View source for Biology:Ecklonia cava

{{Short description|Species of seaweed}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Brown algae hi.jpg
| image_caption= ''Ecklonia cava''
| taxon = Ecklonia cava
| authority = Kjellman, 1885<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |author= Guiry, Michael D.|year=2015 |title=''Ecklonia cava'' Kjellman, 1885 |id=371986 |accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ecklonia cava''''' (or '''paddle weed''', {{nihongo|'''''kajime'''''|搗布<ref name="endo"/>/未滑海藻}}, '''''noro-kajime'''''), is an edible marine brown alga species found in the ocean off {{wipe|Japan}} and [[Place:Korea|Korea]].

It is used as an [[Biology:Herbalism|herbal remedy]] in the form of an extract called ''Seanol'', a [[Chemistry:Polyphenol|polyphenol]]ic extract, and ''Ventol'', a [[Biology:Phlorotannin|phlorotannin]]-rich natural agent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kang|first1=K.|last2=Hwang|first2=H. J.|last3=Hong|first3=D. H.|last4=Park|first4=Y.|last5=Kim|first5=S. H.|last6=Lee|first6=B. H.|last7=Shin|first7=H. C.|year=2004|title=Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of ventol, a phlorotannin-rich natural agent derived from Ecklonia cava, and its effect on proteoglycan degradation in cartilage explant culture|journal=Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology|volume=115-116|pages=77–95|pmid=17564307}}</ref>
Phlorotannins, such as fucodiphlorethol G,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ham|first1=Young Min|last2=Baik|first2=Jong Seok|last3=Hyun|first3=Jin Won|last4=Lee|first4=Nam Ho|year=2008|title=Chem Inform Abstract: Isolation of a New Phlorotannin, Fucodiphlorethol G, from a Brown Alga Ecklonia cava|url=http://newjournal.kcsnet.or.kr/main/j_search/j_download.htm?code=B070927|journal=ChemInform|volume=39|issue=8|doi=10.1002/chin.200808207|access-date=2011-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092422/http://newjournal.kcsnet.or.kr/main/j_search/j_download.htm?code=B070927|archive-date=2012-04-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> 7-phloro eckol, 6,6'-bieckol,<ref name="Li">{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Y.|last2=Qian|first2=Z. J.|last3=Ryu|first3=B.|last4=Lee|first4=S. H.|last5=Kim|first5=M. M.|last6=Kim|first6=S. K.|year=2009|title=Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: An edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava|journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1963–1973|doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.031|pmid=19201199}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Eckol|eckol]], 8,8'-bieckol, 8,4"'-dieckol and [[Chemistry:Phlorofucofuroeckol A|phlorofucofuroeckol A]] can be isolated from ''Ecklonia cava''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahn|first1=M. J.|last2=Yoon|first2=K. D.|last3=Min|first3=S. Y.|last4=Lee|first4=J. S.|last5=Kim|first5=J. H.|last6=Kim|first6=T. G.|last7=Kim|first7=S. H.|last8=Kim|first8=N. G.|last9=Huh|first9=H.|year=2004|title=Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease by phlorotannins from the brown alga Ecklonia cava|journal=Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin|volume=27|issue=4|pages=544–547|doi=10.1248/bpb.27.544|pmid=15056863|last10=Kim|first10=J.|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Other components are common sterol derivatives ([[Chemistry:Fucosterol|fucosterol]], [[Chemistry:Ergosterol|ergosterol]] and [[Chemistry:Cholesterol|cholesterol]]).<ref name="Li" />

It is also identified as a viable [[Physics:Colloid|colloid]] source for use in the biotech industry.<ref name="kim_se-kwon"/>

== Nomenclature ==

''Ecklonia  cava'' answers to the English common name "paddle weed"; it is also referred by the common names "''kajime''" or "''noro-kajime''"<ref name="kim_se-kwon"/> of Japanese origin.

In fact, the standard common name for ''E. cava'' in modern-day Japanese is {{nihongo|''kajime''|カジメ}}, to be distinguished from the wrinkled-leaved  ''Eisenia bicyclis'' ({{Smallcaps|syn.}} ''Ecklonia bicyclis'') known by the common name {{nihongo|''[[Biology:Arame|arame]]''|アラメ}}.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The "leaf" ([[Biology:Lamina (algae)|lamina]]) is wrinkled in ''[[Biology:Ecklonia kurome|Ecklonia kurome]]'' (''kurome'') also; the lamina is wrinkled and becomes forked in ''E. bicyclis''.<ref name="nipponica-kajime"/> Cf. §Range and speciation, ''infra''.}}<ref name="chihara"/> However, these names are extremely misleading. One pioneering Japanese authority on algae, {{illm|Kichisaburo Endo|ja|遠藤吉三郎}}, had noted that the terms ''kajime'' and ''arame'' are confounded regionally, and some places call the ''kajime'' "''arame''", and vice versa.<ref name="endo"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Endo (1874-1921) published this source in 1903, and he himself applied the common name ''arame'' to ''E. cava'', which is the opposite of present-day convention. Endo also identified ''kajime'' as ''[[Biology:Eisenia arborea|Eisenia arborea]]'' and described it as having wrinkles or wave-patterns, which is again contrary to present-day convention which states ''arame'' is distinguished by its wrinkles.<ref name="chihara"/>}}

The local names for ''E.  cava'' are ''kajime'', ''gohei kajime'', ''noro kajime'', ''aburame'', ''obirame'', etc., in Chiba Prefecture<!-- Awa Province (Chiba), Kazusa Province--> and ''anroku'' in Mie Prefecture<!-- Shima Province--> and Tokushima Prefecture;<!-- Awa Province (Tokushima)--> it has been called ''amoto'' or ''ista'' in parts of Mie Prefecture,{{efn|Note that Ise Province (in present-day Mie Prefecture) was a historical production center for these seaweeds, ''cf. infra'', §Culinary uses.}} according to the name lists compiled by Endo, contemporary [[Biology:Phycologist|phycologist]] {{illm|Kibtarō Okamura|ja|岡村金太郎}}, and later writers.<ref name="endo"/><ref name="okamura"/><ref name="okada"/><ref name="kawashima"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The phycologist {{illm|Kibtarō Okamura|ja|岡村金太郎}} (1867-1935), published 1956 who listed ''E. cava'' under ''kajime''. Endo (1903) had placed the species under ''arame''.}}

The confusion of the names ''kajime'' and ''arame'' persists to the present day.<ref name="kawashima"/>{{rp|119}} The converse example where the name ''kajime'' is applied to ''E. bicyclis'' occurs in Endo (1903),<ref name="kawashima"/>{{rp|119}} and the tendency to call this plant ''kajime''<ref name="okada"/>{{rp|49}} or ''kachime''<ref name="kawashima"/>{{rp|118}} or ''kaome''<ref name="okamura"/>{{rp|268}} occur in Shizuoka Prefecture.

And historically (going back to the Nara Period), ''arame'' seems to have signified either of these seaweeds, and that the term ''kajime'' (''kachime'') was not a name for a different plant, but for the same groups of seaweeds processed into  dried powders. This conclusion is derived from studies on wooden shipping tags (''mokkan'') from the 7–8 centuries: the products labeled as {{nihongo|''arame''|滑海藻/阿良女}} are conjectured to have been ''E. cava'' or ''E. bicyclis'', depending on the places of origin recorded on the tags.<ref name="tomizuka&miyata"/> The products labeled as {{nihongo|''kajime/kachime''|未滑海藻/加知女}} were likely to signify pulverized forms of either seaweed (rather than a different type of seaweed), as explained in the Wamyō Ruijushō dictionary, which represents to the word kajime as {{lang|ja|{{linktext|搗|布}}}},<ref name="tomizuka&miyata"/><ref name="rekishi_kokogaku_daijiten"/><ref name="miyashita"/> which literally means 'pounding cloth/seaweed'.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|It has also been asserted that the character representation ''kachime/kajime'' "{{lang|ja|未滑海藻}}" is a recurrent error for "{{lang|ja|末滑海藻}}", the later meaning 'powder arame', which would make rational sense.<ref name="rekishi_kokogaku_daijiten"/>}}

== Range and speciation ==
''Ecklonia cava'' is a perennial brown alga and exists mainly in subtidal areas off the coast of Japan and Korea, especially in [[Biology:Kelp forest|kelp forests]] along the central Pacific coast in Honshu (Southern Bōsō Peninsula/Chiba Prefecture to Wakayama Prefecture), parts of the Seto Inland Sea, the southern coast along the Sea of Japan, and the coast in Kyushu.<ref name="Yotsukura 163–171"/><ref name="Akita2020"/><ref name="yoshida1998"/>{{Refn|name="suzuki&yoshida"}} The type locality is at Yokosuka, Kanagawa.{{Refn|name="suzuki&yoshida"|Suzuki (2020),<ref name="suzuki2020"/> citing Yoshida (1998)<ref name="yoshida1998"/>}}

There are two other algae taxa ''[[Biology:Ecklonia kurome|Ecklonia kurome]]'' (Japanese: ''kurome'') and the Eisenia bicyclis (''arame'') of similar appearance, habitat, and distribution; the ''E. kurome'' are distinguishable by the wrinkled lamina, while ''E. bicyclis'' have lamina that are also wrinkled which become forked.<ref name="nipponica-kajime"/><ref name="endo-eng"/> The distribution of the smooth-lamina ''E. cava'' only extends as far north as the <!--southern--> edge of Fukushima Prefecture, while the  ''arame'' type thrives farther to the edge of Iwate Prefecture.<ref name="nipponica-kajime"/> And the wrinkled ''kurome'' are far more abundant than the smooth ''kajime'' from the Kii Peninsula westward.<ref name="nipponica-kajime"/><ref name="terada2013"/> 

However, the heretofore taxonomic distinction made between ''E. kurome'' and ''E. cava'' based on morphology are recognized to have falsely indicated genetic differences, and recent papers treat ''E. kurome'' as a synonym.{{Refn|{{harvp|Tanaka|Yamauchi|Notoya|Kimura|Yotsukura|2007}}<ref name="tanaka-et-al2007"/> ''apud'' {{harvp|Takao|Kumagai|Yamano|Fujii|Yamanaka|2015}}<ref name="takao-et-al2015"/>}} Thus it has been proposed that ''E. kurome'' be recognized as a subspecies of ''E. cava'', alongside the {{illm|tsuruarame|ja|ツルアラメ|lt=''tsuruarame''}} subspcies (''Ecklonia cava ssp. stolonifera'').<ref name="Akita2020" />

The algae determined to be ''kajime'' based strictly on morphology have been reported in Shikoku, parts of Kyushu, and southern coasts of the Sea of Japan,<ref name="kamiya2012" /><ref name="yoshida1998" /><ref name="terada2013" /> but these tend to be the ''kurome'' or ''tsuruarame'' subspecies.<ref name="Akita2020"/>{{Refn|name="suzuki&yoshida"}}

== Ecosystem ==
It usually creates seaweed beds( [[Biology:Kelp forest|marine forests]]) in waters {{convert|2|-|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep, and can grow to be over 130&nbsp;cm.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Oyamada|first1=Kumi|chapter=A field test of porous carbonated blocks used as artificial reef in seaweed beds of Ecklonia cava|pages=413–418|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9781402096181|last2=Tsukidate|first2=Mario|last3=Watanabe|first3=Keiji|last4=Takahashi|first4=Tatsuhito|last5=Isoo|first5=Tsuneo|last6=Terawaki|first6=Toshinobu|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9619-8_50|title=Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium|volume=2|year=2009}}</ref> As a brown alga, it plays an important role in the ecosystem and habitat of where it lives, providing a source of food and shelter for many marine organisms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Sangil|last2=Youn|first2=Suk Hyun|last3=Oh|first3=Hyun-Ju|last4=Choi|first4=Sun Kyeong|last5=Kang|first5=Yun Hee|last6=Kim|first6=Tae-Hoon|last7=Lee|first7=Hyuk Je|last8=Choi|first8=Kwang-Sik|last9=Park|first9=Sang Rul|date=September 2018|title=Stipe Length as an Indicator of Reproductive Maturity in the Kelp ''Ecklonia cava''|journal=Ocean Science Journal|volume=53|issue=3|pages=595–600|doi=10.1007/s12601-018-0022-2|bibcode=2018OSJ....53..595K |s2cid=90299158 |issn=1738-5261}}</ref> They are the primary producers of their ecosystem, and many animals use them as locations for reproducing.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Gao|first1=Xu|last2=Endo|first2=Hikaru|last3=Nagaki|first3=Michiko|last4=Agatsuma|first4=Yukio|date=2016-07-01|title=Growth and survival of juvenile sporophytes of the kelp ''Ecklonia cava'' in response to different nitrogen and temperature regimes|journal=Fisheries Science|language=en|volume=82|issue=4|pages=623–629|doi=10.1007/s12562-016-0998-4|s2cid=15988866 |issn=1444-2906}}</ref>

Despite its importance in ecosystem functioning and uses for humans, ''Ecklonia cava'' has been decreasing in numbers within recent years.<ref name="Yotsukura 163–171" /> Many factors could contribute to the decline, such as an increase in water temperature, overgrazing, and overuse by humans, but the direct cause of the decrease has not yet been extensively studied. Some evidence suggests an increase in water temperature is responsible, while the low availability of nitrogen in the water can also cause higher death rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ohno|first1=Masaoc|last2=Ishikawa|first2=Tetsu|last3=Imoto|first3=Zenji|last4=Serisawa|first4=Yukihiko|date=2004|title=Decline of the ''Ecklonia cava'' population associated with increased seawater temperatures in Tosa Bay, southern Japan|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fishsci1994/70/1/70_1_189/_article/-char/ja/|journal=Fisheries Science|language=en|volume=70|issue=1|pages=189–191|doi=10.1111/j.0919-9268.2004.00788.x|s2cid=83765136 |issn=0919-9268|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> A combination of both factors is likely responsible, since higher temperatures cause lower availability of nitrogen. 

''Ecklonia cava'' is an important food source for snails, such as ''[[Biology:Littorina brevicula|Littorina brevicula]]'' <small>(Philippi)</small> and ''[[Biology:Haliotis discus|Haliotis discus]]'' <small>(Hannai Ino)</small>, and other marine organisms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Molis|first1=Markus|last2=Korner|first2=Jochen|last3=Ko|first3=Young Wook|last4=Kim|first4=Jeong Ha|last5=Wahl|first5=Martin|date=January 2006|title=Inducible responses in the brown seaweed Ecklonia cava: the role of grazer identity and season|journal=Journal of Ecology|volume=94|issue=1|pages=243–249|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01058.x|issn=0022-0477|url=https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/13065/1/Mol2006a.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to one aquacultural experiment, farmed [[Biology:Abalone|abalone]] gain 1kg in weight for every 15 kg of this seaweed consumed.<ref name="chihara"/> Interestingly, it has also been shown that ''Ecklonia cava'' has a defense mechanism that causes it to be less palatable after having already been attacked by a herbivore, and these defenses are specific to each species of herbivore.<ref name=":0" /> Many species of seaweed and other plants have defenses similar to this, but the specificities of each defense have not been pinpointed.

== Human uses ==
=== Medicinal uses ===
The health benefits of ''Ecklonia cava'' and its chemistry have been somewhat studied, leading to its uses in dietary supplements and herbal remedies.

Though its health benefits are not yet entirely understood, it is also regularly touted as an herbal remedy for insomnia, hair loss, high cholesterol, asthma, and even erectile dysfunction. Although it is likely safe to consume in most cases, there is limited or no evidence to support many of these claims.

=== Culinary uses ===
Use of seaweed (brown algae) as food can be traced back to the fourth century in Japan, and to the sixth century in China.{{Refn|McHugh (2003), p. 1;<ref name="mchugh"/> also cited by {{harvp|Turck|Bresson|Burlingame|Dean|Fairweather-Tait|Heinonen|Hirsch-Ernst|Mangelsdorf|2017}}<ref name="turck-et-al"/>}} The ''arame'' in the loose sense (either ''E. cava'' or ''E. bicyclis'') are known to have been trafficked in quantity at least since the Nara Period, as evidenced by wooden tags on transported good (''mokkan'') which have survived from the 7–8 centuries.<ref name="tomizuka&miyata"/> The collection of these seaweeds were imposed on Ise Province (Mie Prefecture) during the Nara period, to be sent as tribute to the imperial central government, and later both Ise and Shima Provinces (Mie Prefecture) were subjected to this levy, according to the ''[[Religion:Engishiki|Engishiki]]''.<ref name="fukushima"/>

Though these seaweeds are attested to have been eaten in these ancient times,<ref name="nipponica-kajime"/> the details of the culinary use are unknown, though it has been speculated that these seaweeds were consumed as food in a manner similar to how they are used today.<ref name="fukushima"/> These seaweeds are usually preserved dried so as to retain its sliminess after rehydrating, and they can be chopped up into miso soup to add sliminess. Or after removing its slime, they can be turned into simmered dishes (''nimono'').<ref name="fukushima"/> Nowadays only the juvenile algae are harvested for food in most region, using the large full-grown adults is rare.<ref name="nipponica-kajime"/> The ''kajime'' is considered to be of inferior quality in taste compared with ''arame'' and ''kurome''.<ref name="nipponica-kajime"/>

''Ecklonia cava'' on its own may be consumed in salad and soups, but its dried powder is also used as flavoring and coloring agent in candies, rice cakes, miso soups, or kimichi.<ref name="turck-et-al">{{Cite journal|collaboration=EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)|last1=Turck |first1=Dominique |last2=Bresson |first2=Jean‐Louis |last3=Burlingame |first3=Barbara |last4=Dean |first4=Tara |author4-link=<!--Tara Dean -->|last5=Fairweather-Tait |first5=Susan |author5-link=<!--Susan Fairweather-Tait-->|last6=Heinonen |first6=Marina |author6-link=<!--Marina Heinonen --> |last7=Hirsch-Ernst |first7=Karen Ildico |author7-link=<!--Karen Ildico Hirsch-Ernst--> |last8=Mangelsdorf |first8=Inge |author8-link=<!--Inge Mangelsdorf--> |date=October 2017 |title=Safety of Ecklonia cava phlorotannins as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97 |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=e05003 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5003 |pmid=32625298 |pmc=7010033 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the processing of a more major food seaweed, ''Hizikia fusiformes'' (''[[Biology:Hijiki|hijiki]]''), portions of ''Ecklonia cava'' or ''Eisenia bicyclis'' (''[[Biology:Arame|arame]]'') are added in order to moderate the bitter flavor, as well as toning down the intensely dark (blackish) color.{{sfnp|McHugh|2003|pp=84–85}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Akita2020">{{cite journal|last1=Akita |first1=Shingo |last2=Hashimoto |first2=Kazuki |last3=Takeaki |first3=Hanyuda |last4=Kawai |first4=Hiroshi |author4-link=<!--川井浩史 (Kobe U)--> |date=2020 |title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of ''Ecklonia'' spp.(Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) in Japan revealed taxonomic revision of ''E. kurome'' and ''E. stolonifera'' |journal=Phycologia |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=330–339 |doi=10.1080/00318884.2020.1756123|s2cid=219735655 }}</ref>

<ref name="chihara">{{cite book|last=Chihara |first=Mitsuo  |title=Kaisō·kaihin shokubutsu |script-title=ja:海藻・海浜植物 |trans-title=Common seaweeds of Japan in color |series=Hyōjun genshoku zukan zenshū<!-- 標準原色図鑑全集-->, vol. 15 |publisher=Hoikusha<!--保育社--> |date=1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQImAQAAMAAJ&q=cava |pages=41–42 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="endo">{{cite book|last=Endo |first=Kichisaburo |chapter=Kajime zoku |script-chapter=ja:カジメ属 |trans-chapter=Eisenia |title=Nihon yūyō kaisan shokubutsu |script-title=ja:日本有用海産植物 |publisher=Hakubunkan<!--博文館--> |date=1903 |chapter-url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/842750/63 |pages=110–115 |language=ja }}</ref>

<ref name="endo-eng">{{cite journal|last=Yendo |first=K. |title=On Eisenia and Ecklonia |journal=The Botanical Magazine |script-journal=ja:人文地理 |volume=16 |issue=190  |date=20 December 1902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C00YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA205 |pages=203–206  |doi=10.15281/jplantres1887.16.190_203 |lang=ja|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="fukushima">{{cite journal|last=Fukushima |first=Yoshikazu |title=Kodai shokoku kōnō suisanbutsu no bunpu ni tsuite: sono rekishi chirigakuteki kōsatsu |script-title=ja:古代諸国貢納水産物の分布について―その歴史地理学的考察― |trans-title=The Geographical Distribution of the Sea Products in the Ancient Empire of Japan |journal=Japanese Journal of Human Geography |script-journal=ja:人文地理 |volume=23 |issue=5 |date=1971 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjhg1948/23/5/23_5_495/_article/-char/en|page=521 <!--495–525--> |doi=10.4200/jjhg1948.23.495 |lang=ja|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="kamiya2012">{{cite book|last=Kamiya |first=Mitsunobu |author-mask=Kamiya, Mitsunobu (supervis. ed.) |date=2012 |chapter= |editor= |title=Kaisō: Nihon de mirareru 388 shu no seitaishashin + oshiba hyōhon |script-title=ja:海藻 ― 日本で見られる388種の生態写真+おしば標本|publisher=Seibundo seikosha<!--誠文堂新光社-->|isbn=978-4416812006|pages=100–103}}</ref>

<ref name="kawashima">{{cite book|last=Kawashima |first=Shōji |title=Nihon konburui zukan |script-title=ja:日本産コンブ類図鑑|publisher=Kita nihon kaiyō center<!--北日本海洋センタ一--> |date=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PMUAQAAIAAJ&q=cava |pages=119–120; 125–126 |language=ja }}</ref>

<ref name="kim_se-kwon">{{cite book|editor-last=Kim |editor-first=Se-Kwon |chapter=8.2 Taxonomy and Description of the Diverse Colloid Seaweed Producers |title=Encyclopedia of Marine Biotechnology |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gbj3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT824 |pages=119–120; 125–126 |isbn=<!--1119143764, -->9781119143765|language=ja }}</ref>

<ref name="mchugh">{{cite journal|last=McHugh |first=Dennis J. |title=A guide to the seaweed industry |journal=FAO Fisheries Technical Paper |number=441 |date=2003 |url=https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Culture/culture-algues/algoculture/A%20guide%20to%20the%20seaweed%20industry%20FAO.pdf |page=1<!--1–105-->}}</ref>

<ref name="miyashita">{{cite book|last=Miyashita |first=Akira |title=Kaisō |script-title=ja:海藻 |publisher=Hosei University Press<!--法政大学出版局--> |date=1974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wD7SAAAAMAAJ&q=カジメ |pages=42 |isbn=<!--4588201115, -->9784588201110 |language=ja }}</ref>

<ref name="nipponica-kajime">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Arasaki |first=Seibin |entry=Kajime. Ecklonia cava Kjellman |script-entry=ja:カジメ かじめ / 搗布 |title=Nihon daihyakka zensho (Nipponica) |script-title=ja:日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) |publisher=Shogakukan<!--小学館--> |date=1994 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se4PAQAAMAAJ&q=カジメ |via=kotobank|language=ja }}</ref>

<ref name="okada">{{cite book|last=Okada |first=Kiichi |title=Genshoku nihon kaisō zukan |script-title=ja:原色日本海藻図鑑 |publisher=Kazama Shobo<!--風間書房--> |date=1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cD3SAAAAMAAJ&q=Ecklonia |pages=48–51 |language=ja }}<!--Note: Google's bibliographical info (title, author, pub, date) is completely wrong. The book is by Okada, and is derivative of Okamura's work.--></ref>

<ref name="okamura">{{cite book|last=Miyashita |first=Akira |title=Nihon kaisōshi |script-title=ja:日本海藻誌 |publisher=Uchida Rokakuho<!--内田老鶴圃--> |date=1936 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4sjJkTj7bzMC&q=cava |pages=268–270 |language=ja }}</ref>

<ref name="rekishi_kokogaku_daijiten">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nojiri |first=Tadashi |entry=''Kaisō'' [seaweed] |script-entry=ja:海藻 |editor1-last=Ono |editor1-first=Masatoshi |editor1-link=:ja:小野正敏|editor2-last=Sato |editor2-first=Makoto |editor2-link=:ja:佐藤信 (歴史学者) |editor3-last=Tateno|editor3-first=Kazumi |editor3-link=<!--舘野和己-->|title=Rekishi kōkogaku daijiten |script-title=ja:歴史考古学大辞典 |publisher=Yoshikawa kobunkan<!--吉川弘文館--> |date=1956 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se4PAQAAMAAJ&q=カジメ |pages=268–270 |isbn=<!--4642014373, -->9784642014373 |language=ja }}</ref>

<ref name="suzuki2020">{{Cite web|last=Suzuki |first=Masaharu |date=2020-07-02|url=https://tonysharks.com/Tree_of_life/Eukaryote/Chromalveolata/Phaeophyceae/Ecklonia_cava/Ecklonia_cava.html |title=Kajime |script-title=ja:カジメ |trans-title=''Ecklonia cava'' |website=<!--[https://tonysharks.com/Tree_of_life/Tree_of_life.html Shashin de miru seibutsu no keitō to bunrui 写真で見る生物の系統と分類]--> |publisher=<!--[https://tonysharks.com/index.html Ikimono-zuki no kataru shizenshi 生きもの好きの語る自然誌]--> |accessdate=2021-12-05}} @ [https://tonysharks.com/Tree_of_life/Tree_of_life.html Shashin de miru seibutsu no keitō to bunrui 写真で見る生物の系統と分類]</ref>

<ref name="takao-et-al2015">{{Cite journal|last1=Takao |first1=Shintaro |last2=Kumagai |first2=Naoki H |last3=Yamano |first3=Hiroya |last4=Fujii |first4=Masahiko |author4-link=<!--藤井賢彦 (")  -->|last5=Yamanaka |first5=Yasuhiro |author5-link=<!--山中康裕 (Hokkaido University ")--> |date=January 2015  |title=Projecting the impacts of rising seawater temperatures on the distribution of seaweeds around Japan under multiple climate change scenarios |journal=Aquaculture Science |volume=5 |script-journal=ja:水産増殖 |issue=55 |pages=213–223 |doi=10.1002/ece3.1358|pmid=25628878 |pmc=4298448 }}</ref>

<ref name="tanaka-et-al2007">{{Cite journal|last1=Tanaka |first1=Toshimitsu |last2=Yamauchi |first2=Makoto |last3=Notoya |first3=Masahiro |last4=Kimura |first4=Hajime |author4-link=<!--木村創 (和歌山県農林水産総合技術セ 水試 増養殖研)  -->|last5=Yotsukura |first5=Norishige |author5-link=<!--四ツ倉典滋 (北大 北方生物圏フィールド科セ)--> |date=2007 |title=Wakayamaken engan ni seiiku suru kajime to kurome no keitaiteki oyobi identeki tayōsei ni tsuite |script-title=ja:和歌山県沿岸に生育するカジメとクロメの形態的および遺伝的多様性について |trans-title=The Morphological Diversity and the Genetic Variation of Ecklonia cava and E.kurome (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) Sporophytes Collected Along the Coasts of Wakayama prefecture |journal=Aquaculture Science |script-journal=ja:水産増殖 |issue=55 |pages=1–8 |lang=ja}} (with English abstract)</ref>

<ref name="terada2013">{{cite journal|last1=Terada |first1=Ryuta |last2=Kawai |first2=Hiroshi |last3=Kurashima |first3=Akira |last4=Murase |first4=Noboru |author4-link=<!--村瀬昇-->|last5=Sakanishi |first5=Yoshihiko |author5-link=<!--坂西芳彦--> |last6=Tanaka |first6=Jiro |author6-link=<!--田中次郎--> |last7=Yoshida |first7=Goro |author7-link=<!--吉田吾郎--> |last8=Abe |first8=Tsuyoshi |author8-link=<!--阿部剛史--> |last9=Kitayama |first9=Taiju |author9-link=<!--北山太樹--> |date=2013 |title=Nihonsan konbumoku kaisō 5 shu no bunpu to monitaring shihyōshu to shite no hyōka |script-title=ja:日本産コンブ目海藻5種の分布とモニタリング指標種としての評価 |trans-title=<!--non-official tr.-->Distributions of 5 ''Laminaria'' species of Japanese origin, and their assessment as indicator species for monitoring purposes |journal=Monitoring site 1000 engan chōsa (Iso・higata・moba) 2008-2012 nendo torimatome hōkokusho |script-journal=ja:モニタリングサイト1000沿岸域調査(磯・干潟・アマモ場・藻場)2008-2012年度とりまとめ報告書|volume=|issue=|pages=68–73|url=https://researchmap.jp/ryuta-terada/misc/15138700/attachment_file.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="tomizuka&miyata">{{harvp|Tomizuka|Miyata|2011|p=151}} and Table 3</ref>

<ref name="yoshida1998">{{cite book|last=Yoshida |first=Tadao |year=1998 |chapter=Kajime zoku |script-chapter=ja:カジメ属 |editor= |title=Shin Nihon kaisōshi |script-title=ja:新日本海藻誌 |publisher=Uchida Rokakuho<!--内田老鶴圃--> |isbn=978-4753640492|pages=342–344}}</ref>

<ref name="Yotsukura 163–171">{{Cite journal|last1=Yotsukura |first1=Norishige |last2=Nagai |first2=Kouhei |last3=Tanaka |first3=Toshimitsu |last4=Kimura |first4=Hajime |author4-link=<!--木村創--> |last5=Morimoto |first5=Kouichi |author5-link=<!--森本康一--> |date=April 2012 |title=Temperature stress-induced changes in the proteomic profiles of Ecklonia cava (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)|journal=Journal of Applied Phycology|volume=24|issue=2|pages=163–171|doi=10.1007/s10811-011-9664-5|s2cid=254603942 |issn=0921-8971}}</ref>

}}

;Bibliography
* {{cite journal|last1=Tomizuka |first1=Tomoko |last2=Miyata |first2=Masahiko |title=Mokkan ni kijutsu sareta kaisō: 7 seiki ~ 8 seiki ni okeru kaisō riyō |script-title=ja:木簡に記述された海藻―7世紀～8世紀における海藻利用― |trans-title=Seaweeds on Wooden Tablets， with Special Reference to Five Ancient Sites in the Asuka-Nara era |journal=Japanese Society of Phycology (Sôrui) |script-journal=ja:藻類 |number=59 |date=10 November 2011|url=https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Culture/culture-algues/algoculture/A%20guide%20to%20the%20seaweed%20industry%20FAO.pdf |pages=145–153 |lang=ja}}


== External links ==
*[http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=4007 AlgaeBase Profile]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5332922}}

[[Category:Ecklonia|cava]]

{{Sourceattribution|Ecklonia cava}}