View source for Biology:Disperis

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants belonging to the orchid family}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Disperis capensis 1.jpg
| image_caption = ''Disperis capensis''
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Disperis
| authority = [[Biography:Olof Swartz|Sw.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera
| subdivision = ''D.''&nbsp;subg. ''Disperis''<br/>
''D.''&nbsp;subg. ''Dryorkis''
| range_map = Disperis distribution map.png
| range_map_caption = Range of genus
}}

'''''Disperis''''' is a [[Biology:Genus|genus]] of [[Biology:Plant|plant]]s in the orchid family, [[Biology:Orchidaceae|Orchidaceae]]. It has about 78 [[Biology:Species|species]].<ref name=chase2015>Mark W. Chase, Kenneth M. Cameron, John V. Freudenstein, Alec M. Pridgeon, Gerardo A. Salazar, Cássio van den Berg, and André Schuiteman. 2015. "An updated classification of Orchidaceae". ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''177'''(2):151-174. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Most of the species are from tropical and southern [[Earth:Africa|Africa]], as well as [[Earth:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]] [[Earth:Island|island]]s. A few are [[Biology:Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to the tropical or the warmer subtropical regions of [[Earth:Asia|Asia]] and [[Biology:Malesia|Malesia]].

==Etymology==
The genus name ''Disperis'' derives from the ancient greek {{wikt-lang|grc|δίς}} ({{grc-transl|δίς}}), meaning "twice", and {{wikt-lang|grc|πήρα}} ({{grc-transl|πήρα}}), meaning "bag", "pouch",<ref>{{Cite book |title=Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |date=1981-01-01 |publisher=Hachette |isbn=978-2010035289 |oclc=461974285 |location=Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/ |title=Greek-french dictionary online |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |date= |website=www.tabularium.be |publisher= |access-date=2017-01-24}}</ref> because of to the pouches formed by the lateral sepals.<ref name="quattrocchiII">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, D.C.; USA. London, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2676-9}} (vol. II).</ref>

==Range and variation==
''Disperis'' consists of two subgenera, ''Disperis'' and ''Dryorkis''.<ref name=kurzweil2005>Hubert Kurzweil and John C. Manning. 2005. "A synopsis of the genus ''Disperis'' Sw. (Orchidaceae)". ''Adansonia'' '''27'''(2):155-207.</ref> Subgenus ''Disperis'' has been well [[Chemistry:Sample (material)|sampled]] in a molecular phylogenetic [[Research|study]],<ref name=waterman2009>Richard J. Waterman, Anton Pauw, Timothy G. Barraclough, and Vincent Savolainen. 2009. "Pollinators underestimated: A molecular phylogeny reveals widespread floral convergence in oil-secreting orchids (sub-tribe Coryciinae) of the Cape of South Africa". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''51'''(1):100-110. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.020}}.</ref> but subgenus ''Dryorkis'' has not. Subgenus ''Disperis'' has about 30 species and is distinguished by an [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#entire|entire]] [[Biology:Labellum (botany)|lip]] appendage. Most of its species are from southern Africa. A few are from [[Place:East Africa|East Africa]] and {{wipe|Madagascar}}. Subgenus ''Dryorkis'' has about 48 species and is distinguished by a 2-[[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#lobe|lobed]] lip appendage. It is found throughout tropical Africa as well as Madagascar and nearby islands, and it has one widespread species in [[Place:Tropical Asia|tropical Asia]].

==Pollination==
Like [[Element (mathematics)|members]] of the [[Biology:Subtribe|subtribe]] [[Biology:Coryciinae|Coryciinae]] sensu stricto, ''Disperis'' is pollinated by [[Biology:Pollination syndrome|oil collecting]] [[Biology:Bee|bee]]s of the genus ''[[Biology:Rediviva|Rediviva]]''. The oil is [[Biology:Secretion|produced]] on the lip appendage, usually near its [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#apex|apex]]. ''Disperis'' has [[Biology:Parallel evolution|independently evolved]] a floral [[Biology:Morphology|morphology]] much like that of Coryciinae s.s. in order to attract these [[Biology:Pollinator|pollinator]]s.

==Relationships==
In the ''Genera Orchidacearum'' [[Philosophy:Treatise|work]], ''Disperis'' has been placed in the subtribe Coryciinae.<ref name="PridgeonCribb2001">{{cite book|author1=Alec M. Pridgeon|author2=Phillip J. Cribb|author3=Mark W. Chase|author4=Finn N. Rasmussen| year=2001| title=Genera Orchidacearum: Volume 2. Orchidoideae|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-850710-9|page=14}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref> However, molecular phylogeny studies challenged this taxonomic view. Analysis of the nuclear [[Biology:Internal transcribed spacer|ribosomal ITS]] first suggested the [[Biology:Polyphyly|polyphyly]] of Coryciinae as ''Disperis'' did not branch with ''Corycium'' and ''Pterygodium''.<ref name=douzery1999>Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Alec M. Pridgeon, Paul Kores, H. P. Linder, Hubert Kurzweil, and Mark W. Chase. 1999. "Molecular phylogenetics of Diseae (Orchidaceae): a contribution from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''86'''(6):887-899. [http://www.amjbot.org/content/86/6/887.full.pdf+html PDF]{{dead link|date=January 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Moreover, ''Disperis'' appeared more closely [[Affinity (taxonomy)|related]] to ''[[Biology:Brownleea|Brownleea]]'' than to the subtribe Coryciinae, though this affinity did not receive strong [[Resampling (statistics)|statistical support]].<ref name=waterman2009/> In a [[Biology:Taxonomy|classification]] of orchids that was published in 2015, ''Disperis'' was transferred to the subtribe [[Biology:Brownleeinae|Brownleeinae]].<ref name=chase2015/> ''Brownleea'' and ''Disperis'' have a similar [[Biology:Pollen|pollen]] [[Biology:Plant anatomy|structure]] and an upright labellum that lies over the front of the [[Biology:Stigma (botany)|stigma]]. A median [[Biology:Sepal|sepal]] spur is found in all six species of ''Brownleea'' and in many species of ''Disperis''.<ref name=waterman2009/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12234/epdf An updated classification of Orchidaceae (2015)] {{color|green|At:}} [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1095-8339 Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society] {{color|green|At:}} [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Wiley Online Library]
* [http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/a2005n2a2.pdf synopsis of ''Disperis''] {{color|green|At}} [http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/adansonia/27/2 ''Adansonia'' '''27'''(2)] {{color|green|At}} [http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/adansonia ''Adansonia''] {{color|green|At}} [http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/journals journals] {{color|green|At}} [http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en home page of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=jNFvwlGdTEcC&pg=PA14 page 14] {{color|blue|In:}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=jNFvwlGdTEcC&source=gbs_similarbooks ''Genera Orchidacearum'' volume 2] {{color|blue|At:}} [https://books.google.com/books/about/Genera_Orchidacearum.html?id=kZrx4q3p9TUC ''Genera Orchidacearum''] {{color|blue|At:}} [https://books.google.com/ Google Books] 

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2279982}}

[[Category:Orchideae]]
[[Category:Orchideae genera]]

{{Sourceattribution|Disperis}}