View source for Biology:Collybiopsis confluens

{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Speciesbox
| name               = Clustered toughshank
| image              = Gymnopus.confluens.-.lindsey.jpg
| image_upright      =
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = 
| image2             = 
| image2_upright     =
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| image2_caption     = 
| genus              = Collybiopsis
| species            = confluens
| authority = (Pers.) R. H. Petersen
| range_map_upright    = 
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| synonyms = 
*''Marasmiellus confluens''<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Oliveira |first1=Jadson J. S. |last2=Vargas-Isla |first2=Ruby |last3=Cabral |first3=Tiara S. |last4=Rodrigues |first4=Doriane P. |last5=Ishikawa |first5=Noemia K. |title=Progress on the phylogeny of the Omphalotaceae: Gymnopus s. str., Marasmiellus s. str., Paragymnopus gen. nov. and Pusillomyces gen. nov. |journal=Mycological Progress |date=May 2019 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=713–739 |doi=10.1007/s11557-019-01483-5|s2cid=115153522 }}</ref>
*''Gymnopus confluens''<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Marasmiellus confluens|periodical=|publisher=|url=http://www.mycobank.org/name/Marasmiellus%20confluens&Lang=Eng|url-status=|format=|access-date=2020-08-05|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}</ref>
*''Collybia confluens''<ref name=":1" />
*''Marasmius archyropus''<ref>{{cite web|title=Marasmius archyropus|periodical=|publisher=|url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=145219&Fields=All|url-status=|format=|access-date=5 August 2020|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}</ref>
*''Agaricus confluens''

}}

'''''Collybiopsis confluens''''',<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Petersen |first1=Ronald H. |last2=Hughes |first2=Karen W. |title=Collybiopsis and its type species, Co. ramealis |journal=Mycotaxon |date=23 July 2021 |volume=136 |issue=2 |pages=263–349 |doi=10.5248/136.263|s2cid=238815862 |doi-access=free }}</ref> commonly known as the '''clustered toughshank''', is a type of [[Biology:Mushroom|mushroom]] from the [[Biology:Omphalotaceae|Omphalotaceae]] family.<ref name=":0" /> The fruiting body appears from summer until autumn in deciduous and coniferous forests. ''Collybiopsis confluens'' is not an edible mushroom.

== Traits ==
=== Macroscopic traits ===
The thin-fleshed cap is {{convert|1.5-4|cm|abbr=on}} wide, arched or flattened, and more or less convex. The cap is smooth, matte and faintly ochre or faintly brown depending on humidity. The colours turn pale to a whiteish tone when the cap is dry. Mature fruiting bodies have a wavy and slightly grooved edge.  

The [[Biology:Lamella (mycology)|lamella]] are strikingly tightly packed and almost exposed. In early stages, they are whiteish and later turn from a cream to leather-yellow or pink-brownish colour. The [[Biology:Spore print|spore powder]] is white.

The [[Biology:Stipe (mycology)|stem]] can be up to {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} long, stiff, hollow, smooth and grooved along its length. It is red-brownish coloured and purple-grey and frosted with fine flakes. The tip of the stem is expanded, resembling a button, at the base of the gills. The base is covered with a white felty mycelium weave. The thin, tough flesh is cream-brownish and gives off a weak, aromatic mushroom scent. Its taste is described as mild.<ref name="bon">{{cite book |editor=Marcel Bon |title=Pareys Buch der Pilze |publisher=Franckh-Kosmos Verlag |location=Stuttgart |page=178 |isbn=3-440-09970-9 |date=2005 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="laux">{{cite book |editor=Hans E. Laux|title=Der Kosmos PilzAtlas|publisher=Franckh-Kosmos Verlag|location=Stuttgart|page=78|isbn=3-440-10622-5|date=2002|language=de}}</ref>

=== Microscopic traits ===
The smooth, inamyloid spores are 7–10&nbsp;μm long and 3.5–4.2 (–5)&nbsp;μm wide. They are slightly tear-shaped, ellipsoid or spindle shaped. They are not cyanophilic, meaning that they cannot be dyed with [[Chemistry:Methyl blue|methyl blue]]. The club-shaped, basidia containing four spores are 22.4–26.6&nbsp;μm × 5–7&nbsp;μm big. Pleurocystidia are absent, but there are many 27.5–70&nbsp;μm long and 2.8–5.6&nbsp;μm wide cheilocystidia. They are unevenly club- or cylinder-shaped and twisting. In some instances, they can be unevenly battered or branched like coral. The inamyloid Lamellartrama is parallel to interwoven. The [[Biology:Hypha|hypha]] are 3.5–7.8 (–14.8)&nbsp;μm wide, smooth, thin-walled and translucent. They partially contain strongly refractive lipid droplets. The Huttrama is inamyloid and loosely interwoven. The Hyphen are 5.5–13.2&nbsp;μm wide. The skin of the cap ([[Biology:Pileipellis|Pileipellis]]) is only slightly differentiated and consists of crawling, branched, and radially orientated hyphen. The hyaline and thin walled cells are 2.8–7&nbsp;μm wide and mostly smooth. Occasionally, they can be spirally and unevenly encrusted by a fine, faint yellow-brown pigment. Clamp connections are present in all tissues.<ref name="bon"/><ref name="Halling">{{cite book |author=R.E. Halling |publisher=The New York Botanical Garden |title=A revision of Collybia s. l. in the northeastern United States & adjacent Canada: Gymnopus section Vestipedes |date=2004 |language=de |url=https://www.nybg.org/bsci/res/col/vestiped.html#confluens |access-date=2012-04-10}}</ref>

== Differentiation ==

Amateurs would find it easy to confuse ''Collybiopsis confluens'' with other types of mushrooms. Characteristic of this species are the narrow- 

{{Mycomorphbox
| name = ''{{PAGENAME}}''{{italic title}}
| hymeniumType = gills
| capShape = convex
| capShape2 = flat
| whichGills = adnate
| whichGills2 = free
| stipeCharacter = bare
| sporePrintColor = yellow
| sporePrintColor2 = white
| howEdible = unknown
| howEdible2 = inedible
}}

standing lamellae, the thin-fleshed, reddish-brown and quickly-fading cap and the tough, gristly stem, which is usually noticeably hairy and quite long in relation to the diameter of the cap. The tufted growth is also typical for this species. 

''[[Biology:Gymnopus peronatus|Gymnopus peronatus]]'' can be similar. This also has lamella far apart from each other, yellow lamella when the mushroom is young, light brown lamellae when the mushroom is old, tastes burning hot and grows fewer tufts.

== Ecology ==

This species appears in almost every native forest, as well as in common forest communities. They mainly contain adult copper beeches. The fruiting body appears from July to November mostly in rows of clusters or fairy circles from 1 to 5 meters in diameter. As a substrate, deciduous and coniferous trees serve very well, however they grow most frequently on copper beech wood. The mushrooms appear from lowland to high mountain land.<ref name="krieglsteiner">{{cite book |last1=Krieglsteiner |first1=German J. |last2=Kaiser |first2=Armin |last3=Gminder |first3=Andreas |last4=Winterhoff |first4=Wulfard |title=Die Großpilze Baden-Württembergs / 3, Ständerpilze: Blätterpilze I / Autoren des Bandes 3: Andreas Gminder, German J. Krieglsteiner unter Mitarb. von Armin Kaiser. |date=2001 |publisher=Verlag Eugen Ulmer |location=Stuttgart |isbn=3-8001-3536-1 |language=de|volume=3}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
''Collybiopsis confluens'' is widely spread throughout Pakistan and the [[Biology:Holarctic realm|Holarctic realm]]. In the Holoartic realm, the distribution area reaches from the meridian to the subarctic climate zone. The species has been documented in North Asia (Caucasus, Eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, China, Korea, Japan), North America (USA, Canada), and Europe. In Europe the mushroom is distributed from Spain in the South to Macedonia in the South-East. In western Europe they can be found in France, Great Britain, in the [[Organization:Benelux|Benelux]] countries and northwards to the Hebrides. They appear throughout all of middle Europe, east Europe, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. They can also be found throughout all of Fennoscandia. In the north, its distribution area reaches Sweden and Finland, to beyond the arctic circle.<ref name="pilzkartierung">{{cite web |title=Pilz-Verbreitungsatlas - Deutschland |periodical=Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / BRD.pilzkartierung.de |url=http://brd.pilzkartierung.de/f2specart.php?csuchsatz=grx&cFund= |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Weltweite Verbreitung von Gymnopus confluens |website=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=http://data.gbif.org/species/5243751 |access-date=18 March 2012}}{{failed verification|date=November 2022}}</ref>

== Classification ==

The mushroom was first classified as ''Agaricus confluens'' by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1796. In 1828, Persoon re-classified this species under the name of ''Agaricus archyropus''. In 1828, [[Biography:Elias Magnus Fries|Elias Magnus Fries]] gave the mushroom the name ''Maramius archyropus'' and so put it in the genus ''[[Biology:Marasmius|Marasmius]]''.<ref name="Fries">{{cite book |author=Elias Magnus Fries |title=Epicrisis systematis mycologici: seu synopsis hymenomycetum |publisher=Typographia Academica |location=Upsala |page=378 |date=1838 |language=de}}</ref> Indeed, he used also the younger epithet ''archyropus'', although the older epithet ''confluens'' through the designation took precedence. This was corrected in 1898 by P. Karsten, who gave the species the name ''Marasmius confluens'' and so used the older epithet for the classification into the genus ''Marasmius''.

In 1871, Paul Kummer placed the mushroom as ''Collybia confluens'' in the genus ''Collybia''<ref name="Kummer">{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Kummer |title=Der Führer in die Pilzkunde: Anleitung zum methodischen, leichten und sicheren Bestimmen der in Deutschland vorkommenden Pilze |edition=2nd |publisher=G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung |location=Zerbst |page=117 |date=1882 |language=de |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106672#page/125/mode/1up |website=Biodiversity Library}}</ref> and in 1898 the species was classified as ''Chamaeceras archyropus'' by Otto Kuntze in the newly-founded (by Kuntze) genus of ''Chamaeceras''.<ref name="Kuntze">{{cite book |author=Otto Kuntze |title=Revisio generum plantarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. |volume=Pars 3 / 2 |page=455 |date=1898 |language=de |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96994x/f665.image.r=Revisio+generum+plantarum+.langDE |location=Paris |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France}}</ref>

For a long time, the species was labelled as ''Collybia confluens'', following Paul Kummer. This name is still in use today. In 1997, V. Antonìn, R. Halling and M. Noordeloos placed the species in the genus ''[[Biology:Gymnopus|Gymnopus]]''.<ref name="Antonin">{{citation |author=V. Antonín |author2=R.E. Halling |author3=M.E. Noordeloos |periodical=Mycotaxon |title=Generic concepts within the groups of Marasmius and Collybia sensu lato. |volume=63 |pages=359–368 |date=1997 |language=de}}</ref> Genetic studies show however, that ''Collybiopsis confluens'' is more closely related to ''[[Biology:Marasmiellus ramealis|Marasmiellus ramealis]]'' (type species of the genus ''Marasmiellus'') than ''[[Biology:Gymnopus fusipes|Gymnopus fusipes]]'' (type species of the genus ''Gymnopus'') and therefore was classified in the genus ''Marasmiellus''.<ref name=":0" />

In 2021, the ''Marasmiellus''-species, including ''Marasmiellus ramealis'' as former type species and ''Marasmiellus confluens'', was transferred to the 1909-established genus ''Collybiopsis''.<ref name=":2" />

== Etymology == 

The Latin epithet ''{{lang|la|confluens}}'' means "to flow together" or "to flow into each other".<ref name="Bischoff">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNg8AAAAYAAJ&q=confluens |title=Lehrbuch der Botanik |volume=2 |last=Gottlieb-Wilhelm Bischoff |year=1834 |access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref>

== Relevance ==

The mushroom is not edible,<ref name="laux" />  even though it likely contains no poison. Due to the tough, cartilaginous stalk and the thickness of its flesh, it is hardly used for this purpose.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q109524981}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Collybiopsis confluens}}
* {{cite web|title=Collybia confluens|periodical=Funghi in Italia / Funghiitaliani.it|publisher=|url=http://www.funghiitaliani.it/index.php?showtopic=17083|url-status=|format=|access-date=18 March 2012|last=|date=|year=|language=Italian|pages=|quote=}} Photos of the Clustered Toughshank Mushroom

[[Category:Omphalotaceae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Collybiopsis confluens}}