View source for Biology:Amphictis

{{Short description|Genus of extinct carnivore}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Oligocene|Middle Miocene}}
| image = Amphictis antiqua.JPG
| image_caption = Skull of ''Amphictis antiqua''
| display_parents = 2
| parent_authority = Winge, 1896
| taxon = Amphictis
| authority = Pomel, 1853
| type_species = †'''''Amphictis antiqua'''''
| type_species_authority = (de Blainville, 1842)
| subdivision_ranks = Other Species
| subdivision = {{Species list|
†''Amphictis ambigua''|(Gervais, 1872)|
†''Amphictis borbonica''|Viret, 1929|
†''Amphictis cuspida''|Nagel, 2003|
†''Amphictis milloquensis''|(Helbing, 1928)|
†''Amphictis  prolongata''|Morlo, 1996|
†''Amphictis schlosseri''|Heizmann & Morlo, 1994|
†''Amphictis timucua''|Baskin, 2017|
†''Amphictis wintershofensis''|Roth, 1994}}
}}

'''''Amphictis''''' is an extinct genus of [[Biology:Ailuridae|ailurid]] that existed from the Late Oligocene to the [[Earth:Middle Miocene|Middle Miocene]] with [[Biology:Fossil|fossil]]s found in [[Earth:Eurasia|Eurasia]] and [[Earth:North America|North America]] with a total of nine described species.<ref name="Baskin2017">{{cite journal|author-first=Jon A. |author-last=Baskin |year=2017 |title=Additional carnivorans from the early Hemingfordian Miller Local Fauna, Florida |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=37 |issue=2 |page=e1293069 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1293069 |bibcode=2017JVPal..37E3069B |s2cid=90182619 }}</ref> The interrelationships of the different species as well as their relationship to the other ailurids is not fully understood.<ref name=Morloetal2010>{{cite book |title=Carnivoran Evolution: New Views on Phylogeny, Form, and Function |author-last1=Morlo |author-first1=Michael |author-last2=Peigné |author-first2=Stéphane |editor1-first=Anjali |editor1-last=Goswami |editor2-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Friscia |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-73586-5 |pages=92–140 |chapter=Molecular and morphological evidence for Ailuridae and a review of its genera |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139193436.005}}</ref> Usually ''Amphictis'' is classified in the basal monotypic subfamily '''Amphictinae''', but there is not certain as the genus could potentially be a paraphyletic with the Oligocene species ''A. borbonica'' being a potential sister taxon to the ancestor of the subfamily [[Biology:Ailurinae|Ailurinae]] (today consisting just the [[Biology:Red panda|red panda]]), while a Middle Miocene clade consisting of an [[Biology:Anagenesis|anagenesis]] line from ''A. prolongata''–to–''A. wintershofensis''–to–''A. cuspida'' being closer to the ancestry of the now extinct [[Biology:Simocyoninae|Simocyoninae]] (with ''A. wintershofensis'' being the sister taxon to the clade). This is due to the nature of their [[Biology:Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy|plesiomorphic]] nature of their anatomy.<ref name=Morloetal2010/>

==Taxonomy==
The first and type species was originally described as ''[[Biology:Viverra|Viverra]] antiqua'' in 1842,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=de Blainville |first1=Henri Marie Ducrotay |date=1842 |title= Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des cinq classes d'animaux vertébrés récents et fossiles: pour servir de base a la zoologie et a la géologie |location=Paris |publisher=J.B. Baillière et fils}}</ref> but was assigned to a new genus ''Amphictis'' in 1853.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pomel|first1=Auguste|title=Catalogue des vertébrés fossiles (suite) |journal=Ann Scient Litt Ind Auvergne |volume=26 |date=1853 |pages=81–229}}</ref> A second species, ''Amphictis ambigua'' (sometimes spelled ''A. ambiguus'') was described in 1872.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gervais |first=Paul |date=1872 |title=Mammifères dont les ossements accompagnent les dépôts de chaux phosphatée des départements du Tarn-et-Garonne et du Lot |trans-title= |url= |language=French |journal=Journal de Zoologie |volume=1 |issue= |pages=261–268 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> Another three species, ''A. japonica'', ''A. sarsi'', and ''A. wyvillei'', were described in 1885,<ref>{{cite journal |last=McIntosh |first=William C. |date=1885 |title=Report on the Annelida Polychæta collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76 |url= |journal=Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873–76, Zoology |volume=12 |issue=34 |pages=i–xxxvi; 1–554; Pls. 1–55, 1a–39a |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> but have since been reassigned or synonymized.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} Further species described include ''A. milloquensis'' in 1928,<ref>{{cite book |last=Helbing |first=Hermann |date=1928 |title=Carnivoren des oberen Stampien |trans-title= |url= |publisher=Birkhäuser }}</ref> ''A. borbonica'' in 1929,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Viret |first=Jean |date=1929 |title=Les faunes de Mammifères de líOligocène supérieur de la Limagne bourbonnaise |trans-title= |url= |language=French |journal=Annales de l'Université de Lyon |series=Nouvelle série, 1 Sciences, médecine |volume=47 |issue= |pages=1–328 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> ''A. schlosseri'' and ''A. wintershofensis'' both in 1994,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heizmann |first1=Elmar P. J. |last2=Morlo |first2=Michael |date=1994 |title=''Amphictis schlosseri'' n. sp. – eine neue Carnivoren-Art (Mammalia) aus dem Unter-Miozän von Südwestdeutschland |trans-title= |url= |language= |journal=Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde |series=Serie B (Geologie und Palaeontologie) |volume=216 |issue= |pages=1–25 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>Roth (1994) in Heizmann and Morlo (1994) (op. cit.)</ref> and ''A. prolongata'' in 1996.<ref name="Morlo1996">{{cite journal |last=Morlo |first=Michael |date=1996 |title=Carnivoren aus dem Unter-Miozän des Mainzer Beckens |trans-title= |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03042850 |language= |journal=Senckenbergiana Lethaea |volume=76 |issue= 1–2|pages=193–249 |doi=10.1007/BF03042850 |s2cid=131401280 |access-date=}}</ref> 

Another species, ''A. aginensis'', was described in 1973<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bonis |first=L. de |date=1973 |title=Contribution à l'étude des mammifères de l'Aquitanien de l'Agenais. Rongeurs — Carnivores — Périssodactyles |trans-title= |url= |language= |journal=Mémoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle |volume=28 |issue= |pages=1–192 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> but was reassigned to the genus ''Stromeriella'' in 1996.<ref name="Morlo1996"/> An eighth species, ''A. cuspida'', was described in 2003<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nagel |first=D. |date=2003 |title=Carnivora from the middle Miocene hominoid locality of Çandir (Turkey) |url= |journal=Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg |volume=240 |pages=113–132 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> and a ninth, ''A. timicua'', in 2017.<ref name="Baskin2017"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q65144472|from2=Q11905381|from3=Q120416105|from4=Q120416118|from5=Q120416138|from6=Q120416147|from7=Q120416150|from8=Q120416153|from9=Q120416159|from10=Q120416163|from11=Q120416174}}

[[Category:Oligocene caniforms]]
[[Category:Ailuridae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Amphictis}}