View source for Biology:Acaryochloris marina

{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| grandparent_authority = Komárek ''et al''. 2014<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Komárek J, Kaštovský J, Mareš J, Johansen JR | year = 2014 | title = Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach | url = http://www.preslia.cz/P144Komarek.pdf | journal = Preslia | volume = 86 | pages = 295–335 }}</ref>
| genus = Acaryochloris
| parent_authority = Miyashita & Chihara 2003<ref name=desc/>
| species = marina
| authority = Miyashita & Chihara, 2003<ref name=desc/>
}}
[[File:Chlorophyll d structure.svg|thumb|Chlorophyll d]]

'''''Acaryochloris marina''''' is a symbiotic [[Biology:Species|species]] of the [[Biology:Phylum|phylum]] [[Biology:Cyanobacteria|Cyanobacteria]] that produces [[Chemistry:Chlorophyll d|chlorophyll d]], allowing it to use [[Physics:Far-red|far-red]] light, at 770&nbsp;nm wavelength.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/new-chlorophyll-role-photosynthesis-converts-near-infrared-cyanobacteria|title = A New Kind of Photosynthesis Has Been Discovered, Pushing the Limits on Life}}</ref>

==Description==
It was first discovered in 1993 from coastal isolates of coral in the Republic of Palau in the west [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]] and announced in 1996.<ref name=n96>{{cite journal|author=H. Miyashita|author2=H. Ikemoto|author3=N. Kurano|author4=K. Adachi|author5=M. Chihara|author6=S. Miyachi|name-list-style=amp|title=Chlorophyll d as a major pigment|journal=Nature|volume=383|year=1996|page=402|doi=10.1038/383402a0|issue=6599|bibcode=1996Natur.383..402M|doi-access=free}}</ref> Despite the claim in the 1996 ''Nature'' paper that its [[Biology:Species description|formal description]] was to be published shortly thereafter,<ref name=n96/> a tentative partial description was presented in 2003 due to [[Biology:Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] issues (deep branching cyanobacterium).<ref name=desc>{{Cite journal | last1 = Miyashita | first1 = H. | last2 = Ikemoto | first2 = H. | last3 = Kurano | first3 = N. | last4 = Miyachi | first4 = S. | last5 = Chihara | first5 = M. | title = Acaryochloris Marina Gen. Et Sp. Nov. (Cyanobacteria), an Oxygenic Photosynthetic Prokaryote Containing Chl D As a Major Pigment1 | journal = Journal of Phycology | volume = 39 | issue = 6 | pages = 1247–1253 | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1111/j.0022-3646.2003.03-158.x| s2cid = 84330163 }}</ref>

==Genome==
Its [[Biology:Genome|genome]] was sequenced in 2008, revealing a large bacterial genome of 8.3 Mb with nine [[Biology:Plasmid|plasmid]]s.<ref name=genome>{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Swingley | first1 = W. D.
 | last2 = Chen | first2 = M.
 | last3 = Cheung | first3 = P. C.
 | last4 = Conrad | first4 = A. L.
 | last5 = Dejesa | first5 = L. C.
 | last6 = Hao | first6 = J.
 | last7 = Honchak | first7 = B. M.
 | last8 = Karbach | first8 = L. E.
 | last9 = Kurdoglu | first9 = A.
 | last10 = Lahiri | first10 = S.
 | last11 = Mastrian | first11 = S. D.
 | last12 = Miyashita | first12 = H.
 | last13 = Page | first13 = L.
 | last14 = Ramakrishna | first14 = P.
 | last15 = Satoh | first15 = S.
 | last16 = Sattley | first16 = W. M.
 | last17 = Shimada | first17 = Y.
 | last18 = Taylor | first18 = H. L.
 | last19 = Tomo | first19 = T.
 | last20 = Tsuchiya | first20 = T.
 | last21 = Wang | first21 = Z. T.
 | last22 = Raymond | first22 = J.
 | last23 = Mimuro | first23 = M.
 | last25 = Touchman | first25 = J. W.
 | title = Niche adaptation and genome expansion in the chlorophyll d-producing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina
 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0709772105
 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
 | volume = 105
 | issue = 6
 | pages = 2005–2010
 | pmc = 2538872
 | year = 2008
 | pmid = 18252824
| bibcode = 2008PNAS..105.2005S
 | doi-access = free
 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Acaryochloris'' is a combination of the Greek prefix ''a'' (ἄν)<ref>{{LSJ|an|ἄν|ref}}</ref> meaning "without", ''caryo'' (κάρυον)<ref>{{LSJ|karuon|κάρυον|ref}}</ref> meaning "nut" (here intended as "nucleus") and ''chloros'' (χλωρός)<ref name=chloro>{{LSJ|xlwros|χλωρός|ref}}</ref> meaning green;<ref>{{lpsn|gender.html|Gender of suffices}}</ref> therefore it is Neo-Latin ''Acaryochloris'' meaning "without nucleus green".<ref name=desc/>
The [[Biology:Binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''marina'' is [[Social:Latin|Latin]] meaning "marine".<ref name=desc/>

==Classification==
{{main|Biology:Cyanobacteria}}
Due to historical reason, the classification of the Cyanobacteria is problematic and many are not validly published, meaning they have not yet been placed into the classification framework.<ref>{{lpsn|classifcyano.html|Classification of Cyanobacteria}}</ref> One of these not officially recognised species is ''Acaryochloris marina'', which technically should be written as "Acaryochloris marina" in official writings, but in effect this is rarely done (cf.<ref name=genome/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kühl | first1 = M. | last2 = Chen | first2 = M. | last3 = Ralph | first3 = P. J. | last4 = Schreiber | first4 = U. | last5 = Larkum | first5 = A. W. D. | title = Ecology: A niche for cyanobacteria containing chlorophyll d | journal = Nature | volume = 433 | issue = 7028 | pages = 820 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1038/433820a | pmid=15729331| bibcode = 2005Natur.433..820K | doi-access = free }}</ref>)

==Exoplanet habitability==
Scientists including [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]'s Nancy Kiang have proposed that the existence of ''Acaryochloris marina'' suggests that organisms that use chlorophyll d, rather than [[Chemistry:Chlorophyll a|chlorophyll a]], may be able to perform oxygenic photosynthesis on exoplanets orbiting red dwarf stars (which emit much less light than the Sun).<ref>{{cite news |last=Gronstal |first=Aaron |date=February 2012 |title=Far-Out Photosynthesis |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/features/201202_mielke/ |newspaper=News & Features |publisher=NASA |access-date=26 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mielke, S.P.|author2=N.Y. Kiang|author3=R.E. Blankenship|author4=M.R. Gunner|author5=D. Mauzerall|name-list-style=amp|title=Efficiency of photosynthesis in a Chl d-utilizing cyanobacterium is comparable to or higher than that in Chl a-utilizing oxygenic species|journal= Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics|volume=1807|year=2011|pages=1231–1236|doi=10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.007|pmid=21708123|issue=9|doi-access=}}</ref> Because about 70% of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy are red dwarfs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stardate.org/astro-guide/btss/stars/colorful_dwarfs |title=Colorful Dwarfs |author =<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=StarDate |publisher=The University of Texas McDonald Observatory |access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref> the existence of ''A. marina'' implies that oxygenic photosynthesis may be occurring on far more [[Astronomy:Exoplanet|exoplanet]]s than [[Astronomy:Astrobiology|astrobiologists]] initially thought possible.

==See also==
* ''[[Biology:Prochlorococcus|Prochlorococcus]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q338104|from2=Q18645392}}

[[Category:Synechococcales]]
[[Category:Environmental microbiology]]

{{Sourceattribution|Acaryochloris marina}}