View source for Biology:Arctoscopus japonicus

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Arctoscopus japonicus Umigatari.png
| taxon = Arctoscopus japonicus
| parent_authority = Jordan and Evermann, 1896<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |title=''Arctoscopus'' Jordan & Evermann, 1896 |id=268376 |year=2014 |db=FishBase |accessdate=20 June 2018}}</ref>
| authority = ([[Biography:Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1881)<ref name= FishBase>{{FishBase|Arctoscopus|japonicus|month=February|year=2018}}</ref><ref name=ITIS>{{ITIS| taxon = ''Arctoscopus japonicus''|id=170916|accessdate=25 September 2018}}</ref>
| synonyms = * ''Trichodon japonicus'' <small>Steindachner, 1881</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = FishBase/>
}}

'''''Arctoscopus japonicus''''', the '''sailfin sandfish''' or '''Japanese sandfish''', is a species of fish of the [[Biology:Percomorpha|Percomorpha]] (perch-like) [[Biology:Clade|clade]] in the [[Biology:Order|order]] [[Biology:Trachiniformes|Trachiniformes]], being one of the two genera in the family [[Biology:Trichodontidae|Trichodontidae]], the sandfishes. Known in Japan as {{nihongo||ハタハタ, 鰰, 鱩, 燭魚|hatahata}}, it is a commercially important fish especially for Akita and Yamagata prefectures.<ref name="masuda"/> Its habitat occurs in sandy-mud bottoms ranging from the Sea of Japan to the Okhotsk Sea.<ref name="FishBase"/>

As a food source, the fish has mostly been sourced locally from the coastal region of the Sea of Japan, and has been designated the official prefectural fish of Akita Prefecture.<ref name="makino"/> The fish, which is scaleless, may be prepared whole as braised or grilled fish, and has a mucilaginous consistency.<ref name="lowry"/> It is also dried to make stockfish; salted, dried, and made into ''himono''; and cured in miso as ''misozuke''. It is the main ingredient of the fish sauce called ''shottsuru''.<ref name="homma"/> The egg masses are known as ''burikko''.<ref name="homma"/> In [[Social:Korean language|Korean]] the fish is called {{linktext|도|루|묵}} ''dorumuk''.<ref name="FishBase"/>

The fish had also been used dried or in fish meal form as fertilizer, and shipped to agricultural areas at one time, into the 20th century.

== Life cycle and behavior==
''Arctoscopus japonicus'' has a life span of 5 years,<ref name="makino"/> attaining a typical fork length of {{convert|20|cm}}.<ref name="kim-lee-cha">{{citation |last1=Kim |first1=Chang Gil|last2=Lee |first2=Sung Il|last3=Cha |first3=Hyung Kee |first4=Jae Hyeong |last4=Yang |first5=Yong Soo |last5=Son |editor-first=Stephen A. |editor-last=Bortone |editor-first2=Frederico Pereira |editor-last2=Brandini |editor-first3=Gianna |editor-last3=Fabi |editor-first4=Shinya |editor-last4=Otake |contribution=Enhancement of sandfish, ''Arctoscopus japonicus'', by artificial reefs in the eastern waters of Korea|title=Artificial Reefs in Fisheries Management|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|pages=111–124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L5nva1nXvsC&pg=PA111|isbn=978-1439820087}}</ref> It is a [[Earth:Deep sea fish|deep sea fish]] that usually inhabits sandy and muddy sea floors in waters {{convert|200|to|400|m}} ({{convert|550|m}}<ref name="fishbase50550">Fedorov, V.V., I.A. Chereshnev, M.V. Nazarkin, A.V. Shestakov and V.V. Volobuev, 2003. Catalog of marine and freshwater fishes of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2003. 204 p.</ref>) deep, but migrates from November to January to spawn in shallow rocky beds of seaweed.<ref name="kim-lee-cha"/> The males reach sexual maturity at {{frac|1|1|2}} years of age and beyond, and females at the 2-year-old stage; the individuals do not die after single spawning, and have several breeding cycles during their life span.<ref name="makino">{{citation|last=Makino|first=Mitsutaku|title=Fisheries Management in Japan: Its institutional features and case studies|publisher=Springer|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfAqoA1D7loC&pg=PA178|page=178|isbn=978-9400717770}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abchan.job.affrc.go.jp/digests24/details/2449.pdf |title=平成 24 年度ハタハタ日本海北部系群の資源評価 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184301/http://abchan.job.affrc.go.jp/digests24/details/2449.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomoda |first1=Tsutomu |last2=Hotta |first2=Kazuo |last3=Morioka |first3=Taizo |title=Growth, spawning and migration of hatchery-reared Japanese sandfish ''Arctoscopus japonicus'' released in Nanao Bay and Toyama Bay |journal=Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1039–1045 |doi= 10.2331/suisan.72.1039|year=2006 |doi-access=free }} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250157719_Growth_spawning_and_migration_of_hatchery-reared_Japanese_sandfish_Arctoscopus_japonicus_released_in_Nanao_Bay_and_Toyama_Bay abstract]</ref>

It preys and feeds on [[Biology:Amphipoda|amphipods]], [[Biology:Copepod|copepod]]s, [[Biology:Mysidacea|mysidacea]], krill, squid, and fish.<ref name="makino"/><ref>{{citation|last1=Komoto|first1=Ryota (甲本亮太)|last2=Kudo|first2=Yuki (工藤裕紀)|last3=Takatsu|first3=Tetsuya (髙津哲也)|title=Vertical distribution and feeding habits of Japanese sandfish (''Arctoscopus japonicus'') larvae and juveniles off Akita Prefecture in the Sea of Japan|journal=水産増殖 (Suisan Zōshoku)|volume=59|number=4|year=2011|pages=615&ndash;630|hdl=2115/51002}} [http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/51002 abstract]</ref>

=== Distribution ===
It is distributed in the northwestern [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]], particularly the Sea of Japan to the Okhotsk Sea, Kurile Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula.<ref>{{Harvnb|Okiyama|1990}}; cited in {{Harvnb|Shibata|1993|p=17}}</ref>

Three broad regional population groups had been postulated by Okiyama (1970) based on tagging,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Okiyama|first1=M. (沖山宗雄)|title=ハタハタの資源生物学的研究.II系統群(予報)|journal=日本海区水産研究所研究報告|volume=22|pages=59–69}}, cited by {{Harvnb|Shirai|Kuranaga|Sugiyama|Higuchi|2006|p=357}}</ref> and later [[Biology:Mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial DNA]] analysis confirmed these grouping on a genetic basis.<ref>Finding in {{Harvnb|Shirai|Kuranaga|Sugiyama|Higuchi|2006}}, summarized in {{Harvnb|Shirai|Goto|Hirose|2007|p=47}} (latter is in Japanese)</ref> The population groups are:<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shirai |first1=Shigeru |last2=Kuranaga |first2=Ryoji |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Hideki |last4=Higuchi |first4=Masahito |title=Population structure of the sailfin sandfish, ''Arcto scopus japonicus'' (Trichodontidae), in the Sea of Japan |journal=Ichthyological Research |volume=53 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=357–368 |doi= 10.1007/s10228-006-0356-0|s2cid=22867391 }}</ref><ref name="A_PR54_47">{{cite journal |last1=Shirai |first1=S. M. (白井茂) |last2=Goto |first2=Tomoaki (後藤友明) |last3=Hirose |first3=Taro (廣瀬太郎) |title=2004年2-3月に得られた岩手沖のハタハタは日本海から来遊した |journal=魚類学雑誌 |volume=54 |number=1 |year=2007 |pages=47–58 |url= https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jji1950/54/1/54_1_47/_article/-char/ja/}}</ref>
* Western Japan (WJ) – This is a group that migrate the coast of the Sea of Japan from Tottori to Akita Prefecture. It comprises the "northern Sea of Japan" and "western Sea of Japan" subgroups.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shirai |first=Shigeru M. (白井滋) |title=ハタハタ 日本海西部系群の由来 (予報) |journal=Ichthyological Research |year=2009 |url=http://jsnfri.fra.affrc.go.jp/kenkyu/ronbun/H19ronbun/shuuroku-43,30-31.pdf }} [http://aquadb.fra.affrc.go.jp/~aquadb/cgi-bin/speciesinfo.cgi?LANG=jp&TTAXID=148607&TARGET=1 pdf (alternate site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330113116/http://aquadb.fra.affrc.go.jp/~aquadb/cgi-bin/speciesinfo.cgi?LANG=jp&TTAXID=148607&TARGET=1 |date=2014-03-30 }}</ref><ref name="watanabe">{{cite journal |last1=Watanabe |first1=Kyuji|last2=Sakuramoto |first2=Kazumi |last3=Minami |first3=Takashi |last4=Suzuki |first4=Naoki |title= Population structure of the sailfin sandfish, Arcto scopus japonicus (Trichodontidae), in the Sea of Japan |journal=Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography |volume=70 |number=4 |year=2006 |pages=221–228 |url= http://jsfo.jp/contents/pdf/70-4-221.pdf}}</ref> The spawning grounds of the group has been assumed to be off all along the coast, but bulk spawning grounds are absent around the Noto Peninsula and any further west/south,{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} and in fact, it has been reported that the western Sea of Japan group's spawning grounds occur in the east coast of the Korean peninsula.<ref>Choi et al., 1983, cited in {{Harvnb|Watanabe|Sakuramoto|Minami|Suzuki|2006|p=221}}</ref>
* South Hokkaido (SH) – This is a group with breeding grounds in the Pacific Ocean off Hokkaido. It consists of {{Interlanguage link multi|Ishikari Bay|2=ja|3=石狩湾|preserve=1}}, Uchiura Bay, Hidaka, Kushiro, and Nemuro subgroups.<ref>{{cite web |language=ja |url=http://www.fishexp.hro.or.jp/cont/marine/o7u1kr0000001nz9-att/10hatahata.pdf |title=ハタハタの生き残り条件を探る |trans-title=Exploring the survival conditions of the beach |author=Resources Management Division of the {{Interlanguage link multi|Fisheries Experimental Station|2=ja|3=水産試験場|preserve=1}} of Kushiro |year=2006 |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>
* Eastern Korea (EK) – This group has breeding grounds in the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula.

Catch production in the Tōhoku region (Northeastern Japan)'s Pacific coast (otherwise known as "Sanriku") is modest, and no regular spawning grounds have been confirmed.<ref name="A_PR54_47"/> Migration routes have not been charted, but their travel range is considered extensive, since individuals from the Hokkaido and Sea of Japan population groups have been captured in the Sanriku shore.<ref name="A_PR54_47"/>

=== External morphology ===
The color is silvery underneath, and light brown above with dark brown streaks flecked with spots.<ref name=smithsonian>{{cite journal|last1=Jordan|first1= David Starr|last2=Evermann|first2=Barton Warren|title=A Review of the Trachinoid Fishes and their Supposed Allies found in the Waters of Japan|journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum|volume=24|issue= 1263|year=1902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KL0oAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA484|page=484|doi=10.5479/si.00963801.24-1263.461}}</ref> Tall body depth, though not as tall as the Pacific sandfish (''Trichodon trichodon'').<ref name="shibata"/> Head and trunk are scaleless.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jordan|first=David Starr|title=Fishes|publisher=Henry Holt|year=1907|url=https://archive.org/details/fishes00jordgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/fishes00jordgoog/page/n623 578]}}</ref><ref name="chereshnev">{{cite journal|last1=Chereshnev|first1=I. A.|last2=Nazarki|first2=M. V.|title=On the occurrence of Japanese sandfish ''Arctoscopus japonicus'' (Trichodontidae) in the region of Tauisk Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk|journal=Journal of Ichthyology |volume=42|year=2006|pages=683&ndash;686|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtTzAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

A large mouth, oblique and turned upwards, is lined with rows of fine teeth.<ref name="chereshnev"/> The gill-flap on the cheek (preopercle) each has five sharp spines.<ref name=smithsonian/> It has a first dorsal and a second dorsal fin that are separated by a gap.<ref name=smithsonian/> The pectoral fins are particularly large.<ref name=smithsonian/> The fish lacks an [[Biology:Swim bladder|air-bladder]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boulenger|first=G.A.|title=Classification of Teleostean Fishes|journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology|series=7|volume=8|year=1901|page=269|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqM0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA269}}</ref> It is active nocturnally, and during the day time lies buried in the mud or sand on the sea bottom, with only the mouth and eyes (and the spine) visible.<ref name=smithsonian/><ref>{{cite book|last=Herald|first=Earl Stannard|title=Living fishes of the world|publisher=Doubleday|year=1961|page=[https://archive.org/details/livingfishesofwo00hera/page/205 205]|url=https://archive.org/details/livingfishesofwo00hera|url-access=registration}}</ref>

The egg mass (roe) is usually green, but may also have yellow, red, or brown coloration. Pigment components present in the eggs include [[Chemistry:Bilin (biochemistry)|bilin]] and [[Biology:Carotenoid|carotenoid]]s such as idoxanthin, crustaxanthin, and vitamin A2 [[Chemistry:Aldehyde|aldehyde]] ([[Chemistry:Dehydroretinal|3-dehydroretinal]]). The bilin and [[Chemistry:Retinal|retinal]] produces the base green color, and the amount of relative idoxanthin content is the key determinant of the color variation. Study of its prey (such as the [[Biology:Amphipoda|amphipods]]) or the fish's stomach contents reveal negligible traces of idoxanthin and crustaxanthin, which means the fish must be internally converting other carotenoid substances such as [[Chemistry:Astaxanthin|astaxanthin]] that are abundant in their food into idoxanthin and crustaxanthin, given that fish in general cannot build their own carotenoid wholly out of building block materials. Researchers hypothesize that the intake of astaxanthin influences the idoxanthin concentration in the body, which result in the egg color change.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morioka|first1=T.(森岡泰三)|last2=Hotta|first2=K.(堀田和夫)|last3=Tomoda|first3=T.(友田務)|last4=Nakamura|first4=L (中村弘二)|title=ハタハタArctoscopus japonicusの卵塊が多色化する要因 |trans-title=A possible factor influencing the color variation in Japanese sandfish Arctoscopus japonicus egg masses |journal=日本水産学会誌 (Journal of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science)|volume=71|number=2|year=2005|pages=212–214|doi=10.2331/suisan.71.212|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Classification ==
[[File:Hatahata and Ezo Hatahata.jpg|thumb|right|Wet specimens of Hatahata and Ezo hatahata at Oga Aquarium Gao]]
In the current [[Biology:Taxonomy|taxonomy]], the species is classified under the [[Biology:Perciformes|Perciformes]] (perch-likes) order, Trachinoidei suborder, and [[Biology:Trichodontidae|Trichodontidae]] (sandfishes) family. However, [[Biology:Mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial DNA]] analysis indicates that the species is more closely related to ''[[Biology:Cottus (fish)|Cottus]]'' spp. of the [[Biology:Scorpaeniformes|Scorpaeniformes]] order.<ref>{{cite journal|author=水産総合研究センター|title=ハタハタのミトコンドリアＤＮＡ全塩基配列の決定と類縁関係の解明|journal=水産週報|number=1553|date=August 2001}} [http://www.fra.affrc.go.jp/pressrelease/pr13/130724hatahata/130724hatahata.htm Press release] [http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I5874945-00?ar=4e1f NDL data]</ref>

=== Similar species ===
* Pacific sandfish, ''Trichodon trichodon'', or ''ezo hatahata'' in Japanese, found from the [[Biography:Aleutian Islands|Aleutian Islands]] to [[Earth:Alaska|Alaska]] down to {{wipe|California}}.<ref name="shibata">{{cite journal|last=Shibata|first=Satoru (柴田理)|title=ハタハタとエゾハタハタの比較|journal=日本海ブロック試験研究録|volume=29|year=1993|pages=17–21|url=http://jsnfri.fra.affrc.go.jp/publication/shuuroku/shuuroku-29,17-21.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Okiyama|first=M|title=Contrast in reproductive style between two species of sandfish (family Trichodontidae)|journal=Fishery Bulletin|volume=88|year=1990|pages=543–549}}</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
The Japanese name ''hatahata'' may be written as 鰰, which consists of the fish radical 魚 combined with the character {{nihongo||神|kami|extra2="god"}}. Shokusanjin (Ōta Nanpo) records the lore that it came to be written this way "because within its scales arises the pattern of [[Earth:Mount Fuji|Mount Fuji]], and was celebrated as auspicious fish," though the actual species has no scales.<ref>蜀山人『一話一言』巻十一{{citation|last=大田|first=南畝|title=蜀山人全集|volume=4|publisher=吉川弘文館|year=1907|page=291|url=https://archive.org/details/shokusanjinzensh04tana}}「鱗の中に富士山のもやうを生じ候故、めでたき魚と祝し、文字はいつごろよりか魚篇に神と書なり、」</ref>

An alternate Japanese name is {{nihongo||雷魚|kaminari-uwo|extra2="thunder fish"}}, which derives from their spawning (and catching) season coinciding with the months when thunderstorms become frequent.<ref name="lowry">{{citation|last=Lowry|first=Dave|title=The Connoisseur's Guide to Sushi|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ut9nOwsFegC|pages=116–118|isbn=978-1458764140}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Nihon Dōbutsu Gakkai|title=Annotationes Zoologicæ Japonenses|volume=1|place=Tokyo|year=1897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTtMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA108|page=108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ashburne|first1=John|last2=Abe|first2=Yoshi|title=Japan|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KSu3inWoJloC&pg=PT6|page=51|isbn=9781740590105}}</ref> In fact, ''hatahata'' is an old onomatopoeia representing the sound of the thunderclap, whose use is attested in the 10th century ''Kagerō Nikki'', and which is the root of the verb ''hatata-ku'' "to thunder."<ref name="lowry"/><ref>{{citation|editor-last1=Mozume|editor-first1= Takayo (物集高世)|editor-last2=Yokoi|editor-first2=Tokifuyu (横井時冬)|contribution=支言考|title=Kōten Kōkyūjo kōen (皇典講究所講演)|volume=15|number=148|page=12|publisher=皇典講究所|year=1895|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49QtAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA55}}</ref>

In the {{Interlanguage link multi|Akita dialect|2=ja|3=秋田弁|preserve=1}}, ''hatahata'' sounds like ''hadahada'' to non-natives, because the "''ta''" is locally pronounced in voiced unaspirated {{Interlanguage link multi|dakuon{{!}}''dakuon''|2=ja|3=濁音|preserve=1}}, so that ''hadahada'' is sometimes listed as a local name for the fish.<ref>{{citation|last=澁澤|first=敬三|title=日本魚名集覽 第二部|publisher=生活社|year=1944|page=175}}</ref> In Akita, the fish sometimes bears the name "''satake uo''" after the Satake clan who were rules of the land around 1600. But the Satakes were originally rooted in Hitachi Province (present-day Ibaraki Prefecture), and legend has it that the fish followed the masters from the old country (Shokusanjin notes that the legend is given in the {{nihongo||秋田杉直物語|Akita Suginaoshi monogatari}}).<ref name="lowry"/><ref>{{Harvnb|大田|1907|loc=vol.4, p.291}}</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Lowry explains the name stuck after the success of the Satake clan's success at exporting the fish as fertilizer.<ref name="lowry"/>}} In Tottori Prefecture the fish is called ''shirohata'' or ''kitaha''.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Lowry gives ''kihata''<ref name="lowry"/> as do some Japanese source, but ''kitaha'' seems to be supported by the majority}}<ref group="lower-alpha">Called ''shima aji'' in the vicinity of Nō, Niigata, though this is misleading that term refers to the [[Biology:White trevally|white trevally]] in mainstream Japan. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=XMPlAAAAMAAJ 漁村と島 (2004), p.81])</ref>

== Fishing practices ==
The species is caught by [[Biology:Bottom trawling|bottom trawling]] offshore and by {{Interlanguage link multi|set-netting|2=ja|3=定置網|preserve=1}} and [[Engineering:Gillnetting|gillnetting]] the coastal spawning waters.<ref name="masuda">{{cite book|last=Masuda|first=Hajime|title=The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago|volume=1|publisher=Tokai University Press|year=1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTRBAAAAYAAJ|page=221|isbn=978-4486050544}}</ref> The fish stock down further south are caught by Danish seine fishing.<ref>{{Harvnb|Watanabe|Sakuramoto|Minami|Suzuki|2006|p=221}}</ref>

In Akita Prefecture, each household used to buy them in bulk by the crates (5 or 10 crates at a time) when in season, and the surplus would be preserved as salted fish or as nukazuke to be consumed as a [[Biology:Protein|protein]] source over the winter.<ref name="homma"/><ref>{{cite book|editor=秋田市 (Japan)|title=秋田市史|volume=16(民俗編)|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=130NAQAAMAAJ|page=300}} (Akita City's published municipal history, governmental publication)</ref>

FAO Statistics record that in 1950, the annual catch was {{convert|10,000|t}} accounted solely in Japan, by the beginning of the 1970s Korean fisheries were catching half as much or more in tonnage as the Japanese. The global peak catch occurred in 1971 with {{convert|56,700|t}} total, but by the end of the decade in 1979 there was a sharp collapse in the fish stock resulting in an annual catch of only {{convert|11,546|t}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fishbase.org/report/FAO/FAOCatchList.php?scientific=Arctoscopus+japonicus|title=FAO Capture Production of Arctoscopus japonicus (t) n = 2 |website=[[Biology:FishBase|FishBase]]|date=2010 |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Akita Prefecture alone caught {{convert|15,000|t}} per year at its peak.<ref name="akitadaihyakkajiten-hatahata" />}}

In Akita Prefecture, peak catch volume reached {{convert|15,000|t}} per year,<ref name="akitadaihyakkajiten-hatahata">{{citation|last=竹内|first=健|contribution=ハタハタ|encyclopedia=秋田大百科事典 (encyclopedia)|publisher=秋田魁新報社|year=1981|page=660}}</ref> but overfishing, possibly with an interplay of water temperature "regime" shifts, led to persisting depletion of stock,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Watanabe|first1=Kyuji|last2=Sakuramoto|first2=Kazumi|last3=Sugiyama|first3=Hideki|last4=Suzuki|first4=Naoki|title=Collapse of the ''Arctoscopus japonicus'' catch in the Sea of Japan－environmental factors or overfishing－|journal=Global Environmental Research |volume=9|number=2|year=2005|pages=131&ndash;137|url=http://www.airies.or.jp/attach.php/6a6f75726e616c5f30392d32656e67/save/0/0/09_2-06.pdf }}</ref> so that the fishermen of Akita Prefecture, led by its {{Interlanguage link multi|Fisheries Cooperative Association|2=ja|3=漁業協同組合|preserve=1}} self-imposed a total moratorium on the catch from 1992 to 1995<ref name="makino"/><ref>The fishery closure years are graphed in fig. 4, {{Harvnb|Watanabe|Sakuramoto|Sugiyama|Suzuki|2005}}</ref> In 1999, four participating prefectures formed a fisheries management organization<!--FMO--> to manage the fish stock, followed in 2003 by a formal Resource Recovery Plan (資源回復計画) for these prefectures.<ref name="makino"/> In Korea, the catch was {{convert|25,000|t}} per year in 1971, but suffered a similar decline to {{convert|4,000|t}} by 2008, and that country has also instituted conservation measures.<ref name="kim-lee-cha"/>

Tottori prefecture is another area with significant participation in catching this species. Whereas Akita targets egg-carrying adults approach the surface to spawn, Tottori fishing practices capture the deep water migrating populations by [[Biology:Bottom trawling|bottom trawling]], so that the caught fish tends to be fattier, though they do not carry eggs. The catch season for Tottori spans from September to May.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.tottori.lg.jp/dd.aspx?menuid=206349 |title=食のみやこ鳥取県/ハタハタ |publisher=鳥取県 |access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tottori-guide.jp/828/829/831/839/8377.html |title=鳥取県観光案内 とっとり旅の生情報 |publisher=社団法人 鳥取県観光連盟 |access-date=2013-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128194647/http://www.tottori-guide.jp/828/829/831/839/8377.html# |archive-date=2013-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Fishing restrictions ===
* In 1999 the Aomori, Akita, Yamagata, and Niigata prefectures instituted restrictions prohibiting capture of fish measuring less than {{cvt|15|cm}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www9.ocn.ne.jp/~atgyokyo/ |title=漁協のページ () |publisher=Akita Prefecture Fisherise Cooperative Association |access-date=2012-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423005854/http://www9.ocn.ne.jp/~atgyokyo/# |archive-date=2012-04-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Accidents and drownings involving sports fishermen going overboard<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.police.pref.aomori.jp/syo/ajigasawa/chiiki.html |title=Ajigaswaa police station |publisher=Aomori Prefectural Police |access-date=2012-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124800/http://www.police.pref.aomori.jp/syo/ajigasawa/chiiki.html |archive-date=2014-04-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as poaching egg masses (scavenging eggs washed ashore also constitute poaching)<ref name="mutsusinpou">{{Cite news |url=http://www.mutusinpou.co.jp/news/2008/11/4436.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322232650/http://www.mutusinpou.co.jp/news/2008/11/4436.html |script-title=ja:ハタハタのブリコ密漁防ごう 鯵ケ沢漁協など呼び掛け |script-newspaper=ja:陸奥新報 |newspaper=Mutsu Shimpō |archive-date=22 March 2010 |publisher=陸奥新報社 |date=2008-11-28 |access-date=2009-11-16}}</ref> has prompted regulations and patrolling efforts by the {{Interlanguage link multi|Fisheries Cooperative Association|2=ja|3=漁業協同組合|preserve=1}} and police.<ref name="mutsusinpou" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/sangyo/agri/suisan_yugyo_hatahata.html |title=青森県水産情報（遊漁を楽しむ皆様へ＞ハタハタ遊漁者の皆さんへ） |publisher=青森県 |access-date=2012-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-01 |url=http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/www/contents/1162943900070/index.html |title=はたはた遊漁者のみなさまへ |publisher=秋田県 |access-date=2012-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027104212/http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/www/contents/1162943900070/index.html# |archive-date=2011-10-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamagata.jp/ou/967001/30cf30bf30cf30bf306e63a1635565b96cd5898f5236.pdf |title=ハタハタの採捕方法規制 |publisher=山形県 |access-date=2012-03-23}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
** Foraging, possessing and engaging in sales of egg masses are prohibited (Aomori and Akita)
** Fishing method restrictions (Aomori, Akita, Yamagata)

== Uses ==
At one time, dried hatahata was one type of fish-based fertilizer (fish manure) being trafficked in Japan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kellner|first=O.|title=Researches on Composition of several Japanese Fertilizers|journal=Bulletin of the Imperial Colledge of Agriculture|year=1889|number=4|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szNHAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA6}}</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">Statistics for quantities entering the Tokyo Market indicate over 15,000 ''hyō'' were shipped in 1903, but none during the other years from 1902 ~ 1911. Each ''hyō'' (straw bag) contained 8 ~ 4 shō. {{cite book|title=東京商業会議所統計年報|year=1924|url=http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/931873|pages=34–35}}</ref>

=== Food ingredient ===
[[File:Hatahata.JPG|280px|thumb|Dried ''himono'' or stockfish of hatahata]]
The fish lacks [[Biology:Fish scale|scale]], has few small bones, and the spine separates easily from the flesh, so that they are usually poached or broiled whole, or just with the head off. If the fish is fresh, snapping the bone at the base of the tail beforehand, will make it easier for the spine to come off easily after broiling.
Fresh ''hatahata'' can be served salted and broiled, or be poached in a pot flavored with soy sauce, sake kasu, and especially shottsuru. In Akita, the pot dish would be flavored with shottsuru, a fish sauce traditionally made by curing the fish in brine.<ref name="homma">{{cite book|last=Homma|first=Gaku|title=The Folk Art of Japanese Country Cooking: A Traditional Diet for Today's World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZRDsVUZufoC&pg=PA69|publisher=North Atlantic Books|year=1991|isbn=978-1556430985|page=69}}</ref>

Another preparation is the {{Interlanguage link multi|misodengaku{{!}}''dengaku''|2=ja|3=味噌田楽|preserve=1}} (slathered with sweet miso paste and broiled),<ref name="n-journal">{{cite journal|title=めいぶつ秋田県|journal=日本語ジャーナル|date=2007-11-15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htY1AQAAIAAJ|page=40}}</ref> which is eaten not only in Akita but also in the {{Interlanguage link multi|Shōnai region|2=ja|3=庄内地方|preserve=1}} around Sakata, Yamagata.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}

The fish is preserved in various ways, such as ''nukazuke'' (pickled in rice bran and salt),<ref name="homma"/> ''himono'' (as dried fish),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crd.ndl.go.jp/reference/detail?page=ref_view&id=1000085813|title=ハタハタの干物の市場規模を知りたい|date=2011-04-20|access-date=13 April 2014}} (FAQ published by Tottori Prefecture Library. Questioner sought market size of hatahata himono. No exact statistic was available, but the answerer quoted Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications's household budge survey that in 2006 the average household spent 15,835 yen, and that for fish in general, dried fish accounted for 59.3% of consumption.</ref> as {{Interlanguage link multi|mirinboshi{{!}}''mirinboshi''|2=ja|3=みりん干し|preserve=1}}, (mirin-based flavored dried fish).<ref>{{cite journal|title= ハタハタみりん干について|journal=兵庫県立水産試験場事業報告 (Bulletin of the Hyogo Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station)|year=1965|pages=133–136|url=http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2520606}}</ref> It is also made into a preserved ''narezushi''; in Akita the preserving medium consists of rice and koji (''[[Biology:Aspergillus oryzae|Aspergillus oryzae]]'' mold for brewing sake)<ref name="lowry"/><ref name="homma"/> but in Tottori Prefecture the ''hatahata narezushi'' is known locally as {{Interlanguage link multi|Shirohatazushi{{!}}''shirohatazushi''|2=ja|3=しろはたずし|preserve=1}} and uses ''okara'' (soy pulp).<ref>{{citation|last=成瀬|first=宇平|title=47都道府県・魚食文化百科|publisher=丸善出版|year=2011|pages=183, 275}}</ref><ref>日本の食生活全集鳥取編集委員会編、『日本の食生活全集31　聞き書鳥取の食事』p24、p56、1991年、東京、社団法人農山漁村文化協会、{{ISBN|4-540-91003-5}}</ref>

Fresh ''hatahata'' is suitable for {{Interlanguage link multi|mizuni{{!}}''mizuni''|2=ja|3=水煮|preserve=1}} or poaching or simmering in water (the dish in Yamagata is called ''yu-age''<ref>{{Harvnb|成瀬|2011|p=79}}</ref>), and eaten with soy sauce. It can be made into ''hatahata-jiru'' (miso soup), but the miso should be dissolved in the broth before the fish is plunged, otherwise the fish falls apart.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}

In {{wipe|South Korea}}, the fish (known there as ''dorumuk'' ({{lang-ko|{{linktext|도|루|묵}}}})) is eaten in communities in Gangwon Province and elsewhere along the Sea of Japan. In Korea it is mainly an ingredient for ''jjigae'' hot pot dishes, but sometimes the roe-laden females are grilled and eaten.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://talk.imbc.com/news/view.aspx?idx=32191|title=못생겨도 맛은 일품! <도루묵 요리> (Looks awful but tastes great" dorumuk cooking)|publisher=MBC Cultural Broadcasting|language=Korean|access-date=2013-08-10|date=January 2009}}</ref>

=== Shottsuru ===
200px|thumb|shottsuru

Locally, a fish sauce called ''shottsuru'' is made from this fish. The sauce which literally means "salty juice",<ref name="homma"/> is made by pickling and fermenting the salted fish, and straining out the debris. The fish sauce is used to flavor the ''shottsuru nabe'', or pot dish that uses this flavoring to cook the ''hatahata'' with vegetable and other ingredients.<ref name="lowry"/><ref name="homma"/> In the Akita dialect, the pot dish also sometimes called ''shottsuru kayaki'', with "{{Interlanguage link multi|kayaki|2=ja|3=かやき|preserve=1}}" being the local term for ''nabe'' or hot pot dish.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}

=== Roe ===
In the {{Interlanguage link multi|Akita dialect|2=ja|3=秋田弁|preserve=1}}, the roe of this species is called ''buriko''.<ref name="n-journal"/> The fish is caught during its spawning season, when many of the females are loaded with eggs {{convert|2|-|3|mm}} in diameter. The eggs are surrounded by slimy mucous.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}

Fresh roe that is cooked will burst and make light popping sounds when eaten, but roe from the fish preserved in salt or miso turn rubbery and hard to chew, resulting in a more blunt sound that sounds like ''buri buri'' which resulted in its name.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|There are alternate etymologies for ''buriko''. One theory is that the mucous covered eggs bind together and are hard to separate, leading to the name {{nihongo||buriko|不離子|"unseparable children"}}. Another theory proposes that during the Edo period when collecting the eggs was prohibited, a forager evaded an official's interrogation saying they were the eggs of ''buri'' ([[Biology:Japanese amberjack|yellowtail]]).<ref name="akitadaihyakkajiten-buriko">{{citation|last=富木|first=隆蔵|contribution=ブリコ|encyclopedia=秋田大百科事典 (encyclopedia)|publisher=秋田魁新報社|year=1981|page=714}}</ref>}}

The Japanese folk ballad known as Akita Ondo mentions the "Oga buriko" in the lyrics, which is a reference to the roe clusters.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}
{{Clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Biology:List of common fish names|List of common fish names]]
{{Clear}}

== Footnotes ==

=== Explanatory notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2386554}}

[[Category:Trichodontidae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Arctoscopus japonicus|1}}