View source for Biology:African swine fever virus

{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{missing information|genome variability regions|date=December 2020}}
{{Virusbox
| image         = African swine fever piadc.png
| image_caption = Electron micrograph of a virus particle
| parent        = Asfivirus
| species       = African swine fever virus
}}
[[File:African swine fever ears.jpg|thumb|right|Reddening of the ears is a common sign of African swine fever in pigs.]]

'''''African swine fever virus''''' ('''ASFV''') is a large, double-stranded [[Biology:DNA virus|DNA virus]] in the ''[[Biology:Asfarviridae|Asfarviridae]]'' family.<ref name=sobrino10 /> It is the causative agent of '''African swine fever''' (ASF). The virus causes a hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in [[Biology:Domestic pig|domestic pig]]s; some isolates can cause death of animals as quickly as a week after infection. It persistently infects its natural hosts, [[Biology:Warthog|warthog]]s, [[Biology:Bushpig|bushpig]]s, and soft ticks of the genus ''[[Biology:Ornithodoros|Ornithodoros]]'', which likely act as a [[Biology:Vector (epidemiology)|vector]], with no disease signs.<ref name="ASFV98">{{cite book |last1= Denyer |first1= M. S. |last2= Wilkinson |first2= P. J. |s2cid= 69033207 |doi= 10.1006/rwei.1999.0015 |chapter= African Swine Fever |title= Encyclopedia of Immunology |page= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofim00delv/page/54 54] |year= 1998 |isbn= 9780122267659 |chapter-url-access= registration |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofim00delv/page/54 }}</ref> It does not cause disease in humans.<ref name=EFSA>{{cite web |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/african-swine-fever |title=African swine fever |publisher=European Food Safety Authority |access-date=26 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Nature_news_25_April_2019>{{cite journal |title=Spread of deadly pig virus in China hastens vaccine research |author=Smriti Mallapaty |journal=Nature |volume=569 |issue=7754 |pages=13–14 |date=25 April 2019 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01269-5|pmid=31040406 |bibcode=2019Natur.569...13M |doi-access=free }}</ref> ASFV is endemic to [[Place:Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]] and exists in the wild through a cycle of infection between ticks and wild pigs, bushpigs, and warthogs. The disease was first described after European settlers brought pigs into areas endemic with ASFV, and as such, is an example of an [[Biology:Emerging infectious disease|emerging infectious disease]].

ASFV replicates in the [[Biology:Cytoplasm|cytoplasm]] of infected cells.<ref name=sobrino10>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.caister.com/avir |author=Dixon|year=2008 |chapter=African Swine Fever Virus|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology |publisher=Caister Academic Press |isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|display-authors=0}}</ref> It is the only  virus with a double-stranded [[Biology:DNA|DNA]] genome known to be transmitted by [[Biology:Arthropod|arthropod]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.3389/fvets.2020.00215|doi-access=free|title=African Swine Fever Virus: An Emerging DNA Arbovirus|year=2020|last1=Gaudreault|first1=Natasha N.|last2=Madden|first2=Daniel W.|last3=Wilson|first3=William C.|last4=Trujillo|first4=Jessie D.|last5=Richt|first5=Juergen A.|journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science|volume=7|page=215|pmid=32478103|pmc=7237725}}</ref>


== Virology ==
[[File:Asfarviridae virion.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of ASFV virion]]

ASFV is a large (175–215&nbsp;nm),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/african-swine-fever-virus|title=African Swine Fever Virus - an overview &#124; ScienceDirect Topics}}</ref> icosahedral, double-stranded [[Biology:DNA virus|DNA virus]] with a linear [[Biology:Genome|genome]] of 189 kilobases containing more than 180 genes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mazur-Panasiuk|first1=Natalia|last2=Woźniakowski|first2=Grzegorz|last3=Niemczuk|first3=Krzysztof|date=14 March 2019|title=The first complete genomic sequences of African swine fever virus isolated in Poland|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=9|issue=1|pages=4556|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-36823-0|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6418159|pmid=30872594|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.4556M}}</ref> The number of genes differs slightly among different isolates of the virus.<ref name="genomics">{{cite journal|last1=Dixon|first1=L.K.|last2=Chapman|first2=D.A.G.|last3=Netherton|first3=C.L.|last4=Upton|first4=C.|year=2013|title=African swine fever virus replication and genomics|journal=Virus Research|volume=173|issue=1|pages=3–14|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.020 |pmid=23142553}}</ref> ASFV has similarities to the other large DNA viruses, e.g., poxvirus, [[Biology:Iridovirus|iridovirus]], and [[Biology:Mimivirus|mimivirus]]. In common with other [[Medicine:Viral hemorrhagic fever|viral hemorrhagic fever]]s, the main target cells for replication are those of [[Biology:Monocyte|monocyte]], [[Biology:Macrophage|macrophage]] lineage. Entry of the virus into the host cell is receptor-mediated, but the precise mechanism of endocytosis is presently unclear.<ref name=Netherton2013>{{cite journal|last1=Netherton|first1=C.L.|last2=Wileman|first2=T.E.|year=2013 |title=African swine fever virus organelle rearrangements|journal=Virus Research|volume=173|issue=1|pages=76–86|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.014 |pmid=23291273}}</ref>

The virus encodes enzymes required for replication and transcription of its genome, including elements of a base excision repair system, structural proteins, and many proteins that are not essential for replication in cells, but instead have roles in virus survival and transmission in its hosts. Virus replication takes place in perinuclear factory areas. It is a highly orchestrated process with at least four stages of transcription—immediate-early, early, intermediate, and late. The majority of replication and assembly occurs in discrete, perinuclear regions of the cell called virus factories, and finally progeny virions are transported to the plasma membrane along microtubules where they bud out or are propelled away along [[Biology:Actin|actin]] projections to infect new cells. As the virus progresses through its lifecycle, most if not all of the host cell's organelles are modified, adapted, or in some cases destroyed.
[[File:African swine fever infected macrophage.jpg|thumb|left|[[Biology:Macrophage|Macrophage]] cell in early stages of infection with ASFV]]
Assembly of the icosahedral [[Biology:Capsid|capsid]] occurs on modified membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum. Products from proteolytically processed polyproteins form the core shell between the internal membrane and the [[Biology:Nucleoprotein|nucleoprotein]] core. An additional outer membrane is gained as particles bud from the [[Biology:Plasma membrane|plasma membrane]]. The virus encodes proteins that inhibit signalling pathways in infected macrophages and thus modulate transcriptional activation of [[Biology:Immune response|immune response]] genes. In addition, the virus encodes proteins which [[Biology:Inhibitor of apoptosis|inhibit apoptosis]] of infected cells to facilitate production of progeny virions. Viral membrane proteins with similarity to cellular adhesion proteins modulate interaction of virus-infected cells and extracellular virions with host components.<ref name="sobrino10"/>

=== Genotypes ===
Based on sequence variation in the C-terminal region of the ''B646L'' gene encoding the major capsid protein p72, 22 ASFV genotypes (I–XXIII) have been identified.<ref name=Leblanc2012>{{cite journal
|last1= Leblanc |first1= N.
|last2= Cortey |first2= M.
|last3= Fernandez Pinero |first3= J.
|last4= Gallardo |first4= C.
|last5= Masembe |first5= C.
|last6= Okurut |first6= A. R.
|last7= Heath |first7= L.
|last8= Van Heerden |first8= J.
|last9= Sánchez-Vizcaino |first9= J. M.
|last10= Ståhl |first10= K.
|last11= Belák |first11= S.
|title= Development of a Suspension Microarray for the Genotyping of African Swine Fever Virus Targeting the SNPs in the C-Terminal End of the p72 Gene Region of the Genome
|doi= 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01359.x
|journal= Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
|volume= 60
|issue= 4
|pages= 378–383
|year= 2012
|pmid= 22776009
|doi-access= free
}}</ref> All ASFV p72 genotypes have been circulating in eastern and southern Africa. Genotype I has been circulating in Europe, South America, the Caribbean, and western Africa. Genotype VIII is confined to four East African countries.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Evolution ===
The virus is thought to be derived from a virus of soft tick (genus ''[[Biology:Ornithodoros|Ornithodoros]]'') that infects wild swine, including [[Biology:Giant forest hog|giant forest hog]]s (''Hylochoerus meinertzhageni''), warthogs (''Phacochoerus africanus''), and bushpigs (''Potamochoerus porcus'').<ref name=Michaud2013>{{cite journal |last1= Michaud |first1= V |last2= Randriamparany |first2= T |last3= Albina |first3= E |year= 2013 |title= Comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions of African swine fever virus: proposal for a new classification and molecular dating of the virus |journal= PLOS ONE |volume= 8 |issue= 7 |page= e69662 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0069662 |pmid=23936068 |pmc=3723844|bibcode= 2013PLoSO...869662M |doi-access= free }}</ref> In these wild hosts, infection is generally asymptomatic. This virus appears to have evolved around 1700 AD.

This date is corroborated by the historical record. Pigs were initially domesticated in North Africa and Eurasia.<ref name=Gifford-Gonzalez2011>{{cite journal |last1= Gifford-Gonzalez |first1= D |last2= Hanotte |first2= O |year= 2011 |title= Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeological Findings |journal= J World Prehist |volume= 24 |pages= 1–23 |doi= 10.1007/s10963-010-9042-2|doi-access= free }}</ref> They were introduced into southern Africa from Europe and the Far East by the Portuguese (300 years ago) and Chinese (600 years ago), respectively.<ref name=Levathes>Levathes LE (1994) When China ruled the seas: The treasure fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433. New York: Oxford University Press</ref> At the end of the 19th century, the extensive pig industry in the native region of ASFV (Kenya) started after massive losses of cattle due to a [[Biology:Rinderpest|rinderpest]] outbreak. Pigs were imported on a massive scale for breeding by colonizers from Seychelles in 1904 and from {{wipe|England}} in 1905. Pig farming was free-range at that time. The first outbreak of ASF was reported in 1907.

=== Taxonomy ===
ASFV has no known close relatives. It is the only species in the genus ''Asfivirus'', family ''Asfarviridae'', and order ''Asfuvirales''. Each of these three taxa is at least partly named after ASFV.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release|website=talk.ictvonline.org|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>

== Signs and symptoms ==
[[File:African swine fever necropsy.jpg|thumb|right|The swelling around the kidneys and the muscle hemorrhages visible here are typical of pigs with African swine fever.]]

In the acute form of the disease caused by highly virulent strains, pigs may develop a high fever, but show no other noticeable symptoms for the first few days.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Howey |title= Pathogenesis of highly virulent African swine fever virus in domestic pigs exposed via intraoropharyngeal, intranasopharyngeal, and intramuscular inoculation, and by direct contact with infected pigs |journal= Virus Research |date= 2013 |url= https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/59455/PDF |display-authors=0 |doi= 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.024 |pmid= 24076499 |volume= 178 |issue= 2 |pages= 328–339 |access-date= 5 November 2018 |archive-date= 26 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200726093740/https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/59455/PDF |url-status= dead }}</ref> They then gradually lose their appetites and become depressed. In white-skinned pigs, the extremities turn blueish-purple and hemorrhages become apparent on the ears and abdomen. Groups of infected pigs lie huddled together shivering, breathing abnormally, and sometimes coughing. If forced to stand, they appear unsteady on their legs; this is called congenital tremor type A-I in newborn piglets.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harding|first1=J. D.|last2=Done|first2=J. T.|last3=Darbyshire|first3=J. H.|date=1966-10-01|title=Congenital tremors in piglets and their relation to swine fever|journal=The Veterinary Record|volume=79|issue=14|pages=388–390|issn=0042-4900|pmid=6008428|doi=10.1136/vr.79.14.388|s2cid=7834708}}</ref> Within a few days of infection, they enter a comatose state and then die. In pregnant sows, spontaneous abortions may occur.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cuéllar Sáenz |first1=Jerson Andrés |title=Abortion in sows: causes and prevention strategies |url=https://www.veterinariadigital.com/en/articulos/abortion-in-sows-causes-and-prevention-strategies/ |website=Veterinaria Digital |access-date=22 February 2023 |date=28 Jan 2022}}</ref>

In milder infections, affected pigs lose weight, become thin, and develop signs of pneumonia, skin ulcers, and swollen joints.<ref name="pigsite">{{cite web|title=African Swine Fever (ASF)|url=http://www.thepigsite.com/pighealth/article/441/african-swine-fever-asf|publisher=PigSite|access-date=2010-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614025103/http://www.thepigsite.com/pighealth/article/441/african-swine-fever-asf/|archive-date=2018-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Diagnosis ===
The clinical symptoms of ASFV infection are very similar to [[Biology:Classical swine fever|classical swine fever]], and the two diseases normally have to be distinguished by laboratory diagnosis. This diagnosis is usually performed by an ELISA, real time PCR or isolation of the virus from either the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, or serum of an infected pig.<ref name="pigsite"/>

==Spread==
[[File:Warnschild an einem Autobahnparkplatz in Baden-Württemberg bei Bickelberg 02.jpg|thumb|A multi-language sign in Germany telling people to dispose of waste food in closed waste bins to prevent boars eating it]]

The virus can be spread by ticks, but also by swine eating pork products that contain the virus.
Biosecurity measures are essential for prevention and control of African swine fever. Disinfection procedures are an important asset of the mitigation phase. Laboratory tests have been conducted to assess the efficacy of chemical products and commercial disinfectants against African swine fever.<ref name="Beato_etal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beato MS, ((D’Errico F)), Iscaro C, Petrini S, Giammarioli M, Feliziani F| title=Disinfectants against African Swine Fever: An Updated Review | journal=Viruses | publisher=MDPI AG | volume=14 | issue=7 | date=2022-06-24 | issn=1999-4915 | doi=10.3390/v14071384 | page=1384| pmid=35891365 | pmc=9315964 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The National Pig Association, a UK industry body, states<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.npa-uk.org.uk/African_Swine_Fever1.html |title = African Swine Fever}}</ref> that the virus can also be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with infected pigs, faeces or body fluids. As the virus may survive 11 days in pig faeces, and months or years in pork products, the association advises strict biosecurity measures for pig farms including a three-day [[Medicine:Quarantine|quarantine]] on entering the UK, and avoiding both pigs and areas where wild boar are found.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Vaccine research==
Vietnam successfully produced the first vaccine against African swine fever on June 1, 2022.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Vietnam successfully produces vaccine against African swine fever|journal=Vietnam Plus|date=June 1, 2022|access-date=June 2, 2022|url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnam-successfully-produces-vaccine-against-african-swine-fever/229505.vnp}}</ref> In the United States, an experimental vaccine has been in development (since January 22, 2020) against the 2007 Georgia isolate currently circulating, which is attenuated by deletion of the viral I177L gene.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Development of a highly effective African swine fever virus vaccine by deletion of the I177L gene results in sterile immunity against the current epidemic Eurasia strain |author1=Manuel V. Borca |author2=Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina |author3=Ediane Silva |author4=Elizabeth Vuono |author5=Ayushi Rai |author6=Sarah Pruitt |author7=Lauren G. Holinka |author8=Lauro Velazquez-Salinas |author9=James Zhu |author10=Douglas P. Gladue |display-authors=3 |journal=Journal of Virology |volume= 94|year=2020 |issue=7 |doi=10.1128/JVI.02017-19|pmid=31969432 |pmc=7081903 }}</ref> This experimental vaccine was licensed as a vaccine candidate as of January 3, 2023.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Taking a Promising Vaccine Candidate Further: Efficacy of ASFV-G-ΔMGF after Intramuscular Vaccination of Domestic Pigs and Oral Vaccination of Wild Boar |author1=Deutschmann, Paul |author2= Tessa Carrau |author3=Julia Sehl-Ewer |author4= Jan Hendrik Forth |author5= Elisenda Viaplana |author6= Jose Carlos Mancera |author7= Alicia Urniza |author8= Martin Beer |author9= Sandra Blome |display-authors=3 |journal=Pathogens |volume= 11|year=2022 |issue=9 |page=996 |doi=10.3390/pathogens11090996|pmid=36145428 |pmc=9504512 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Asf vaccine candidate developed by UConn in collaboration with USDA licensed by Zoetis|journal=Feed Navigator|date=January 4, 2023|access-date=January 4, 2023|url=https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2023/01/03/asf-vaccine-candidate-developed-by-uconn-in-collaboration-with-usda-licensed-by-zoetis|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104163132/https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2023/01/03/asf-vaccine-candidate-developed-by-uconn-in-collaboration-with-usda-licensed-by-zoetis|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

== History ==
The first outbreak was retrospectively recognized as having occurred in 1907 after ASF was first described in 1921 in Kenya.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arzt |display-authors=0 |title=Agricultural diseases on the move early in the third millennium |journal=Veterinary Pathology |date=2010 |doi=10.1177/0300985809354350 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=15–27 |pmid=20080480|s2cid=31753926 }}</ref> The disease remained restricted to Africa until 1957, when it was reported in [[Place:Lisbon|Lisbon]], Portugal. A further outbreak occurred in Portugal in 1960. Subsequent to these initial introductions, the disease became established in the Iberian peninsula, and sporadic outbreaks occurred in {{wipe|France}}, Belgium, and other European countries during the 1980s. Both {{wipe|Spain}} and Portugal had managed to eradicate the disease by the mid-1990s through a slaughter policy.<ref name="epidem">{{cite journal |last1=Costard |first1=S. |last2=Mur |first2=L. |last3=Lubroth |first3=J. |last4=Sanchez-Vizcaino |first4=J.M. |last5=Pfeiffer |first5=D.U. |year=2013 |title=Epidemiology of African swine fever virus |journal=Virus Research |volume=173 |issue=1 |pages=191–197 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.030 |pmid=23123296|url=http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7338/ }}</ref>

ASFV crossed the [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]], and outbreaks were reported in some Caribbean islands, including Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti).<ref name="Carib">{{cite web | last=Johnson | first=Bridget | title=CBP Ag Specialists on Alert for African Swine Fever After Disease Confirmed in Caribbean | website=HS Today | date=2022-04-14 | url=http://www.hstoday.us/featured/cbp-ag-specialists-on-alert-for-african-swine-fever-after-disease-confirmed-in-caribbean/ | access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref> Resultantly US Customs and Border Protection is on high alert to prevent any spread to the US, which would inflict billions of dollars of damage to the pork industry in the country.<ref name="Carib" /> Major outbreaks of ASF in Africa are regularly reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (previously called ''L'office international des épizooties'').{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In 2018 the virus spread to Asia, affecting more than 10 percent of the total pig population in several countries, leading to severe economic losses in the pig sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1204563/icode/|title=FAO - News Article: One year on, close to 5 million pigs lost to Asia's swine fever outbreak|website=www.fao.org|date=9 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Cuba ===
In 1971, an outbreak of the disease occurred in Cuba, resulting in the slaughter of 500,000 pigs to prevent a nationwide animal epidemic. The outbreak was labeled the "most alarming event" of 1971 by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Six years after the event, the newspaper ''Newsday'', citing untraceable sources,<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Zilinskas |first1= R. A. |title= Cuban Allegations of Biological Warfare by the United States: Assessing the Evidence |doi= 10.1080/10408419991299202 |journal= Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume= 25 |issue= 3 |pages= 173–227 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10524329 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Wheelis |first1= M. |chapter= A Short History of Biological Warfare and Weapons |doi= 10.1007/1-4020-2098-8_3 |title= The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention |series= NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry |volume= 150 |pages= 15–68 |year= 2004 |isbn= 978-1-4020-2096-4 }}</ref> claimed that anti-Castro saboteurs, with at least the tacit backing of U.S. Central Intelligence Agency officials, allegedly introduced African swine fever virus into Cuba six weeks before the outbreak in 1971, to destabilize the Cuban economy and encourage domestic opposition to Fidel Castro. The virus was allegedly delivered to the operatives from an army base in the Panama Canal Zone by an unnamed U.S. intelligence source.<ref>{{cite news |title=CIA Link to Cuban Pig Virus Reported |url=http://www.maebrussell.com/Health/CIA%20Pig%20Virus.html |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=January 10, 1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |title=A People's History of the United States |url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnseven20.html |year=1980 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=United States |isbn=978-0-06-014803-4}}</ref>

=== Western Europe ===
[[File:U.S. Air Force Master Sgt. Kristopher Worcester takes blood sample of a wild boar he killed outside Kaiserslautern to test for African Swine Fever, Germany, 2018-10-02.png|thumb|A hunter takes a blood sample for ASP testing of a wild boar he killed outside Kaiserslautern, Germany, October 2, 2018.]]

ASFV first occurred in Europe in 1957, when it was introduced in Portugal. From there, it spread to Spain and France. Although concerted efforts to eradicate ASFV were undertaken, such as widespread culling and the construction of modern farming facilities, the disease was only eradicated in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/03/its-not-if-its-when-the-deadly-pig-disease-spreading-around-the-world|title='It's not if, it's when': the deadly pig disease spreading around the world|last1=Devlin|first1=Hannah|last2=Davies|first2=Christian|date=2018-09-03|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref>

In September 2018, an outbreak occurred in wild boars in southern Belgium.<ref>Daily newspaper "''L'Avenir du Luxembourg''", 15 September 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/14/europes-farmers-on-red-alert-as-deadly-african-swine-fever-spreads-to-belgium  Europe's farmers on red alert as deadly African swine fever spreads to Belgium].</ref> Professional observers suspect that importation of wild boars from Eastern European countries by game hunters was the origin of the virus.<ref>Different testimonies on RTBF TV channel, end September 2018.</ref> By 4 October, 32 wild boars had tested positive for the virus.<ref>Radio channel RTBF "La Première", 4 October 2018.</ref> For control of the outbreak, 4,000 domestic pigs were slaughtered preventively in the Gaume region, and the forest was declared off-limits for recreation.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In September 2020, the German agriculture minister confirmed on a press conference that the African swine fever virus reached Germany. The virus was discovered on a wild boar carcass, which the test results confirmed all as positive results. The dead boar was located in the district of Spree-Neisse, Brandenburg, just a few kilometres from the Polish border. The dead animal had been there for quite a while according to the Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, which was the agency hired for testing. Following these events the German government tried to lobby China and other Asian countries to allow West German states to keep exporting to Asia, while barring their own eastern states from doing so; the Asian countries ultimately refused these proposals.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASF confirmed in wild boar in Germany |date=10 September 2020 |url=https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2020/9/ASF-confirmed-in-Germany-638926E/ |access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=China bans German pork imports after African swine fever case |newspaper=Reuters |date=12 September 2020 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-swinefever-china/china-bans-german-pork-imports-after-african-swine-fever-case-idUSKBN2630H0 |access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>

In January 2022 an outbreak occurred in northern Italy, detected on some dead wild boars in Liguria and in Piedmont.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20220108/case-of-african-swine-fever-confirmed-in-northern-italy|title=Case of African swine fever confirmed in northern Italy|date=8 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Eastern and Northern Europe ===
An outbreak occurred at the beginning of 2007 in [[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and subsequently spread to [[Place:Armenia|Armenia]], [[Place:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Religion:Iran|Iran]], {{wipe|Russia}}, and {{wipe|Belarus}}, raising concerns that ASFV may spread further geographically and have negative economic effects on the swine industry.<ref name="epidem"/><ref name="ASFV0712">{{cite journal |last1=Gogin |first1=A. |last2=Gerasimov |first2=V. |last3=Malogolovkin |first3=A. |last4=Kolbasov |first4=D. |year=2013 |title=African swine fever in the North Caucasus region and the Russian Federation in years 2007–2012 |journal=Virus Research |volume=173 |issue=1 |pages=198–203 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.007 |pmid=23266725}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.fsvps.ru/fsvps/news/6853.html | title=Россельхознадзор - Новости | date=21 June 2013 | access-date=25 June 2013 | archive-date=8 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608093212/http://www.fsvps.ru/fsvps/news/6853.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:African Swine Fever from 1.01.2018 to 22.09.2018.png|thumb|450px |Evolution of African swine fever across the world from 1 January 2018 to 22 September 2018 in domestic swine (circles) and wild boar (triangles)]]

African swine fever had become endemic in the Russian Federation since spreading into the North Caucasus in November 2007, most likely through movements of infected wild boar from Georgia to Chechnya, said a 2013 report by the Food and Agriculture Organization, a {{wipe|United Nations}} agency.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/aq240e/aq240e.pdf African swine fever in the Russian Federation: risk factors for Europe and beyond, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, May 2013]. Retrieved: 12 August 2015.</ref> The report showed how the disease had spread north from the Caucasus to other parts of the country where pig production was more concentrated the Central Federal District (home to 28.8% of Russia's pigs) and the Volga Federal District (with 25.4% of the national herd) and northwest towards Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and the Baltic nations. In Russia, the report added, the disease was 'on its way to becoming endemic in Tver oblast' (about 106&nbsp;km north of Moscow—and about 500&nbsp;km east of Russia's littoral neighbours on the Baltic. Among the vectors for the spread in Russia of ''African swine fever virus'' was the 'distribution' of 'infected pig products' outside affected (quarantined and trade restricted) areas, travelling large distances (thousands of kilometers) within the country.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

"Wholesale buyers, particularly the military food supply system, hav[ing] been implicated multiple times in the illegal distribution of contaminated meat" were vectors for the virus's spread, said the Food and Agriculture Organization report—and evidence of that was "repeated outbreaks in Leningrad oblast".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2018/08/17/77519-uberech-zhivotnyh-vy-ne-smozhete|title=Уберечь животных вы не сможете|work=Novayagazeta.ru|access-date=2018-09-05|language=ru-RU}}</ref> The report warned that "countries immediately bordering the Russian Federation, particularly {{wipe|Ukraine}}, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and Latvia, are most vulnerable to [African swine fever] introduction and endemic establishment, largely because the biosecurity of their pig sector is predominantly low. Preventing the spread of [African swine fever] into Ukraine is particularly critical for the whole pig production sector in Europe. Given the worrisome developments in the Russian Federation, European countries have to be alert. They must be ready to prevent and to react effectively to [African swine fever] introductions into their territories for many years to come...".  To stop the virus's spread, "the current scenario in the Russian Federation suggests that [prevention] should be particularly stressed at the often informal backyard level and should involve not just pig keepers, but all actors along the whole value chain—butchers, middlemen, slaughterhouses, etc. … They need to be aware of how to prevent and recognize the disease, and must understand the importance of reporting outbreaks to the national authorities … It is particularly important that [African swine fever]-free areas remain free by preventing the [re]introduction of the disease and by swiftly responding to it when it occurs".{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Since around 2007 to August 31, 2018, 1367 cases of ASF of [[Biology:Domestic pig|domestic pig]]s or wild pigs were reported by veterinary department of the Rosselkhoznadzor ({{Lang-ru|Россельхознадзор}}), a Russian federal agency that supervises over agriculture, and state media.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.fsvps.ru/fsvps-docs/ru/iac/asf/2018/08-31/03.pdf|title=Эпизоотическая ситуация в Российской Федерации 2007-2018: 1367 случаев|website=www.fsvps.ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://rg.ru/2017/12/18/reg-ufo/vspyshki-achs-zaregistrirovali-v-chetyreh-regionah-rossii.html|title=Вспышки АЧС зарегистрированы в четырех регионах России|date=2017-12-18|work=Российская газета|access-date=2018-09-05|language=ru}}</ref> According to official report the central and south districts were among most affected by the disease (with several occasions on the east).<ref name=":0"/> Many regions effectively established local quarantines some of which was ended later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tass.ru/sibir-news/4718371|title=В Омской области снят карантин по африканской чуме свиней|work=ТАСС|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.nashbryansk.ru/2016/09/15/routine/snyali-karantin/|title=В Брянской области сняли карантин по АЧС {{!}} Наш Брянск·Ru|website=news.nashbryansk.ru|date=15 September 2016 |language=ru|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://iz.ru/773098/2018-08-01/karantin-vveli-v-sverdlovskoi-oblasti-iz-za-virusa-achs|title=Карантин ввели в Свердловской области из-за вируса АЧС|date=2018-08-01|work=Известия|access-date=2018-09-05|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3447902|title=Карантин по АЧС в Воронежской области отменен досрочно|date=2017-10-23|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref>

In August 2012, an outbreak of African swine fever was reported in {{wipe|Ukraine}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine reports its first outbreak of African swine fever |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2012-08-02 |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-02/ukraine-reports-its-first-outbreak-of-african-swine-fever-1-.html |access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

In June 2013, an outbreak was reported in {{wipe|Belarus}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia bans hogs and pork from Belarus on African swine fever |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2013-07-08 |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-08/russia-bans-hogs-and-pork-from-belarus-on-african-swine-fever.html |access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

In January 2014, authorities announced the presence of African swine fever in Lithuania and {{wipe|Poland}},<ref>{{cite news |script-title=ru:Россельхознадзор запретит ввоз свинины из Литвы из-за АЧС в ближайшее время |language=ru |trans-title=Rosselkhoznadzor bans the import of pigs from Lithuania immediately on account of ASF |agency=ITAR-TASS |location=Russia |date=2014-01-24 |url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/911952 |access-date=2014-01-26 |quote=[...] глава ветеринарно-пищевой службы Литвы Йонас Милюс представил российской стороне факты о том, что у двух диких кабанов на территории страны был выявлен вирус АЧС, который стал причиной их гибели [...]}}<!--location parameter is publisher location--></ref> in June 2014 in Latvia, and in July 2015 in Estonia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latvia extends emergency zone for African swine fever |agency=AFP |publisher=terradaily.com |date=2014-07-22 |url= http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Latvia_extends_emergency_zone_for_African_swine_fever_999.html |access-date=2014-07-28 |quote=[...] Latvia on Tuesday declared a state of emergency in a second area of this Baltic EU state as efforts continued to contain an outbreak of deadly African swine fever in its pig population.[...] Straujuma blamed wild boar crossing in from Russia for Latvia's first-ever outbreak of the disease, detected on June 26. In July, 3 farms discovered African swine fever in Estonia. [...]}}</ref>

Estonia in July 2015 recorded its first case of African swine fever in farmed pigs in Valgamaa on the country's border with Latvia. Another case was reported same day in Viljandi county, which also borders Latvia. All the pigs were culled and their carcasses incinerated.<ref>[https://news.err.ee/116340/african-swine-fever-spreads-to-farmed-pigs-500-animals-to-be-exterminated ''African swine fever spreads to farmed pigs, 500 animals to be exterminated'', Estonian Public Broadcasting, Tallinn, 21 July 2015]. Retrieved: 12 August 2015.</ref> Less than a month later, almost 15,000 farmed pigs had been culled and the country was "struggling to get rid of hundreds of tons of carcasses". The death toll was "expected to rise".<ref>[https://news.err.ee/116481/close-to-15-000-pigs-killed-as-african-swine-fever-ravages-estonian-farms Close to 23,000 pigs killed as African swine fever ravages Estonian farms, Estonian Public Broadcasting, Tallinn, 21 July 2015]. Retrieved: 12 August 2015.</ref>

Latvia in January 2017 declared African swine fever emergency in relation to outbreaks in three regions, including a pig farm in Krimulda region, that resulted in a cull of around 5,000 sows and piglets by using gas.<ref>[http://www.porknetwork.com/news/industry/african-swine-fever-causes-emergency-latvia ''Farms in three regions have all reported outbreaks.'', Pork Network, 20 January 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112454/http://www.porknetwork.com/news/industry/african-swine-fever-causes-emergency-latvia |date=22 March 2017 }}. Retrieved: 21 March 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.wattagnet.com/articles/29558-latvia-declares-african-swine-fever-emergency ''Latvia declares African swine fever emergency'', Watt Ag Net, 23 January 2017]. Retrieved: 21 March 2017.</ref> In February, another massive pig cull was required, after an industrial-scale farm of the same company in Salaspils region was found infected, leading to a cull of about 10,000 pigs.<ref>[https://eng.lsm.lv/article/economy/economy/another-massive-pig-cull-required.a222801/ ''Another massive pig cull required'', Public broadcasting of Latvia, 8 February 2017]. Retrieved: 21 March 2017.</ref>

In June 2017, the Czech Republic recorded its historically first case of African swine fever.<ref>[https://www.svscr.cz/zdravi-zvirat/africky-mor-prasat-amp/ ASF first time recorded in Czech republic - official report in Czech]. [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=cs&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svscr.cz%2Fzdravi-zvirat%2Fafricky-mor-prasat-amp%2F&edit-text=&act=url ASF first time recorded in Czech republic - machine translation]. [https://www.svscr.cz/africky-mor-prasat-aktualni-informace The most recent information about the ASF in Czech republic - Czech]</ref> The veterinary administration of Zlin prevented the spread of the ASF infection by confining the contaminated zone via odor fences. Odor fences with a total length of 44.5&nbsp;km were effective in keeping wild boar inside the health zone.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In 2018, Romania experienced a nationwide African swine fever pandemic, which prompted the slaughter of most farm pigs.<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/romania-battles-african-swine-fever-outbreak/a-45285083 ''Romania battles African swine fever outbreak'', DW, 29 August 2018]. Retrieved: 3 September 2018</ref>

In August 2018, authorities announced the first outbreak of African swine fever in Bulgaria.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bulgaria-swineflu-pigs/bulgaria-reports-its-first-outbreak-of-african-swine-fever-idUSKCN1LG2HF ''Bulgaria reports its first outbreak of African swine fever'', Reuters, 31 August 2018]</ref> By July 2019 five Bulgarian pig farms had had outbreaks of African swine fever.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.rte.ie/news/europe/2019/0731/1066229-swine-fever/ |title = Fifth Bulgarian pig farm hit by African swine fever|journal = RTÉ News|date = 2019-07-31}}</ref>

In July 2019, authorities announced the first outbreak of African swine fever in Slovakia.<ref>[African swine fever diagnosed in Slovakia, ''The Slovak Spectator'', 7 August 2019]</ref>

In February 2020, authorities announced the first outbreak of African swine fever in a restricted area of Northern Greece.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-swinefever-idUSKBN2001MA|title=Greece reports first case of African swine fever|date=2020-02-06|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-02-06|language=en}}</ref>

In January 2021, Romania suffered again from a new breakout of the African swine fever virus that started in the Brăila County.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://obiectivbr.ro/content/un-nou-focar-de-pestă-porcină-africană-în-județul-brăila-la-începutul-anului|title=Un nou focar de pesta porcină africană în județul Brăila, la începutul anului|first=Florentin|last=Coman|newspaper=Obiectiv Vocea Brăilei|date=6 January 2021|language=ro}}</ref>

In January 2022, ASF cases were reported in Northern Italy, Latvia and Hungary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Swine Fever detected in two more European countries {{!}} Pig World|date=13 January 2022 |url=https://www.pig-world.co.uk/news/african-swine-fever-detected-in-two-more-european-countries.html|access-date=2022-01-13|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-11|title=Hungary reports African swine fever in nine wild boars - OIE|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/hungary-reports-african-swine-fever-nine-wild-boars-oie-2022-01-11/|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-13|title=Italy bans hunting, other activities in regions hit by swine fever|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italy-bans-hunting-other-activities-regions-hit-by-swine-fever-2022-01-13/|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref>

In September 2023, one case was reported from Sweden.<ref name="SVA">National Veterinary Institute (Sweden) ''[https://www.sva.se/amnesomraden/djursjukdomar-a-o/afrikansk-svinpest/#VetContentx0 Afrikansk svinpest]''. Retrieved: 2023-09-07.</ref>

=== 2018–2020 African swine fever panzootic ===
==== China and East Asia ====
{{Expand Chinese
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In August 2018, {{wipe|China}} reported the first African swine fever outbreak in Liaoning province, which was also the first reported case in East Asia.<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2158213/china-culls-pigs-after-reports-first-african-swine-fever-outbreak China culls 900 pigs after reports of first African swine fever outbreak in country].</ref> By September 1, 2018, the country had culled more than 38,000 hogs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/china-says-has-culled-over-38-000-hogs-due-to-african-swine-fever-10676844|title=China says has culled over 38,000 hogs due to African swine fever|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en-US|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904182318/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/china-says-has-culled-over-38-000-hogs-due-to-african-swine-fever-10676844|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since the week of September 10, 2018, China has blocked transports of live pigs and pig products in a large part of the country<ref>[https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/asf-china-all-outbreaks-and-transport-bans/ Pig Progress, overview of ASF outbreaks and transport bans in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914165748/https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/asf-china-all-outbreaks-and-transport-bans/ |date=14 September 2018 }}.</ref> to avoid spread beyond the 6 provinces where the virus was then confirmed. By the end of 2018, the outbreaks had been reported in 23 provinces and municipalities across China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-swinefever-idUSKCN1OW0RB|title=African swine fever hits huge, foreign-invested Chinese farm|date=2019-01-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-01-03|language=en}}</ref> On April 25, 2019, the virus was reported to have spread to every region of China, as well as parts of [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], including Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.<ref name=BBC_Santorelli>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-47956960 |title=Is China losing the battle against an incurable pig virus? |author=Leisha Santorelli |publisher=BBC |date=25 April 2019 |access-date=26 April 2019 }}</ref> The Chinese pig population was reported to have declined by almost 100 million compared with the previous year, driving European pork prices to reach a six-year high.<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/31/quarter-of-worlds-pig-population-to-die-of-african-swine-fever |title=Quarter of world's pig population 'to die due to African swine fever' |publisher=Guardian |date=31 October 2019 |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>

Ze Chen, Shan Gao, and co-workers from Nankai University detected ASFV in ''[[Biology:Dermacentor|Dermacentor]]'' (hard ticks) from sheep and bovines using small [[Biology:RNA-Seq|RNA sequencing]]. This 235-bp segment had an identity of 99% to a 235-bp DNA segment of ASFV and contained three single nucleotide mutations (C38T, C76T and A108C). C38T, resulting in a single amino-acid mutation G66D, suggests the existence of a new ASFV strain, which is different from all reported ASFV strains in the [[Biology:GenBank|NCBI Genbank]] database and the ASFV strain (GenBank: MH713612.1) reported in China in 2018.<ref name="ChenXu2018">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Ze |last2=Xu |first2=Xiaofeng |last3=Yang |first3=Xiaojun |last4=Dou |first4=Weihao |last5=Jin |first5=Xiufeng |last6=Ji |first6=Haishuo |last7=Liu |first7=Guangyuan |last8=Luo |first8=Jianxun |last9=Yin |first9=Hong |last10=Shan |first10=Gao |year=2018 |title=DNA segment of African Swine Fever Virus first detected in hard ticks from sheep and bovine|journal=Systematic & Applied Acarology|volume=24|issue=1|pages=180–184|doi=10.11158/saa.24.1.13|biorxiv=10.1101/485060|s2cid=91492025 }}</ref> In December 2019, China banned imports of pigs and wild boars from Indonesia because of African swine fever outbreaks that reached 392 on 17 December.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-swinefever-imports-idUSKBN1YY0K7|title=China bans imports of pigs from Indonesia due to African swine fever|date=2019-12-30|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-12-30|language=en}}</ref>

On September 2019, {{wipe|South Korea}} confirmed a second case of African swine fever at a pig farm in Yeoncheon, where 4,700 pigs had been raised, a day after reporting its first-ever outbreak of the virus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-swinefever-idUSKBN1W22R7|title=South Korea confirms second case of deadly African swine fever,...|date=2019-09-18|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-09-18|language=en}}</ref> As of 31 October 2019, the virus has been detected in domestic pigs in nine places in Gyeonggi-do and five places in Incheon City. It was also confirmed in 18 wild boars from Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do, inside or near the Civilian Control Zone.<ref name="FAO" />

The South Korean government set a buffer zone to separate affected areas from the rest of the country and instituted a compensation scheme for farms within {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} of infected farms.<ref name="FAO" />

Between December 2018 and June 2019, ten pig carcasses infected with ASF washed up on the shore in Kinmen (Quemoy) county. In June 2019, the government temporarily halted export of pigs and pork products from Kinmen county after two infected pig carcasses were discovered on the shore. Nearby farms were inspected by veterinarians and no live pigs tested positive for ASF.<ref name="taipeitimesjune2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/06/09/2003716601|title=Taiwan halts exports of Kinmen pork products|date=9 June 2019|access-date=17 May 2020|website=Taipei Times}}</ref> On February 3, 2020, another infected pig carcass was discovered on the shore of Lieyu (Lesser Kinmen), bringing the total number of infected pig carcasses found on Kinmen county shores to eleven.<ref name="focustaiwan"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nspp.mofa.gov.tw/nsppe/news.php?post=170766&unit=&postname=ASF-prevention-measures-strengthened-in-Kinmen|title=ASF prevention measures strengthened in Kinmen|date=6 February 2020|access-date=17 May 2020|website=New Southbound Policy}}</ref> In April 2020, a twelfth pig carcass confirmed to be carrying African swine fever virus washed up on the shore of Lieyu (Lesser Kinmen). After testing, no outbreak of the disease was detected in the seven active hog farms on the island.<ref name="focustaiwan">{{cite web|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202004180017|title=Pig carcass found in Kinmen tests positive for ASF|date=18 April 2020|access-date=17 May 2020|website=Focus Taiwan|author1=Wu Hsin-yun |author2=Huang Huei-min |author3=Ko Lin|quote=To date, Kinmen has confirmed ASF in 12 pig carcasses that washed ashore.}}</ref><ref name="tapeitimesapril2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/04/20/2003734957|title=Taiwan News Quick Take|date=20 April 2020|access-date=17 May 2020|website=Taipei Times|quote=To date, 12 pig carcasses that washed ashore in Kinmen have tested positive for swine fever.}}</ref> On May 29, China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs said on Friday it had found a new outbreak of African swine fever near the city of Lanzhou in northwestern Gansu province.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Dominique |last=Patton |date=2020-05-29|title=China reports African swine fever outbreak in Gansu province|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-swinefever-idUSKBN2351GM|access-date=2021-06-01}}</ref>

On April 9, 2019, a pig carcass with ASF was discovered on the shore of Nangan in the Matsu Islands (Lienchiang County) leading to a week-long ban on the transport of pigs from the county.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3676658|title=Dead pig floating off Taiwan island of Matsu diagnosed with African swine fever|date=9 April 2019|access-date=17 May 2020|website=Taiwan News|author=Matthew Strong}}</ref>

==== Southeast Asia ====
The {{wipe|Philippines}}' [[Organization:Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Department of Agriculture]] started a probe in August 2019 regarding incidents of hog deaths in towns in Rizal and Bulacan for suspected African swine fever cases. The department ordered the culling of pigs within a {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} radius of affected farms.<ref name="phconfirms">{{cite news |last1=Yap |first1=Cecilia |last2=Jiao |first2=Claire |title=Philippines Confirms African Swine Fever Caused Pig Deaths |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-09/philippines-confirms-african-swine-fever-caused-pig-deaths?srnd=markets-vp |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=Bloomberg |date=9 September 2019}}</ref>

The first case of African swine fever in the Philippines was confirmed on 9 September 2019 by the country's agriculture department.<ref>{{cite news |title=Philippines confirms 1st case of African swine fever |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/09/c_138377258.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003045437/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/09/c_138377258.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=9 September 2019 |agency=Xinhua |date=9 September 2019}}</ref> The department sent 20 blood samples to the United Kingdom for testing, with 14 samples testing positive for African swine fever virus. At the time of the confirmation, though, the department has stated that the disease has not reached epidemic levels yet and is still assessing its severity.<ref name="phconfirms"/>

On 16 September 2019, the Bureau of Animal Industry's Director Ronnie Domingo confirmed that the status of the virus in the country is in an outbreak level in Rizal, Bulacan, [[Place:Quezon City|Quezon City]], and also confirmed across the provinces of Pampanga and Pangasinan in the end of September.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Vietnam confirmed its first case of African swine fever on 19 February 2019. As of 31 October 2019, all 63 provinces / municipalities have reported outbreaks and more than 5,700,000 pigs have been culled.<ref name="FAO">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/situation_update.html|title=FAO ASF situation update - African Swine Fever (ASF) - FAO Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH)|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref>

The Vietnamese government acted to limit movement of pigs and pig products and implemented measures to prevent, promptly detect and strictly handle cases of smuggling, illegal transportation, and trafficking of animals and animal products—especially of pigs and pig products—into the country.<ref name="FAO" />

ASF was reported on farms near the capital city, [[Place:Dili|Dili]] in East Timor from 9 September 2019. On 30 September 2019, it was reported that 405 animals were killed or culled.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2019/9/ASF-Asia-Pork-prices-rise-as-virus-reaches-East-Timor-478816E/|title=Pork prices rise as virus reaches East Timor|website=pigprogress.net|date=30 September 2019}}</ref> By the end of October 2019, a total of 100 outbreaks in smallholder pig farms had been recorded in Dili.<ref name="FAO" />

In Sabah, Malaysia, outbreaks of ASF had been detected in domestic pigs by February 2021.<ref>{{cite web
 | url =https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/18325/sabah-dead-pigs-linked-to-african-swine-fever
 | title =Sabah dead pigs linked to African swine fever
 | last =
 | first =
 | date =20 February 2021
 | website =The Vibes
 | publisher =
 | access-date =20 August 2021
 | quote = }}</ref> However, large numbers of dead wild pigs had been reported dead since January,<ref>{{cite web
 | url =https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/16510/wild-boars-die-mysteriously-en-masse-in-eastern-sabah
 | title =Mass wild boar deaths in eastern Sabah puzzle authorities
 | last =
 | first =
 | date = 4 February 2021
 | website =The Vibes
 | publisher =
 | access-date =20 August 2021
 | quote = }}</ref> and over a hundred Bornean bearded pigs had been found dead as of March 2021; the Sabah Wildlife Department later stated that it was probably due to ASF.<ref>{{cite web
 | url =https://juiceonline.com/100-borneo-bearded-pigs-found-dead-in-sabah-due-to-spread-of-african-swine-fever/
 | title =100 Borneo Bearded Pigs Found Dead in Sabah Due to Spread of African Swine Fever
 | last =Ammar Haziq
 | date =18 March 2021
 | website =Juice Online
 | publisher =
 | access-date =20 August 2021
 | quote = }}</ref> Other Southeast Asian pig species are thought to also be vulnerable including the (Sulawesi) Celebes warty pig.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ewers |first1=Robert M. |last2=Nathan |first2=Senthilvel K. S. S. |last3=Lee |first3=Peter A. K. |title=African swine fever ravaging Borneo's wild pigs |journal=Nature |date=4 May 2021 |volume=593 |issue=7857 |pages=37 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01189-3 |pmid=33947991 |bibcode=2021Natur.593...37E |s2cid=233744384 }}</ref>

==== India ====
On 29 April 2020, {{wipe|India}} reported the first African Swine Fever disease outbreak in the state of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. It has been said that the disease is being spread via transboundary transmission from {{wipe|China}}. According to the data available with the veterinary department, over 15,000 pigs has been recorded dead from the 9 affected districts so far in Assam viz. Golaghat, Majuli, Dibrugarh, Kamrup, Dhemaji, Biswanath, North Lakhimpur, Sivasagar, Jorhat. Sale and consumption of pork meat have been banned in the affected districts of Assam. On 4 July, the test results of certain pig carcass samples came in as a confirmation for African Swine Fever in Bokakhat subdivision of Golaghat. The pig mortality reached around 800 numbers in Bokakhat. It is suspected that the infection came into the region from Kamargaon which is located near Bokakhat.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== Historical theories ==
The appearance of ASF outside Africa at about the same time as the emergence of AIDS led to some interest in whether the two were related, and a report appeared in ''The Lancet'' supporting this in 1986.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Feorino |first1= P. |last2= Schable |first2= G. |last3= Schochetman |first3= G. |last4= Jaffe |first4= H. |last5= Curran |first5= J. |last6= Witte |first6= J. |last7= Hess |first7= W. |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90339-9 |title= Aids and African Swine Fever Virus |journal= The Lancet |volume= 328 |issue= 8510 |pages= 815 |year= 1986 |pmid= 2876270|s2cid= 43207722 }}</ref> However, the realization that the human immunodeficiency virus ([[Biology:HIV|HIV]]) causes AIDS discredited any potential connection with ASF.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

== See also ==
* [[Biology:Veterinary virology|Veterinary virology]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* Canadian Food Inspection Agency
** [http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/african-swine-fever/eng/1306983245302/1306983373952 African swine fever]
** [http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/biosecurity/tools/eng/1344790074044/1344790183249 Biosecurity training video]
** [http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/biosecurity/eng/1299868055616/1320534707863 Farm-level biosecurity practices]
* European Commission
** [https://ec.europa.eu/food/animals/animal-diseases/control-measures/asf_en Current Situation]
** [https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/animals/docs/ad_control-measures_asf_pl-lt-regionalisation.pdf Map of affected regions in the EU]
* World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
** [http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Diseaseinformation/Diseasehome Current status of African Swine Fever worldwide] at OIE. WAHID Interface—OIE World Animal Health Information Database
** [http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/technical-disease-cards/ Technical disease cards]
* U.S. Department of Agriculture
** [https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/swine-disease-information/african-swine-fever/african-swine-fever Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]
** [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/pathogens-and-diseases/african-swine-fever Species Profile - African Swine Fever], National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q195760}}

[[Category:Asfarviridae]]

{{Sourceattribution|African swine fever virus}}