View source for Biology:Cybistetes

{{Automatic taxobox
|taxon = Cybistetes
|image= Ammocharis longifolia 2013 03 19 2393.JPG
|image_caption= ''Cybistetes longifolia'' = ''Ammocharis longifolia''
|authority = <small>Milne-Redh. & Schweick.</small>{{sfn|Milne-Redhead|Schweickerdt|1939|loc=52: 189}}
|synonyms = 
* ''[[Biology:Ammocharis|Ammocharis longifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Herb.</small>
* ''Crinum longifolium'' <small>(L.) Thunb.</small>
* ''Crinum falcatum'' <small>Jacq.</small>
* ''Crinum capense'' <small>(Mill.) Herb.</small>
* ''Brunsvigia falcata'' <small>(Jacq.) Ker-Gawl.</small> 
|synonyms_ref={{sfn|Milne-Redhead|Schweickerdt|1939}}
}}
[[File:Hermann Lilium africanum polyanthos.jpg|thumb|''Lilium Africanum Polyanthos'' in ''Paradisus batavus'', 1698]]
'''''Cybistetes''''' ('''''Ammocharis longifolia''''') was a monotypic [[Biology:Genus|genus]] within the family [[Biology:Amaryllidaceae|Amaryllidaceae]]. Its single [[Biology:Species|species]] was ''Cybistetes longifolia''. The genus was placed in [[Biology:Tribe|tribe]] [[Biology:Amaryllideae|Amaryllideae]] of subfamily [[Biology:Amaryllidoideae|Amaryllidoideae]]. Subsequently it was transferred to genus ''Ammocharis'', as ''Ammocharis longifolia''.

== Description ==

''Cybistetes longifolia'' is a [[Biology:Perennial|perennial]] geophyte with large (100–150&nbsp;mm) bulbs, 9–14 prostrate leaves, a 13–90 flowered [[Biology:Inflorescence|inflorescence]], flowers funnel-shaped, ivory or pale to dark pink, tepals [[Biology:Connation|connate]] forming a floral tube.

It is distinguished from ''Ammocharis'' (''i.e.'' other species of ''Ammocharis'') by the presence of zygomorphic flowers, as opposed to actinomorphic, and by its seed dispersal mechanism, with a wind blown indehiscent [[Biology:Infructescence|infructescence]] (fruiting head) that gave it its name.{{sfn|Kwembeya et al|2007}} The fruiting head dries rapidly and is shed as a single unit, which the rolls away (tumbles), born by the wind.{{sfn|Snijman|Kolberg|2011}} Another distinguishing feature in the infructescence is the pedicels, which elongate, spread apart, stiffen and ultimately radiate equally in all directions.{{sfn|Germishuizen|Meyer|2003}}{{sfn|Germishuizen|Meyer|2003|loc=[http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/results_browse.php?src=SP&taxon=genno=2099 ''Cybistetes'']}}{{sfn|Snijman|Williamson|1994}}

== Taxonomy ==

=== History ===
The [[Biology:Taxon|taxon]] was originally described by [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1753 as ''Amaryllis longifolia'', one of eight species in that genus,{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358106#page/304/mode/1up ''Amaryllis'' pp.&nbsp;292–293]}} but was well known and cultivated in Europe long before that, Linnaeus basing his description on Paul Hermann's ''Paradisus Batavus'' (1698) as ''Lilium Africanum Polyanthos''.{{sfn|Hermann|1705|loc=[http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00001273/images/index.html?id=00001273&groesser=&fip=193.174.98.30&no=&seite=348 p.&nbsp;195]}} Since then it has had a complicated history as detailed by Milne-Redhead and Schweickerdt, being variously placed in ''[[Biology:Crinum|Crinum]]'' and ''[[Biology:Brunsvigia|Brunsvigia]]''.{{sfn|Milne-Redhead|Schweickerdt|1939}}

''Cybistetes'' was one of three genera in subtribe [[Biology:Crininae|Crininae]] and ''Cybistetes longifolia'' has been considered a synonym for ''Ammocharis longifolia'' in the closely related genus ''[[Biology:Ammocharis|Ammocharis]]'' since 2007,{{sfn|Kwembeya et al|2007}}{{sfn|Snijman|Williamson|1994}} and is treated as such by the [[Biology:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]].{{sfn|WCLSPF|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=303756 ''Cybistetes'']}} Prior to that it was treated as a separate genus by taxonomists{{sfn|Milne-Redhead|Schweickerdt|1939|loc=52: 189}}{{sfn|Müller-Doblies|Müller-Doblies|1996}}{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|2001}} in a [[Biology:Sister group|Sister]]) relationship to ''Ammocharis''. In that configuration the third genus of subtribe Crininae, ''[[Biology:Crinum|Crinum]]'' was then in a sister relationship to the ''Cybistetes''+''Ammocharis'' [[Biology:Clade|clade]].{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|2001}}

''Cybistetes'' was described by Milne-Redhead and Schweickerdt in 1939,{{sfn|Milne-Redhead|Schweickerdt|1939|loc=52: 189}} and fairly consistently treated as a separate genus, being distinct from ''Ammocharis'' in both distribution and [[Earth:Seed dispersal|seed dispersal]], and was grouped within Crininae by recircumscription of this subtribe in 2001, based on [[Biology:Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetics]].{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|2001}} Milne-Redhead and Schweickerdt had segregated ''Cybistetes'' from ''Ammocharis'' largely on the basis of [[Biology:Infructescence|infructescence]] structure. For ''Cybistetes'' the entire infructescence of indehiscent fruits is the dispersal unit (anemogeochory ). By contrast [[Biology:Ammocharis|Ammocharis]] fruits are dehiscent and infrutescence is lax.{{sfn|Snijman|Williamson|1994}}{{sfn|Snijman|Linder|1996}}{{sfn|Meerow et al|2003}} However Snijman and Linder (1996) had suggested, on morphological grounds alone that ''Cybistetes'' and ''Ammocharis'' be embedded in ''Crinum'', there being insufficient synapomorphy to separate them, nevertheless they retained the distinction in their delineation of the subtribe (which incidentally contained ''[[Biology:Boophone|Boophone]]'').{{sfn|Snijman|Linder|1996}} Although Germishuizen and Meyer embedded ''Cybistetes'' in ''Ammocharis'' in their original (2003) ''Plants of Southern Africa'',{{sfn|Germishuizen|Meyer|2003}} the 2007 online version lists it separately.{{sfn|Germishuizen|Meyer|2003|loc=[http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/results_browse.php?src=SP&taxon=genno=2099 ''Cybistetes'']}}

Eventually a much more detailed study in 2007 with a greater sampling of ''Ammocharis'' showed that ''Cybistetes'' is indeed embedded in ''Ammocharis'' as ''A. longifolia'', where it is sister to ''A. angolensis''.{{sfn|Kwembeya et al|2007}} Snijman and Kolberg (2011) provide a key to the entire genus of ''Ammocharis'', including ''A. longifolia''. There, it is distinguished from ''A. deserticola'' by its short [[Biology:Tepal|perigone]] tube of only 8–15&nbsp;mm long, relative to the latter (50–90&nbsp;mm){{sfn|Snijman|Kolberg|2011}}

=== Etymology ===
''Cybistetes'' {{lang-grc-gre|κυβιστητης}}, or tumbler, after the way the wind tumbles the [[Biology:Infructescence|infructescence]].{{sfn|Milne-Redhead|Schweickerdt|1939}}

== Distribution ==
Southern Namibia and western Cape Province,{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|2001}} which constitute the  extreme western region of winter rainfall in southern Africa.{{sfn|Snijman|Kolberg|2011}}

[[File:Ammocharis longifolia IMG 2285.JPG|thumb|300px|center|Left to right: Flowering inflorescence, fruiting inflorescence, tumbling infruitescence]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hermann|first1=Paul|title=Paradisus Batavus, Continens Plus centum Plantas affabre aere incisas & Descriptionibus illustratas; Cui Accessit Catalogus Plantarum, quas pro Tomis nondum editis, delineandas curaverat|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00001273/images/index.html?seite=8|date=1705|origyear=1698|publisher=Elzevier|location=Leiden|edition=2nd|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669|last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum | year=1753 |publisher=Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|accessdate=18 April 2015|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Lehmiller|first2=David J.|last3=Clayton|first3=Jason R.|title=Phylogeny and biogeography of ''Crinum'' L. (Amaryllidaceae) inferred from nuclear and limited plastid non-coding DNA sequences|url=http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/3257/PDF|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=March 2003|volume=141|issue=3|pages=349–363|doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00142.x|ref={{harvid|Meerow et al|2003}}|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Kwembeya|first1=Ezekeil G.|last2=Bjorå|first2=Charlotte S.|last3=Stedje|first3=Brita|last4=Nordal|first4=Inger|title=Phylogenetic Relationships in the Genus ''Crinum'' (Amaryllidaceae) with Emphasis on Tropical African Species: Evidence from trnL-F and Nuclear ITS DNA Sequence Data|journal=Taxon|date=1 August 2007|volume=56|issue=3|pages=801|doi=10.2307/25065863|ref={{harvid|Kwembeya et al|2007}}|jstor=25065863}}
* {{cite journal |editor1-last=Germishuizen |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Meyer |editor2-first=N.L. |title=Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist |url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/NISL/Biodiversity/Attachments/Plants%20of%20SA.pdf |journal=Strelitzia |date=2003 |volume=14 |issue=i-vi |pages=1–1231 |ref=harv |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627000657/http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/NISL/Biodiversity/Attachments/Plants%20of%20SA.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-27 }} ([http://posa.sanbi.org/intro_posa.php online version])
* {{cite journal|last1=Milne-Redhead|first1=E.|last2=Schweickerdt|first2=H. G.|title=A new conception of the genus ''Ammocharis'' Herb.|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany|date=October 1939|volume=52|issue=342|pages=159–197|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01601.x|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Müller-Doblies|first1=U.|last2=Müller-Doblies|first2=D.|authorlink1=Ute Müller-Doblies|title=Tribes and subtribes and some species combinations in Amaryllidaceae J St Hil R Dahlgren & al. 1985|journal=Feddes Repertorium|date=1996|volume=107|issue=5–6|pages=S.c.1–S.c.9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Snijman|first2=Deirdre A.|title=Phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae Tribe Amaryllideae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences and Morphology|journal=American Journal of Botany|date=December 2001|volume=88|issue=12|pages=2321–2330|doi=10.2307/3558392|ref=harv|url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=3004&content=PDF|jstor=3558392}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Snijman|first1=D. A.|last2=Williamson|first2=G.|title=A taxonomic re-assessment of ''Ammocharis herrei'' and ''Cybistetes longifolia'' (Amaryllideae: Amaryllidaceae)|journal=Bothalia|date=15 December 1994|volume=24|issue=2|pages=127–132|doi=10.4102/abc.v24i2.762|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Snijman|first1=D. A.|last2=Linder|first2=H. P.|title=Phylogenetic Relationships, Seed Characters, and Dispersal System Evolution in Amaryllideae (Amaryllidaceae)|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|date=1996|volume=83|issue=3|pages=362–386|doi=10.2307/2399866|ref=harv|jstor=2399866}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Snijman|first1=D. A.|last2=Kolberg|first2=H.|title= ''Ammocharis deserticola'' (Amaryllideae), a new species from Namibia and a key to species of the genus|url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/Content/Projects/namibia/Resources/Snijman_and_Kolberg2011_ammocharis.pdf|journal=Bothalia|date=2011|volume=41|issue=2|pages=308–311|ref=harv|doi=10.4102/abc.v41i2.69}}
* {{cite web|title= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/|accessdate=8 August 2015|publisher=[[Organization:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |ref={{harvid|WCLSPF|2015}} }}
* {{cite web|title=''Ammocharis longifolia'' (L.) M. Roem.|url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=15960|website=Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques|publisher=SANBI|accessdate=1 March 2016|date=2012}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10262599}}

[[Category:Amaryllidaceae genera]]
[[Category:Amaryllidoideae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Cybistetes|1}}