Cheng |first9=H. |last10=Yi |first10=S. |last11=Jia |first11=X. |last12=Du |first12=P. |last13=Xu |first13=X. |last14=Lu |first14=Y. |last15=Lu |first15=Y. |last16=Zheng |first16=H. |last17=Zhang |first17=H. |last18=Sun |first18=C. |last19=Wei |first19=L. |last20=Han |first20=F. |last21=Huang |first21=J. |last22=Edwards |first22=R. L. |last23=Jin |first23=L. |last24=Li |first24=H. |year=2021 |title=Ancient DNA and multimethod dating confirm the late arrival of anatomically modern humans in southern China |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=8 |pages=e2019158118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2019158118 |pmid=33558418 |pmc=7923607 }}</ref> the study is subsequently criticized by Martinón-Torres ''et al.'' (2021) and Higham & Douka (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martinón-Torres |first1=M. |last2=Cai |first2=Y. |last3=Tong |first3=H. |last4=Pei |first4=S. |last5=Xing |first5=S. |last6=Bermúdez de Castro |first6=J. M. |last7=Wu |first7=X. |last8=Liu |first8=W. |year=2021 |title=On the misidentification and unreliable context of the new "human teeth" from Fuyan Cave (China) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=22 |pages=e2102961118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2102961118 |pmid=34031253 |pmc=8179210 |pmc-embargo-date=November 24, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Higham |first1=T. F. G. |last2=Douka |first2=K. |year=2021 |title=The reliability of late radiocarbon dates from the Paleolithic of southern China |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=22 |pages=e2103798118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2103798118 |pmid=34031254 |pmc=8179157 |pmc-embargo-date=November 24, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Curnoe |first1=D. |last2=Li |first2=H. |last3=Zhou |first3=B. |last4=Sun |first4=C. |last5=Du |first5=P. |last6=Wen |first6=S. |last7=Sun |first7=X. |last8=Li |first8=H. |year=2021 |title=Reply to Martinón-Torres et al. and Higham and Douka: Refusal to acknowledge dating complexities of Fuyan Cave strengthens our case |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=22 |pages=e2104818118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2104818118 |pmid=34031256 |pmc=8179181 |pmc-embargo-date=November 24, 2021 }}</ref>
* A study on environmental changes in Southeast Asia at the time of the Pleistocene turnovers of hominin species culminating with the arrival of ''Homo sapiens'' in the area, based on data from mammal fossils from five faunas from Vietnam and Laos whose ages ranged from [[Physics:Marine isotope stages#Stages|MIS]] 6–5 to MIS 3–2, and aiming to determine how the climate changes that occurred during the Late Pleistocene might have influenced the adaptation of the first ''H. sapiens'' in the area, is published by Bacon ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bacon |first1=A.-M. |last2=Bourgon |first2=N. |last3=Welker |first3=F. |last4=Cappellini |first4=E. |last5=Fiorillo |first5=D. |last6=Tombret |first6=O. |last7=Nguyen |first7=T. M. H. |last8=Nguyen |first8=A. T. |last9=Sayavonkhamdy |first9=T. |last10=Souksavatdy |first10=V. |last11=Sichanthongtip |first11=P. |last12=Antoine |first12=P.-O. |last13=Duringer |first13=P. |last14=Ponche |first14=J.-L. |last15=Westaway |first15=K. |last16=Joannes-Boyau |first16=R. |last17=Boesch |first17=Q. |last18=Suzzoni |first18=E. |last19=Frangeul |first19=S. |last20=Patole-Edoumba |first20=E. |last21=Zachwieja |first21=A. |last22=Shackelford |first22=L. |last23=Demeter |first23=F. |last24=Hublin |first24=J.-J. |last25=Dufour |first25=É. |year=2021 |title=A multi-proxy approach to exploring ''Homo sapiens''{{’}} arrival, environments and adaptations in Southeast Asia |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 21080 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-99931-4 |pmid=34702921 |pmc=8548499 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Two Late Pleistocene figurative paintings of Celebes warty pigs are reported from Maros-Pangkep (South Sulawesi, Indonesia) by Brumm ''et al.'' (2021), who determine the minimum age of one these paintings as at least 45.5 ka, making it likely one of the oldest if not the oldest record of the presence of anatomically modern humans in [[Biology:Wallacea|Wallacea]], as well as the earliest known figurative artwork.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brumm |first1=A. |last2=Oktaviana |first2=A. A. |last3=Burhan |first3=B. |last4=Hakim |first4=B. |last5=Lebe |first5=R. |last6=Zhao |first6=J. |last7=Sulistyarto |first7=P. H. |last8=Ririmasse |first8=M. |last9=Adhityatama |first9=S. |last10=Sumantri |first10=I. |last11=Aubert |first11=M. |year=2021 |title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=eabd4648 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648 |doi-access=free |pmid=33523879 |pmc=7806210 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B }}</ref>
* Brumm ''et al.'' (2021) describe the first Pleistocene human skeletal remains from Sulawesi, dated to between 25 and 16 ka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brumm |first1=A. |last2=Bulbeck |first2=D. |last3=Hakim |first3=B. |last4=Burhan |first4=B. |last5=Oktaviana |first5=A. A. |last6=Sumantri |first6=I. |last7=Zhao |first7=J. |last8=Aubert |first8=M. |last9=Sardi |first9=R. |last10=McGahan |first10=D. |last11=Saiful |first11=A. M. |last12=Adhityatama |first12=S. |last13=Kaifu |first13=Y. |year=2021 |title=Skeletal remains of a Pleistocene modern human (''Homo sapiens'') from Sulawesi |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=e0257273 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0257273 |doi-access=free |pmid=34587195 |pmc=8480874 }}</ref>
* A study on the ages of 16 motifs from the earliest known phase of rock paintings in the Australian Kimberley region is published by Finch ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Finch|first1=D.|last2=Gleadow|first2=A.|last3=Hergt|first3=J.|last4=Heaney|first4=P.|last5=Green|first5=H.|last6=Myers|first6=C.|last7=Veth|first7=P.|last8=Harper|first8=S.|last9=Ouzman|first9=S.|last10=Levchenko|first10=V. A.|year=2021|title=Ages for Australia's oldest rock paintings|journal=Nature Human Behaviour|volume=5|issue=3|pages=310–318|doi=10.1038/s41562-020-01041-0|pmid=33619375|s2cid=232020013}}</ref>
* Human footprints dated to about 23,000 to 21,000 years ago are described from the White Sands National Park (New Mexico, United States) by Bennett ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bennett |first1=M. R. |last2=Bustos |first2=D. |last3=Pigati |first3=J. S. |last4=Springer |first4=K. B. |last5=Urban |first5=T. M. |last6=Holliday |first6=V. T. |last7=Reynolds |first7=S. C. |last8=Budka |first8=M. |last9=Honke |first9=J. S. |last10=Hudson |first10=A. M. |last11=Fenerty |first11=B. |last12=Connelly |first12=C. |last13=Martinez |first13=P. J. |last14=Santucci |first14=V. L. |last15=Odess |first15=D. |title=Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum |year=2021 |journal=Science |volume=373 |issue=6562 |pages=1528–1531 |doi=10.1126/science.abg7586 |pmid=34554787 |bibcode=2021Sci...373.1528B |s2cid=237616125 }}</ref>
* Evidence of human use of tobacco approximately 12,300 years ago is reported from the Wishbone site (Utah, United States) by Duke ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Duke |first1=D. |last2=Wohlgemuth |first2=E. |last3=Adams |first3=K. R. |last4=Armstrong-Ingram |first4=A. |last5=Rice |first5=S. K. |last6=Young |first6=D. C. |title=Earliest evidence for human use of tobacco in the Pleistocene Americas |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |year=2021 |volume=in press |doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01202-9 |pmid=34635825 |s2cid=238635872 }}</ref>
* Scerri ''et al.'' (2021) report two new sites in Senegal that date the end of the Middle Stone Age to around 11 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|ka]], representing the youngest record of this cultural phase in Africa reported so far, and indicating that it persisted into the [[Earth:Holocene|Holocene]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scerri |first1=E. M. L. |last2=Niang |first2=K. |last3=Candy |first3=I. |last4=Blinkhorn |first4=J. |last5=Mills |first5=W. |last6=Cerasoni |first6=J. N. |last7=Bateman |first7=M. D. |last8=Crowther |first8=A. |last9=Groucutt |first9=H. S. |title=Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene |year=2021 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 70 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4 |pmid=33431997 |pmc=7801626 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Zhang ''et al.'' report what could be the discovery of the oldest rock art, likely dating back to [[Earth:Middle Paleolithic|∼169,000–226,000 years ago]], much older than what was previously thought to be the earliest known drawing, made ~73,000<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henshilwood |first1=Christopher S. |last2=d’Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=van Niekerk |first3=Karen L. |last4=Dayet |first4=Laure |last5=Queffelec |first5=Alain |last6=Pollarolo |first6=Luca |title=An abstract drawing from the 73,000-year-old levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa |journal=Nature |date=October 2018 |volume=562 |issue=7725 |pages=115–118 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0514-3 |pmid=30209394 |bibcode=2018Natur.562..115H |s2cid=52197496 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01976973/file/Henshilwood-etal_2018.pdf }}</ref> years ago<!-- as well as than the earliest known use of hands as stencils in cave paintings previously ~43,000 years ago-->. Children likely intentionally placed a series of hands and feet in mud. The findings could also be the earliest evidence of Hominins on the above 4000 meters a.s.l. high Tibetan plateau.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lanese |first1=Nicoletta |title=Kids' Fossilized Handprints May Be Some of the World's Oldest Art |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/kids-fossilized-handprints-may-be-some-of-the-worlds-oldest-art/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last2=Davis-Marks |first2=Isis |title=These 200,000-Year-Old Hand and Footprints Could Be the World's Earliest Cave Art |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/these-200000-year-old-hand-and-footprints-could-be-the-worlds-oldest-cave-art-180978702/ |first1=Isis |last1=Davis-Marks| access-date=17 October 2021 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=David D. |last2=Bennett |first2=Matthew R. |last3=Cheng |first3=Hai |last4=Wang |first4=Leibin |last5=Zhang |first5=Haiwei |last6=Reynolds |first6=Sally C. |last7=Zhang |first7=Shengda |last8=Wang |first8=Xiaoqing |last9=Li |first9=Teng |last10=Urban |first10=Tommy |last11=Pei |first11=Qing |last12=Wu |first12=Zhifeng |last13=Zhang |first13=Pu |last14=Liu |first14=Chunru |last15=Wang |first15=Yafeng |last16=Wang |first16=Cong |last17=Zhang |first17=Dongju |last18=Lawrence Edwards |first18=R. |title=Earliest parietal art: Hominin hand and foot traces from the middle Pleistocene of Tibet |journal=Science Bulletin |date=10 September 2021 |doi=10.1016/j.scib.2021.09.001 |s2cid=239102132 |language=en |issn=2095-9273}}</ref>

====New taxa====
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|{{ill|Homo bodoensis|de|italic=y}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roksandic|first1=Mirjana|last2=Radović|first2=Predrag|last3=Wu|first3=Xiu-Jie|last4=Bae|first4=Christopher J.|title=Resolving the "muddle in the middle": The case for Homo bodoensis sp. nov.|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/evan.21929|journal=Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews|year=2021|language=en|volume=n/a|issue=n/a|doi=10.1002/evan.21929|issn=1520-6505|pmid=34710249|s2cid=240152672}}</ref>
|Sp. nov
|Valid
|Roksandic ''et al.''
|Middle Pleistocene
|
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}
|A species of ''[[Biology:Homo|Homo]]'' closely related to ''Homo sapiens''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biography:Homo longi|Homo longi]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ji |first1=Q. |last2=Wu |first2=W. |last3=Ji |first3=Y. |last4=Li |first4=Q. |last5=Ni |first5=X. |year=2021 |title=Late Middle Pleistocene Harbin cranium represents a new ''Homo'' species |journal=The Innovation |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=Article 100132 |doi=10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100132 |pmid=34557772 |pmc=8454552 |bibcode=2021Innov...200132J }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Ji & Ni ''in'' Ji ''et al.''
|
Middle Pleistocene<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shao |first1=Q. |last2=Ge |first2=J. |last3=Ji |first3=Q. |last4=Li |first4=J. |last5=Wu |first5=W. |last6=Ji |first6=Y. |last7=Zhan |first7=T. |last8=Zhang |first8=C. |last9=Li |first9=Q. |last10=Grün |first10=R. |last11=Stringer |first11=C. |last12=Ni |first12=X. |year=2021 |title=Geochemical provenancing and direct dating of the Harbin archaic human cranium |journal=The Innovation |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=Article 100131 |doi=10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100131 |pmid=34557771 |pmc=8454624 |bibcode=2021Innov...200131S }}</ref>
|
Upper Huangshan Formation
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A species of ''[[Biology:Homo|Homo]]'' closely related to ''Homo sapiens''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ni |first1=X. |last2=Ji |first2=Q. |last3=Wu |first3=W. |last4=Shao |first4=Q. |last5=Ji |first5=Y. |last6=Zhang |first6=C. |last7=Liang |first7=L. |last8=Ge |first8=J. |last9=Guo |first9=Z. |last10=Li |first10=J. |last11=Li |first11=Q. |last12=Grün |first12=R. |last13=Stringer |first13=C. |year=2021 |title=Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage |journal=The Innovation |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=Article 100130 |doi=10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130 |pmid=34557770 |pmc=8454562 |bibcode=2021Innov...200130N }}</ref>
| 
|-
|
''[[Biology:Micropithecus|Micropithecus chamtwaraensis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pickford |first1=M. |last2=Senut |first2=B. |last3=Gommery |first3=D. |last4=Musalizi |first4=M. |last5=Ssebuyungo |first5=C. |year=2021 |title=Revision of the smaller-bodied anthropoids from Napak, early Miocene, Uganda: 2011-2020 collections |journal=Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe A: Geologie und Paläontologie |volume=51 |pages=1–135 |isbn=978-3-89937-267-0 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Pickford ''et al.''
|
Miocene
|
Chamtwara Formation
|
{{Flag|Kenya}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Dendropithecidae|Dendropithecidae]].
| 
|-
|
''[[Biology:Pronycticebus|Pronycticebus cosensis]]''<ref name=Quercyloris />
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Godinot & Vidalenc ''in'' Godinot ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
A [[Biology:Cercamoniinae|cercamoniine]] [[Biology:Adapiformes|adapiform]].
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Protoadapis|Protoadapis andrei]]''<ref name=Quercyloris />
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Godinot & Vidalenc ''in'' Godinot ''et al.''
|
Eocene
|
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
A cercamoniine adapiform.
|
|-
|
''Quercyloris''<ref name=Quercyloris>{{Cite journal|last1=Godinot |first1=M. |last2=Blondel |first2=C. |last3=Escarguel |first3=G. |last4=Lézin |first4=C. |last5=Pélissié |first5=T. |last6=Tabuce |first6=R. |last7=Vidalenc |first7=D. |title=Primates and Plesiadapiformes from Cos (Eocene; Quercy, France) |year=2021 |journal=Geobios |volume=66-67 |pages=153–176 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2021.03.004 |s2cid=235509821 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Godinot & Vidalenc ''in'' Godinot ''et al.''
|
Eocene
|
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
A member of the family Microchoeridae. Genus includes new species ''Q. eloisae''.
|
|-
|
''Simonsius harujensis''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mattingly |first1=S. G. |last2=Beard |first2=K. C. |last3=Coster |first3=P. M. C. |last4=Salem |first4=M. J. |last5=Chaimanee |first5=Y. |last6=Jaeger |first6=J.-J. |year=2021 |title=A new parapithecine (Primates: Anthropoidea) from the early Oligocene of Libya supports parallel evolution of large body size among parapithecids |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=153 |pages=Article 102957 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102957 |pmid=33652264 |s2cid=232103317 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Mattingly ''et al.''
|
Early [[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]]
|
|
{{Flag|Libya}}
|
A [[Biology:Parapithecidae|parapithecine]].
| 
|-
|}

===Other eutherians===
* Description of the tympanic petrosal anatomy of ''Deltatherium fundaminis'' is published by Shelley ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shelley |first1=S. L. |last2=Bertrand |first2=O. C. |last3=Brusatte |first3=S. L. |last4=Williamson |first4=T. E. |year=2021 |title=Petrosal Anatomy of the Paleocene Eutherian Mammal ''Deltatherium fundaminis'' (Cope, 1881) |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=in press |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09568-3 |pmid=34483638 |pmc=8406390 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on morphological changes in molar crown morphology of three lineages of [[Biology:Crown group#Stem groups|stem]] [[Biology:Erinaceidae|erinaceid]] [[Biology:Eulipotyphla|eulipotyphla]]ns from the Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, United States), aiming to determine whether the evolution of these mammals was significantly affected by the [[Earth:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum|Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum]], is published by Vitek ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vitek |first1=N. S. |last2=Morse |first2=P. E. |last3=Boyer |first3=D. M. |last4=Strait |first4=S. G. |last5=Bloch |first5=J. I. |year=2021 |title=Evaluating the responses of three closely related small mammal lineages to climate change across the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum |journal=Paleobiology |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=464–486 |doi=10.1017/pab.2021.12 |s2cid=233635792 }}</ref>
* A study on the mandible shape diversity in Late Pleistocene to Holocene shrews from the El Harhoura 2 site (Morocco), evaluating the relationship between their morphology and environment, is published by Terray ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Terray |first1=L. |last2=Stoetzel |first2=E. |last3=Herrel |first3=A. |last4=Cornette |first4=R. |year=2021 |title=The contribution of functional traits to the understanding of palaeoenvironmental changes |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=133 |issue=4 |pages=1110–1125 |doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blab057 }}</ref>
* A study on the phylogenetic affinities of extinct native South American ungulates is published by Avilla & Mothé (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avilla |first1=L. S. |last2=Mothé |first2=D. |year=2021 |title=Out of Africa: A New Afrotheria Lineage Rises From Extinct South American Mammals |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=9 |pages=Article 654302 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.654302 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on limb evolution in native South American ungulates from the late Oligocene to Pleistocene is published by Croft & Lorente (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Croft |first1=D. A. |last2=Lorente |first2=M. |year=2021 |title=No evidence for parallel evolution of cursorial limb adaptations among Neogene South American native ungulates (SANUs) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=e0256371 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0256371 |pmid=34403434 |pmc=8370646 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1656371C |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on the skull anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of ''[[Biology:Trigonostylops|Trigonostylops]] wortmani'' is published by MacPhee ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=MacPhee |first1=R. D. E. |last2=Hernández Del Pino |first2=S. |last3=Kramarz |first3=A. |last4=Forasiepi |first4=A. M. |last5=Bond |first5=M. |last6=Sulser |first6=R. B. |title=Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of ''Trigonostylops wortmani'', an Eocene South American native ungulate |year=2021 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=449 |pages=1–183 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090.449.1.1 |hdl=2246/7264 |s2cid=233301560 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5415024 }}</ref>
* A study on the diet of ''[[Biology:Macrauchenia|Macrauchenia]] patachonica'', as indicated by data from dental calculus, is published by de Oliveira ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Oliveira |first1=K. |last2=Asevedo |first2=L. |last3=Calegari |first3=M. R. |last4=Gelfo |first4=J. N. |last5=Mothé |first5=D. |last6=Avilla |first6=L. |title=From oral pathology to feeding ecology: The first dental calculus paleodiet study of a South American native megamammal |year=2021 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=109 |pages=Article 103281 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103281 |bibcode=2021JSAES.10903281D |s2cid=233678648 }}</ref>
* A study on the impact of the [[Earth:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum|Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum]] on the body size in the lineage of the [[Biology:Mesonychidae|mesonychid]] ''[[Biology:Dissacus|Dissacus]] praenuntius'' is published by Solé ''et al.'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Solé |first1=F. |last2=Morse |first2=P. E. |last3=Bloch |first3=J. I. |last4=Gingerich |first4=P. D. |last5=Smith |first5=T. |title=New specimens of the mesonychid ''Dissacus praenuntius'' from the early Eocene of Wyoming and evaluation of body size through the PETM in North America |year=2021 |journal=Geobios |volume=66-67 |pages=103–118 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.005 |s2cid=234877826 }}</ref>
* A study on the anatomy of the braincase of ''Eurotherium theriodis'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the likely ecology of this mammal, is published by Dubied, Solé & Mennecart (2021).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dubied |first1=M. |last2=Solé |first2=F. |last3=Mennecart |first3=B. |title=Endocranium and ecology of ''Eurotherium theriodis'', a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian |year=2021 |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=545–554 |doi=10.4202/app.00771.2020 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* New data on the anatomy of the skull of ''[[Biology:Palaeolagus|Palaeolagus]] haydeni'', including the structures of the nasal and auditory regions of the skull, is presented by Wolniewicz & Fostowicz-Frelik (2021) and Ruf, Meng & Fostowicz-Frelik (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wolniewicz |first1=A. S. |last2=Fostowicz-Frelik |first2=Ł. |year=2021 |title=CT-Informed Skull Osteology of ''Palaeolagus haydeni'' (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) and Its Bearing on the Reconstruction of the Early Lagomorph Body Plan |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=9 |pages=Article 634757 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.634757 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruf |first1=I. |last2=Meng |first2=J. |last3=Fostowicz-Frelik |first3=Ł. |year=2021 |title=Anatomy of the Nasal and Auditory Regions of the Fossil Lagomorph ''Palaeolagus haydeni'': Systematic and Evolutionary Implications |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=9 |pages=Article 636110 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.636110 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A study on evolutionary transitions of microsyopid [[Biology:Plesiadapiformes|plesiadapiforms]] from the early Eocene of the southern Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, United States) is published by Silcox ''et al.'' (2021), who interpret the fossil record as indicating that ''[[Biology:Microsyops|Microsyops]] angustidens'' branched off from a population of ''Arctodontomys nuptus'', but the latter species persisted and did not suffer [[Biology:Pseudoextinction|pseudoextinction]], providing a rare example of possible [[Biology:Cladogenesis|cladogenesis]] in the fossil record.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silcox |first1=M. T. |last2=Selig |first2=K. R. |last3=Bown |first3=T. M. |last4=Chew |first4=A. E. |last5=Rose |first5=K. D. |year=2021 |title=Cladogenesis and replacement in the fossil record of Microsyopidae (?Primates) from the southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming |journal=Biology Letters |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=Article ID 20200824 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2020.0824 |pmid=33563133 |pmc=8086977 |pmc-embargo-date=February 10, 2022 }}</ref>
* A study on dietary changes in microsyopids over time is published by Selig, Chew & Silcox (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Selig |first1=K. R. |last2=Chew |first2=A. E. |last3=Silcox |first3=M. T. |year=2021 |title=Dietary shifts in a group of early Eocene euarchontans (Microsyopidae) in association with climatic change |journal=Palaeontology |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=609–628 |doi=10.1111/pala.12544 |s2cid=237788962 }}</ref>
* Description of dental caries in a sample of teeth of ''Microsyops latidens'', representing the earliest known incidences of caries among fossil mammals, is published by Selig & Silcox (2021), who evaluate the implications of the studied fossils for the knowledge of the diet of ''M. latidens''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Selig |first1=K. R. |last2=Silcox |first2=M. T. |year=2021 |title=The largest and earliest known sample of dental caries in an extinct mammal (Mammalia, Euarchonta, ''Microsyops latidens'') and its ecological implications |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 15920 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-95330-x |doi-access=free |pmid=34504127 |pmc=8429469 }}</ref>
* A study on jaw form and function in ''[[Biology:Chiromyoides|Chiromyoides]]'' is published by Boyer, Schaeffer & Beard (2021), who interpret this [[Biology:Plesiadapidae|plesiadapid]] as an extractive forager similar to extant [[Biology:Aye-aye|aye-aye]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boyer |first1=D. M. |last2=Schaeffer |first2=L. M. |last3=Beard |first3=K. C. |title=New dentaries of ''Chiromyoides'' (Primatomorpha, Plesiadapidae) and a reassessment of the "mammalian woodpecker" ecological niche |year=2021 |journal=Geobios |volume=66-67 |pages=77–102 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2021.03.002 |s2cid=234818555 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Alloptox gudrunae''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Erbajeva |first1=M. A. |last2=Bayarmaa |first2=B. |title=A review of the genus ''Alloptox'' (Lagomorpha, Ochotonidae) from the Valley of Lakes, central Mongolia, with description of a new species |year=2021 |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=217–223 |doi=10.1134/S0031030121020040 |s2cid=233746759 |url=https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44595950 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Erbajeva & Bayarmaa
|
Early Miocene
|
|
{{Flag|Mongolia}}
|
A pika.
|
|-
|
''Arcius moniquae''<ref name=Quercyloris />
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Godinot & Vidalenc ''in'' Godinot ''et al.''
|
Eocene
|
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
A [[Biology:Paromomyidae|paromomyid]] [[Biology:Plesiadapiformes|plesiadapiform]].
|
|-
|
''Asiapator''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lopatin |first1=A. V. |last2=Averianov |first2=A. O. |year=2021 |title=First Apatemyid Mammal from Central Asia |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=Online edition |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09574-5 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Lopatin & Averianov
|
Eocene ([[Earth:Irdinmanhan|Irdinmanhan]])
|
Khaychin Formation
|
{{Flag|Mongolia}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Apatemyidae|Apatemyidae]]. Genus includes new species ''A. onchin''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Azilestes|Azilestes]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gheerbrant |first1=E. |last2=Teodori |first2=D. |title=An enigmatic specialized new eutherian mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Western Europe (Northern Pyrenees) |year=2021 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=20 |issue=13 |pages=207–223 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a13 |s2cid=233702548 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Gheerbrant & Teodori
|
[[Earth:Late Cretaceous|Late Cretaceous]] ([[Earth:Maastrichtian|Maastrichtian]])
|
Formation des [[Earth:Grès de Labarre|Grès de Labarre]]
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
An early [[Biology:Eutheria|eutheria]]n of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a member of the family [[Biology:Zhelestidae|Zhelestidae]]. The type species is ''A. ragei''.
|
|-
|
''Beornus''<ref name=Beornus>{{Cite journal|last1=Atteberry |first1=M. R. |last2=Eberle |first2=J. J. |title=New earliest Paleocene (Puercan) periptychid 'condylarths' from the Great Divide Basin, Wyoming, USA |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=565–593 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.1924301 |s2cid=237402212 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Atteberry & Eberle
|
[[Biology:Puercan|Puercan]]
|
[[Earth:Fort Union Formation|Fort Union Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Wyoming}})
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Periptychidae|Periptychidae]]. Genus includes new species ''B. honeyi''.
|
|-
|
''Conacodon hettingeri''<ref name=Beornus />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Atteberry & Eberle
|
Puercan
|
Fort Union Formation
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Wyoming}})
|
A member of the family Periptychidae.
|
|-
|
''Cynohyaenodon smithae''<ref name=hyaenodontsGeobios>{{Cite journal|last1=Solé|first1=F. |last2=Morlo |first2=M. |last3=Schaal |first3=T. |last4=Lehmann |first4=T. |title=New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene |year=2021 |journal=Geobios |volume=66-67 |pages=119–141 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004 |s2cid=234848856 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Solé ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]] ([[Earth:Ypresian|Ypresian]])
|
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
A member of Hyaenodonta.
|
|-
|
''Ectocion stockeyae''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Montellano-Ballesteros |first1=M. |last2=Fox |first2=R. C. |last3=Scott |first3=C. S. |year=2021 |title=A new, "dwarfed" species of the phenacodontid "condylarth" ''Ectocion'' from the late Paleocene of Alberta, Canada, and its implications |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=in press |pages=1155–1169 |doi=10.1139/cjes-2019-0234 |hdl=1807/107869 |s2cid=239992495 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Montellano-Ballesteros, Fox & Scott
|
Late [[Earth:Paleocene|Paleocene]]
|
[[Earth:Paskapoo Formation|Paskapoo Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Canada}}<br>({{Flag|Alberta}})
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Phenacodontidae|Phenacodontidae]].
|
|-
|
''Ekweeconfractus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Flink |first1=T. |last2=Cote |first2=S. |last3=Rossie |first3=J. B. |last4=Kibii |first4=J. M. |last5=Werdelin |first5=L. |year=2021 |title=The neurocranium of ''Ekweeconfractus amorui'' gen. et sp. nov. (Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) and the evolution of the brain in some hyaenodontan carnivores |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=e1927748 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1927748 |s2cid=237518007 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Flink ''et al.''
|
Early Miocene
|
Lothidok Formation
|
{{Flag|Kenya}}
|
A member of Hyaenodonta belonging to the group Hyainailouroidea and the family Teratodontidae. The type species is ''E. amorui''.
|
|-
|
''Eurotherium mapplethorpei''<ref name=hyaenodontsGeobios />
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Solé ''et al.''
|
Eocene (Ypresian)
|
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
A member of Hyaenodonta.
|
|-
|
''Indonyctia''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Das |first1=D. P. |last2=Carolin |first2=N. |last3=Bajpai |first3=S. |year=2021 |title=A nyctitheriid insectivore (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) of Asian affinity from the early Eocene of India |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=in press |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1966002 |s2cid=238735010 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
In press
|
Das, Carolin & Bajpai
|
Early Eocene
|
Cambay Shale
|
{{Flag|India}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Nyctitheriidae|Nyctitheriidae]]. Genus includes new species ''I. cambayensis''.
|
|-
|
''Lesmesodon gunnelli''<ref name=hyaenodontsGeobios />
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Solé ''et al.''
|
Eocene (Ypresian)
|
|
{{Flag|France}}
|
A member of Hyaenodonta.
|
|-
|
''Micropternodus bassidens''<ref name=Paludicola132>{{Cite journal|last1=Korth |first1=W. W. |last2=Kihm |first2=A. J. |last3=Schumaker |first3=K. K. |title=Insectivorans from the Medicine Pole Hills local fauna (Chadronian) of Bowman County, North Dakota |year=2021 |journal=Paludicola |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=85–105 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Korth, Kihm & Schumaker
|
[[Earth:Chadronian|Chadronian]]
|
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|North Dakota}})
|
|
|-
|
''Miniconus''<ref name=Beornus />
|
Gen. et comb. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Atteberry & Eberle
|
Early Paleocene
|
Denver Formation<br>
Fort Union Formation
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Colorado}}<br>{{Flag|Wyoming}})
|
A member of the family Periptychidae. The type species is ''"Oxyacodon" archibaldi'' Middleton & Dewar (2004); genus also includes new species ''M. jeanninae''.
|
|-
|
''Neovulpavus mccarrolli''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tomiya |first1=S. |last2=Zack |first2=S. P. |last3=Spaulding |first3=M. |last4=Flynn |first4=J. J. |title=Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=95 |issue=Supplement S82 |pages=1–115 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2020.74 |s2cid=232358160 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Tomiya ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Uintan|Uintan]]
|
[[Earth:Washakie Formation|Washakie Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Wyoming}})
|
A [[Biology:Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member of [[Biology:Carnivoraformes|Carnivoraformes]].
|
|-
|
''Oligoryctes amplissimus''<ref name=Paludicola132 />
|
Sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Korth, Kihm & Schumaker
|
Chadronian
|
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|North Dakota}})
|
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Purgatorius|Purgatorius mckeeveri]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson Mantilla |first1=G. P. |last2=Chester |first2=S. G. B. |last3=Clemens |first3=W. A. |last4=Moore |first4=J. R. |last5=Sprain |first5=C. J. |last6=Hovatter |first6=B. T. |last7=Mitchell |first7=W. S. |last8=Mans |first8=W. W. |last9=Mundil |first9=R. |last10=Renne |first10=P. R. |year=2021 |title=Earliest Palaeocene purgatoriids and the initial radiation of stem primates |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=Article ID 210050 |doi=10.1098/rsos.210050 |pmid=33972886 |pmc=8074693 |bibcode=2021RSOS....810050W }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
|
Wilson Mantilla ''et al.''
|
Early [[Earth:Paleocene|Paleocene]]
|
[[Earth:Fort Union Formation|Fort Union Formation]]
|
{{Flag|United States}}<br>({{Flag|Montana}})
|
|
|-
|}

==Other mammals==
* Partial skeleton of a member of the genus ''[[Biology:Kryptobaatar|Kryptobaatar]]'', preserving anatomical characters specific to ''Kryptobaatar dashzevegi'' and others specific to ''K. mandahuensis'', is described from the [[Earth:Campanian|Campanian]] [[Earth:Bayan Mandahu Formation|Bayan Mandahu Formation]] (China) by Devillet ''et al.'' (2021), who evaluate the implications of this specimen for the knowledge of the intraspecific variability in multituberculates belonging to the genus ''Kryptobaatar'', as well as the validity of the species ''K. mandahuensis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Devillet |first1=G. |last2=Sun |first2=Y. |last3=Li |first3=H. |last4=Smith |first4=T. |title=A new partial skeleton of ''Kryptobaatar'' from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu (Inner Mongolia, China) relaunch the question about variability in djadochtatherioid multituberculate mammals |year=2021 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=130 |pages=Article 105041 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105041 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121002895 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! Name !! Novelty !! Status !! Authors !! Age !! Type locality !! Country !! Notes !! Images
|-
|
''Aenigmamys''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scott |first=C. S. |year=2021 |title=First mammal from the Willow Creek Formation: a new early Paleocene ptilodontid (Mammalia, Multituberculata) from near Calgary, Alberta, Canada |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=505–518 |doi=10.1139/cjes-2020-0151 |bibcode=2021CaJES..58..505S |s2cid=236608393 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Scott
|
Early [[Earth:Paleocene|Paleocene]]
|
Willow Creek Formation
|
{{Flag|Canada}}<br>({{Flag|Alberta}})
|
A [[Biology:Multituberculata|multituberculate]] belonging to the family [[Biology:Ptilodontidae|Ptilodontidae]]. Genus includes new species ''A. aries''.
|
|-
|
''Hercynodon''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martin |first1=T. |last2=Averianov |first2=A. O. |last3=Schultz |first3=J. A. |last4=Schwermann |first4=A. H. |last5=Wings |first5=O. |title=A derived dryolestid mammal indicates possible insular endemism in the Late Jurassic of Germany |year=2021 |journal=The Science of Nature |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=Article number 23 |doi=10.1007/s00114-021-01719-z |doi-access=free |pmid=33993371 |pmc=8126546 |bibcode=2021SciNa.108...23M }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Martin ''et al.''
|
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)
|
[[Earth:Süntel Formation|Süntel Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Germany}}
|
A member of the family [[Biology:Dryolestidae|Dryolestidae]]. The type species is ''H. germanicus''.
|
|-
|
''Jueconodon''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mao |first1=F. |last2=Zhang |first2=C. |last3=Liu |first3=C. |last4=Meng |first4=J. |title=Fossoriality and evolutionary development in two Cretaceous mammaliamorphs |year=2021 |journal=Nature |volume=592 |issue=7855 |pages=577–582 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03433-2 |pmid=33828300 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..577M |s2cid=233183060 }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Mao ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Early Cretaceous|Early Cretaceous]] (early [[Earth:Barremian|Barremian]] to early [[Earth:Aptian|Aptian]])
|
[[Earth:Yixian Formation|Yixian Formation]]
|
{{Flag|China}}
|
A member of [[Biology:Eutriconodonta|Eutriconodonta]]. Genus includes new species ''J. cheni''.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Kogaionon (mammal)|Kogaionon radulescui]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith |first1=T. |last2=Codrea |first2=V. A. |last3=Devillet |first3=G. |last4=Solomon |first4=A. A. |year=2021 |title=A New Mammal Skull from the Late Cretaceous of Romania and Phylogenetic Affinities of Kogaionid Multituberculates |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=in press |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09564-7 }}</ref>
|
Sp. nov
|
In press
|
Smith ''et al.''
|
Late Cretaceous
|
[[Earth:Sânpetru Formation|Sânpetru Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Romania}}
|
A multituberculate.
|
|-
|
''[[Biology:Orretherium|Orretherium]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martinelli |first1=A. G. |last2=Soto-Acuña |first2=S. |last3=Goin |first3=F. J. |last4=Kaluza |first4=J. |last5=Bostelmann |first5=J. E. |last6=Fonseca |first6=P. H. M. |last7=Reguero |first7=M. A. |last8=Leppe |first8=M. |last9=Vargas |first9=A. O. |year=2021 |title=New cladotherian mammal from southern Chile and the evolution of mesungulatid meridiolestidans at the dusk of the Mesozoic era |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 7594 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-87245-4 |pmid=33828193 |pmc=8027844 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.7594M }}</ref>
|
Gen. et sp. nov
|
Valid
|
Martinelli ''et al.''
|
[[Earth:Late Cretaceous|Late Cretaceous]] (late [[Earth:Campanian|Campanian]] to early [[Earth:Maastrichtian|Maastrichtian]])
|
[[Earth:Dorotea Formation|Dorotea Formation]]
|
{{Flag|Chile}}
|
A member of [[Biology:Meridiolestida|Meridiolestida]] belonging to the family [[Biology:Mesungulatidae|Mesungulatidae]]. The type species is ''O. tzen''.
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Prehistoric mammals]]

{{Sourceattribution|2021 in mammal paleontology|1}}