View source for Biology:Cedars of God

{{Short description|UNESCO World Heritage Site in Lebanon}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS           = Forest of the Cedars of God
| image         =Forest of The cedars of God.jpg
| caption       = 
| Location      = Bsharri, North Governorate, [[Place:Lebanon|Lebanon]]
| Part_of       = Wadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab) Bsharri
| Criteria      = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)(iv)}}(iii)(iv)
| ID            = 850-002
| Coordinates   = 
{{coord|34|14|42|N|36|02|53|E|type:forest_region:LB_scale:20000|display=it|format=dms}}
| Year          = 1998
| Area          = {{convert|10.2|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| Buffer_zone   = {{convert|646|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| locmapin      = Lebanon#West Asia
| map_caption   = 
}}
The '''Cedars of God''' ({{lang-ar|أرز الربّ}} ''Arz ar-Rabb'' "Cedars of the Lord"), located in the Kadisha Valley of Bsharre, [[Place:Lebanon|Lebanon]], are one of the last vestiges of the extensive [[Earth:Forest|forest]]s of the [[Biology:Cedrus libani|Lebanon cedar]] that thrived across [[Place:Mount Lebanon|Mount Lebanon]] in antiquity. All early modern travelers' accounts of the wild cedars appear to refer to the ones in Bsharri;{{sfn|Hepper|2001|p=96}} the Christian monks of the monasteries in the Kadisha Valley [[Religion:Veneration|venerated]] the trees for centuries. The earliest documented references of the Cedars of God are found in Tablets 4-6 of the great Epic of Gilgamesh, six days walk from Uruk.

The [[History:Phoenicia|Phoenicia]]ns, Israelites, [[Place:Egypt|Egypt]]ians, [[Place:Assyria|Assyria]]ns, [[History:Babylonia|Babylonia]]ns, Persians, [[History:Ancient Rome|Romans]], Arabs, and Turks used [[Place:Lebanon|Lebanese]] timber. The Egyptians valued their timber for [[Engineering:Shipbuilding|shipbuilding]], and in the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] their timber was used to construct railways.<ref name="thecedars">{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeast.com/thecedars.htm|title=The Cedars|publisher=|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Cedars of Lebanon, Les Observations Pierre Belon 1553.jpg|thumb|1553 sketch of the Cedars of God, in Pierre Belon's ''Observations'']]

===Ancient history===
The mountains of [[Place:Lebanon|Lebanon]] were once shaded by thick cedar forests and the tree is the symbol of the country. After centuries of persistent deforestation, the extent of these forests has been markedly reduced.<ref name="cedarsforever.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cedarsforever.com/history.html|title=Cedars for Ever|publisher=|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-date=12 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812101541/http://cedarsforever.com/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It was once said that a battle occurred between the demigods and the humans over the beautiful and divine forest of Cedar trees near southern Mesopotamia.<ref name="blueplanetbiomes.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/lebanon_cedar.htm|title=Lebanon Cedar - Cedrus libani|publisher=|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>  This forest, once protected by the Sumerian god [[Religion:Enlil|Enlil]], was completely bared of its trees when humans entered its grounds 4700 years ago, after winning the battle against the guardians of the forest, the demigods.<ref name="blueplanetbiomes.org"/>  The story also tells that [[Religion:Gilgamesh|Gilgamesh]] used cedar wood to build his city.

Over the centuries, cedar wood was exploited by the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, and Turks.<ref name="cedarsforever.com"/><ref name="blueplanetbiomes.org"/>  The Phoenicians used the Cedars for their merchant fleets. They needed timbers for their ships and the Cedar woods made them the “first sea trading nation in the world”.<ref name="lebanon.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.lebanon.com/tourism/cedars.htm|title=Tourism @ Lebanon.com|publisher=|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> The Egyptians used cedar resin for the mummification process and the cedar wood for some of “their first hieroglyph bearing rolls of papyrus”.<ref name="lebanon.com"/>  In the [[Religion:Bible|Bible]], [[Biography:Solomon|Solomon]] procured cedar timber to build the Temple in Jerusalem.<ref name="ourladyoflebanon-dc.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourladyoflebanon-dc.org/histcedars.html|title=Welcome to Our Lady Of Lebanon Maronite Church's Homepage|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602041955/http://www.ourladyoflebanon-dc.org/histcedars.html#|archive-date=2009-06-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>  The emperor Hadrian claimed these forests as an imperial domain, and destruction of the cedar forests was temporarily halted.

===Early modern history===
All early modern travelers' accounts of the wild cedars of Lebanon appear to refer to the Bsharri cedars.{{sfn|Hepper|2001|p=96}}

Pierre Belon visited the area in 1550, making him the first modern traveler to identify the Cedars of God in his ‘’Observations’’.{{sfn|Hepper|2001|p=96-97}} Belon counted 28 trees:
<blockquote>“At a considerable height up the mountains the traveler arrives at the Monastery of the Virgin Mary, which is situated in the valley. Thence proceeding four miles up the mountain, he will arrive at the cedars, the Maronites or the monks acting as guides. The cedars stand in a valley, and not on top of the mountain, and they are supposed to amount to 28 in number, though it is difficult to count them, they being distant from each other a few paces. These the Archbishop of Damascus has endeavored to prove to be the same that Solomon planted with his own hands in the quincunx manner as they now stand. No other tree grows in the valley in which they are situated and it is generally so covered with snow as to be only accessible in summer".<ref>P. Belon, De Arboribus Coniferis. 1553, p.4, quoted by J. C. Loudon, Arboretum and Fruticetum. London, 1844, vol.4, p.2409</ref></blockquote>

Leonhard Rauwolf followed in 1573-75, counting 24 trees:
<blockquote> “saw nothing higher, but only a small hill before us, all covered with snow, at the bottom whereof the high cedar trees were standing… And, although this hill hath, in former ages, been quite covered with cedars, yet they are since so decreased, that I could tell no more but twenty-four that stood round about in a circle and two others, the branches whereof are quite decayed for age. I also went about this place to look for young ones, but could find none at all".<ref>K.H. Dannenfeldt, Leonard Rauwolff, sixteenth century physician, botanist and traveler, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1970</ref> </blockquote>

Jean de Thévenot counted 23 trees in 1655: 
<blockquote>"It is a Fobbery to say, that if one reckon the Cedars of Mount Lebanon twice, he shall have a different number, for in all, great and small, there is neither more or less than twenty three of them".<ref>Jean de Thévenot, Voyage du Levant, part 1, p.221, 443 (1664)</ref> </blockquote>

Laurent d'Arvieux in 1660 counted 20 trees;<ref>Levantine Adventurer: The Travels and Missions of the Chevalier d'Arvieux 1653-1697.</ref> and Henry Maundrell in 1697 counted 16 trees of the “very old” type:
<blockquote>“Sunday, May 9 The noble (cedar] trees grow amongst the snow near the highest part of Lebanon; and are remarkable as well as for their own age and largeness, as for those frequent allusions made to them in the word of God. Here are some of them very old, and of prodigious bulk; and others younger of a smaller size. Of the former I could reckon up only sixteen, and the latter are very numerous. I measured one of the largest, and found it twelve yards six inches in girt, and yet sound; and thirty seven yards in the spread of its boughs. At about five or six yards from the ground, it was divided into five limbs, each of which was equal to a great tree. After about half an hour spent surveying this place, the clouds began to thicken, and to fly along upon the ground; which so obscured the road, that my guide was very much at a loss to find our way back again. We rambled about for seven hours thus bewildered, which gave me no small fear of being forc'd to spend one night more on Libanus".<ref>H. Maundrell, A journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter A.D. 1697, reprinted Beirut: Khayats 1963, p.191; also 6th ed. Oxford, 1740, p.142</ref> </blockquote>

Jean de la Roque in 1722 found 20 trees.<ref>De La Roque, J., Voyage de Syrie et du Mont Liban, quoted in Gentleman's Magazine 2nd series vol.4 p. 578</ref> In 1738 Richard Pococke provided a detailed description. 
<blockquote>"They form a grove about a mile in circumference, which consists of some large cedars that are near to one another, a great number of young cedars and some pines. The great cedars, at some distance, look very like large spreading oaks; the bodies of the trees are short, dividing at the bottom into three or four limbs, some of which growing up together for about ten feet, appear something like thick Gothic columns, which seem to be composed of seven pillars, higher up they begin to spread horizontally: one that had the rounded body, tho' not the largest, measured twenty four feet in circumference, and another with a sort of triple body, as described above, and of a triangular figure, measured twelve feet on each side. The young cedars are not easily know they bear a greater quantity of fruit than the larger ones. The wood does not differ from white deal in appearance, nor does it seem to be harder; it has a fine smell, but not so fragrant as the juniper of America which is commonly called cedar; and it also falls short of it in beauty; I took a piece of the wood from a great tree that was blown down by the wind, and left there to rot; there are fifteen large ones standing. The Christians of several denominations near this place come here to celebrate the festival of the transfiguration, and have built altars against several of the large trees, on which they administer the sacrament. These trees are about half a mile to the north of the road to which we returned...”<ref>Richard Pococke, Observations on Palestine or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus and Candia, Vol.2 p.104-105, 1745, London: W. Bowyer</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Lebanon Cedars of God 1871.png|thumb|Diagram as drawn in Edward Henry Palmer's 1871 description]]
From the 19th century onwards, the number of writers recording their visits increased substantially, and the number of cedars counted by the writers was in hundreds.{{sfn|Hepper|2001|p=100-105}} Alphonse de Lamartine visited the place during his travel in Lebanon (1832–33), mentioning the cedars in some texts. In 1871, Edward Henry Palmer of the Palestine Exploration Fund described the cedars as follows:<ref>{{cite journal | first=Edward Henry |last=Palmer|title=Notes of a Tour in the Lebanon|journal=Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement | publisher=Palestine exploration fund | year=1871 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VeZjYpEUx8C&pg=PA106 | access-date=2022-12-18 | page=106}}</ref>

<blockquote>Descending by a steep zigzag path to the cedars, we pitched our camp and proceeded to examine the sacred and renowned grove, and could not repress a feeling of disappointment at its small extent, and the insignificant appearance of the trees. They consist of a little clump of trees of comparatively modern growth, not more than nine of them showing any indications of a respectable antiquity, and covering only about three acres of ground. They stand on a ridge consisting of five mounds and two spurs running nearly east and west, as in the accompanying plan. The whole number of trees we estimated at about 355; their size has also been grossly exaggerated, none of them being over 80ft. high. The ground is covered with débris of cedar and white limestone, and in the centre of the clump is a hideous little building, a Maronite chapel, the appointments of which are painfully poverty-stricken and inadequate. The trees have been lopped and otherwise maltreated, especially by the irrepressible tourist, who has been at infinite pains to cut his name on every available trunk. One tree, rather a large one, has a hole in it where a branch had broken away, and this has been enlarged into a chamber. They are scrubby scanty specimens, and not half so fine as may be seen in many an English park.</blockquote>

Concern for the protection of the biblical "cedars of God" goes back to 1876, when the {{convert|102|ha|adj=on}} grove was surrounded by a high stone wall, paid for by Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (often erroneously attributed to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, as Augusta Victoria was Queen of Prussia and hence ‘Queen Victoria’) to protect saplings from browsing by goats.<ref name="thecedars"/> Nevertheless, during [[Social:World War I|World War I]], British troops used cedar to build railroads.<ref name="lebanon.com"/>

Henry Bordeaux came in 1922 and wrote, ''Yamilé'', a story about the place.

===Recent history===
Time, along with the exploitation of the wood and the effects of climate change, has led to a decrease in the number of cedar trees in Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/22/935885394/climate-change-closes-in-on-lebanons-iconic-cedar-trees#:~:text=The%20cedar%20tree%20is%20a%20source%20of%20national%20pride%20in%20Lebanon.&text=Scientists%20say%20rising%20temperatures%20and,mountains%20where%20the%20cedars%20grow.|title = Climate Change Closes in on Lebanon's Iconic Cedar Trees|website = NPR.org}}</ref> However, Lebanon is still widely known for its cedar tree history, as they are the emblem of the country and the symbol of the Lebanese flag.<ref name="ourladyoflebanon-dc.org"/> The remaining trees survive in mountainous areas, where they are the dominant tree species. This is the case on the slopes of Mount Makmel that tower over the Kadisha Valley, where the Cedars of God are found at an altitude of more than {{convert|2000|m|ft}}. Four trees have reached a height of {{convert|35|m|ft}}, with their trunks reaching {{convert|12|-|14|m|ft}}.<ref name="thecedars"/>

==World Heritage Site==
In 1998, the Cedars of God were added to the [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] list of World Heritage Sites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=UNESCO World Heritage Committee Adds 30 Sites to World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/164/ |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

==Current status==
The forest is rigorously protected. It is possible to tour if escorted by an authorized guide. After a preliminary phase in which the land was cleared of [[Earth:Detritus|detritus]], the sick plants treated, and the ground fertilized, the "Committee of the Friends of the Cedar Forest" initiated a reforestation program in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee of Friends of Arz (Cedar) Forest {{!}} Lebanon Biodiversity |url=https://lb.test.chm-cbd.net/organizations/committee-friends-arz-cedar-forest |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=lb.test.chm-cbd.net}}</ref> The Committee planted 200,000 cedars, with 180,000 surviving.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chehayeb |first1=Kareem |title=Lebanon's Christians feel the heat of climate change in its sacred forest and valley |url=https://www.ncronline.org/earthbeat/science/lebanons-christians-feel-heat-climate-change-its-sacred-forest-and-valley |access-date=24 December 2023 |publisher=Earthbeat, National Catholic Reporter |date=8 December 2023}}</ref> These efforts will only be appreciable in a few decades due to the slow growth of cedars. In these areas the winter offers incredible scenery, and the trees are covered with a blanket of snow.
[[File:Libanonzeder.jpg|thumb|upright|Lebanon Cedar]]

==Biblical and other ancient references==
The [[Unsolved:Cedar Forest|Cedar Forest]] of [[Religion:Ancient Mesopotamian religion|ancient Mesopotamian religion]] appears in several sections of the Epic of Gilgamesh. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh: Themes |url=https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/gilgamesh/themes/ |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=SparkNotes |language=en}}</ref>

The Lebanon Cedar is mentioned 103 times in the Bible.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/850 UNESCO] "the Forest of the Cedars of God is the last vestige of antique forests and one of the rare sites where the Cedrus lebani still grows, one of the most valued construction materials in the antique world and cited 103 times in the Bible."</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas Hutton Balfour |year=1885 |title=The Plants of the Bible |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons |location=London |chapter=Cedar-tree of Lebanon (''Cedrus libani'') |pages=[https://archive.org/details/plantsofbible00balfrich/page/21 21]–27 |url=https://archive.org/details/plantsofbible00balfrich |isbn=978-1-4400-8073-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor=David Noel Freedman |title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-5356-503-2 |chapter=Cedar |author=Megan Bishop Moore |page=227 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA227}}</ref> In the Hebrew text it is named {{lang|he|ארז}} and in the Greek text (LXX) it is named {{lang|el| κέδρου}}. Example verses include:
* "Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars. Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, O ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is come down." (Zechariah 11:1, 2)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bible.com/bible/compare/ZEC.11.1-3 |title=Zechariah 11:1-3 Open your borders to the immigrants, proud Lebanon! Your sentinel trees will burn. Weep, great pine trees! Mourn, you sister cedars! Your towering trees are cordwood. Weep Bashan oak trees! Your thick Open your doors, O Lebanon, That a fire may feed on your cedars. Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen, Because the glorious trees have been destroyed; Wail, O oaks of Bashan, For the impenetrable Open your doors, Lebanon, so that fire may devour your cedar forests. Weep, you cypress trees, for all the ruined cedars; the most majestic ones have fallen. Weep, you oaks of Bashan, for the thick fo Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars. Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, O ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is com Lebanon, open your gates so fire may burn your cedar trees. Cry, pine trees, because the cedar has fallen, because the tall trees are ruined. Cry, oaks in Bashan, because the mighty forest has been cu Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars. Wail, O fir-tree, for the cedar is fallen, because the goodly ones are destroyed: wail, O ye oaks of Bashan, for the strong forest is co Open your doors, Lebanon, so that fire may devour your cedars! Wail, you juniper, for the cedar has fallen; the stately trees are ruined! Wail, oaks of Bashan; the dense forest has been cut down! List Open your doors, O Lebanon, That fire may devour your cedars. Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen, Because the mighty trees are ruined. Wail, O oaks of Bashan, For the thick forest has come down Open your doors, O Lebanon, That fire may devour your cedars. Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen, Because the magnificent trees have been destroyed; Wail, O oaks of Bashan, For the inaccessible Open your doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour your cedars! Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen, for the glorious trees are ruined! Wail, oaks of Bashan, for the thick forest has been fell |language=en}}</ref>
* "He moves his tail like a cedar; The sinews of his thighs are tightly knit." (Job 40:17)
* "The priest shall take cedarwood and hyssop and scarlet stuff, and cast them into the midst of the burning of the heifer" (Numbers 19:6)
* "The voice of the Lord breaks the cedars; the Lord breaks in pieces the cedars of Lebanon" (Psalm 29:5)
* "The righteous flourish like the palm tree and grow like the cedar in Lebanon" (Psalm 92:12)
* "I will put in the wilderness the cedar, the acacia, the myrtle, and the olive" (Isaiah 41: 19)
* "Behold, I will liken you to a cedar in Lebanon, with fair branches and forest shade" (Ezekiel 31:3)
* "I destroyed the Amorite before them, whose height was like the height of the cedars" (Amos 2:9)
*"The trees of the Lord are watered abundantly, the cedars of Lebanon that he planted." (Psalm 104:16 NRSV)
*[King Solomon made] cedar as plentiful as the sycamore-fig trees in the foothills. (1 Kings 10:27, NIV, excerpt)

==Gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Cedars06(js).jpg
Image:Cedars07(js).jpg
Image:Cedars13(js).jpg
Image:Cedars15(js).jpg
Image:Cedars16(js).jpg
Image:Cedars17(js).jpg
Image:Cedars24(js).jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Earth:Garden of the Gods|Garden of the Gods]]
* Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve
* [[Biology:List of individual trees|List of individual trees]]

==References==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal|title= The Bsharré Cedars of Lebanon as seen by Travellers|first=F. Nigel|last=Hepper|journal=Archaeology & History in Lebanon|issue=14|date=2001|pages=96–105|url=http://www.ahlebanon.com/images/PDF/Issue%2014%20-%20Autumn%202001/The%20Beshare%20Cedars%20of%20Lebanon%20As%20Seen%20By%20Travellers%20-%20F.%20Nigel%20Hepper.pdf}}
* Aiello, Anthony S., and Michael S. Dosmann. "[http://www.arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/2007-65-1-the-quest-for-the-hardy-cedar-of-lebanon.pdf The quest for the Hardy Cedar-of-lebanon]." Arnoldia: The magazine of the Arnold Arboretum 65.1 (2007): 26–35.
* Anderson, Mary Perle. “The Cedar of Lebanon.” Torreya, vol. 8, no. 12, 1908, pp.&nbsp;287–292. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40594656.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070109162520/http://www.ikamalebanon.com/eco_tourism/north_et/north_cities_et/cedars.htm Lebanon eco-tourism: Cedars of God]

[[Category:Cedrus]]

{{Sourceattribution|Cedars of God}}