View source for Biology:Elphidium

{{short description|Genus of foraminifers}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Early [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]] to [[Earth:Holocene|Holocene]]
| image = Elphidium excavatum clavatum.jpg
| image_alt = "Elphidium excavatum clavatum"
| image_caption = ''Elphidium excavatum clavatum''
| taxon = Elphidium
| authority = [[Biography:Pierre Denys de Montfort|Montfort]], 1808<ref>Montfort P. [Denys de]. (1808-1810). Conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles. Paris: Schoell. Vol. 1: pp. lxxxvii + 409 [1808]. Vol. 2: pp. 676 + 16 [1810 (before 28 May)]., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/10571</ref>
| synonyms = 
*''Andromedes'' <small>Montfort, 1808 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Canalifera'' <small>Krasheninnikov, 1953 (Name not available ICZN Art. 13(a)(i))</small>
*''Carpenterella'' <small>Krasheninnikov, 1953 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Cellanthus'' <small>Montfort, 1808</small>
*''Cellulia'' <small>Agassiz, 1844 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987, err. emend.)</small>
*''Cribrononion'' <small>Thalmann, 1947· accepted, alternate representation</small>
*''Faujasinella'' <small>Voloshinova, 1958 (Subjective junior synonym in opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Geophonus'' <small>Montfort, 1808 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Helicoza'' <small>Mobius, 1880 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Helicoza'' <small>Möbius, 1880 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Nonion (Cribrononion)'' <small>Thalmann, 1947 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Ozawaia'' <small>Cushman, 1931 (Junior subjective synonym in opinion of Hayward et al. (1997))</small>
*''Perfectononion'' <small>Voloshinova & Leonenko, 1970 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Planoelphidium'' <small>Voloshinova, 1958 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Polystomatium'' <small>Ehrenberg, 1839 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Polystomella'' <small>Lamarck, 1822 (Subjective junior synonym Opinion of Loeblich and Tappan (1987))</small>
*''Sporilus'' <small>Montfort, 1808 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Themeon'' <small>Montfort, 1808 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
*''Vorticialis'' <small>Lamarck, 1812 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WoRMS>Hayward, B.W.; Le Coze, F.; Gross, O. (2019). World Foraminifera Database. Elphidium Montfort, 1808. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=112162 on 2019-01-08 </ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera and Species<ref name=WoRMS/>
| subdivision = 
* See text
}}

'''''Elphidium''''' is an abundant genus of [[Biology:Foraminifera|foraminifera]]. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, [[Biology:Fossil|fossil]]s from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of the species within this genus is disputed due to the high variability of some species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schweizer|first1=Magali|last2=Polovodova|first2=Irina|last3=Nikulina|first3=Anna|last4=Schonfeld|first4=Joachim|date=March 2011|title=Molecular identification of Ammonia and Elphidium species (Foraminifera, Rotaliida) from the Kiel Fjord (SW Baltic Sea) with rDNA sequences|journal=Helgoland Marine Research|volume=65|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1007/s10152-010-0194-3|bibcode=2011HMR....65....1S|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Description==
''Elphidium'' is generally around 1&nbsp;mm in size. The [[Biology:Test|test]] is spiral-shaped, and can be red, orange, or brown. This shell is made up of [[Chemistry:Calcium carbonate|calcium carbonate]]. Species of this genus have seven to twenty chambers in the final whorl, and may have an umbilical plug on each side. {{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} In some species the rim is sharp, while in others it is more rounded. Another distinctive feature is the retral processes (small backward extensions of the chamber walls) that cross the sutures, giving some the appearance of tiny rolled up glass baskets. {{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} ''Elphidium'' crawls using a type of [[Biology:Pseudopodia|pseudopod]] called reticulopodia.

==Life cycle==
''Elphidium'' shows dimorphism with [[Biology:Alternation of generations|alternating generations]]. 
The complete cycle for ''Elphidium crispum'' takes two years in the shallower marine regions, although it may be delayed at deeper stations. 
Asexual reproduction reaches a peak in spring of the first year. 
Sexual reproduction  begins early in the second spring as temperatures begin to rise. 
The gametes conjugate outside in open sea to produce zygotes and the B form then develops and matures during the second summer.
Lister (1895) observed ''Elphidium''  in two different forms as megalospheric form (sexual form) and microsperic form (asexual form). The megalosperic form was developed from the microsperic form. The [[Biology:Gamete|gamete]]s which gives rise to microspheric form by [[Biology:Fertilisation|syngamy]]. 
''Elphidium'' exhibits an alternation of generation in its life cycle. The megalosperic forms alternates with microspheric forms. The microspheric forms are developed by the conjugation or syngamy. It means there is always an alternations of asexual (microspheric) and sexual (megalospheric) generation in ''Elphidium''.
The microspheric form reproduces asexually by [[Biology:Fission|fission]] to produce a number of amoebulae. The inner [[Biology:Cytoplasm|cytoplasm]] mass containing several [[Biology:Cell nucleus|nuclei]] creeps out of the shell and remains as a lump around it. A small amount of cytoplasm collects around each nucleus. As a result, a large number of amoeboid cells are formed. Each amoebula secretes the proloculum, formsrhizopodia, then it grows and forms other chambers of the shell to become a megalospheric forms.
The megalospheric form reproduces sexually by syngamy or conjugation. During sexual reproduction in megalospheric forms, nucleus first breaks up into many small nuclei and the cytoplasm collects around each of these nuclei. The nuclei divide twice giving rise to a large haploid and known as isogametes. {{clarify|date=February 2018}} Isogametes of two different individuals fuse in pairs to form zygotes. These are then develops into microspheric form.
The life cycle of ''Elphidium'' may be summarized as follows: the microspheric forms produce amoebulae by asexual fission which develops into megalospheric forms. The megalospheric forms produce flagellated isogametes which after syngamy produce zygotes that develop into microspheric forms. Thus, its life cycle clearly exhibits the phenomenon of alternations of asexual microspheric generations with sexual megalospheric generations.

== Subdivisions ==

*Subgenus ''Elphidium (Parrellina)'' <small>Carter, 1958</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium (Parrellina) centrifugalis'' <small>Carter, 1958</small>
*Subgenus ''Elphidium (Polystomella)'' <small>Heron-Allen & Earland, 1932</small>
*''Elphidium'' ''[[Biology:Incertae sedis|incertae sedis]]''
**''Elphidium abyssicola'' <small>Ishiwada, 1964</small>
**''Elphidium aculeatum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1846)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium adelaidense'' <small>Howchin & Parr, 1938</small>
**''Elphidium advenum'' <small>(Cushman, 1922)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium africanum'' <small>LeRoy, 1953</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium aguafrescaense'' <small>Todd & Kniker, 1952</small>
**''Elphidium alaskense'' <small>Cushman & Todd, 1947</small>
**''Elphidium albanii'' <small>Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997</small>
**''Elphidium alvarezianum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1839)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ancestrum'' <small>Le Calvez, 1950</small>
**''Elphidium argenteum'' <small>Parr, 1945</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium armenium'' <small>Saakyan-Gezalyan, 1957</small>
**''Elphidium articulatum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1839)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium asagaiense'' <small>Asano, 1949</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium asanoi'' <small>Kaiho, 1984</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium asanoi'' <small>Matsunaga, 1963</small>
**''Elphidium asiaticum'' <small>Polski, 1959</small>
**''Elphidium asklundi'' <small>Brotzen, 1943</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium australis'' <small>Cushman & Parker, 1931</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium azerbaidjanicum'' <small>Mamedova, 1966</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium aznaburticum'' <small>Pronina, 1964</small>
**''Elphidium bartletti'' <small>Cushman, 1933</small>
**''Elphidium batavum'' <small>Hofker, 1968</small>
**''Elphidium batialis'' <small>Saidova, 1961</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium bhattacharyai'' <small>Jauhri, 1994</small>
**''Elphidium biperforatus'' <small>(Whittaker & Hodgkinson, 1979)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium bogdanowiczi'' <small>Pronina, 1964</small>
**''Elphidium bosoense'' <small>Fujita, 1956</small>
**''Elphidium botaniense'' <small>Albani, 1981</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium brooklynense'' <small>Shupack, 1934</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium californicum'' <small>Cook Ms., 1959</small>
**''Elphidium capelavelaense'' <small>McCulloch, 1981</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium carenerosensis'' <small>Bermúdez & Fuenmayor, 1966</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium cariacoense'' <small>Bermúdez & Seiglie, 1963</small>
**''Elphidium carpentariaense'' <small>Albani & Yassini, 1993</small>
**''Elphidium carteri'' <small>Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium cercadense'' <small>Bermúdez, 1949</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium chapmani'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**''Elphidium charlottense'' <small>(Vella, 1957)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium cherifi'' <small>Anan, 2010</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium chilenum'' <small>Todd & Kniker, 1952</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium clarki'' <small>Graham, 1950</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium clavatum'' <small>Cushman Em. Loeblich & Tappan, 1953</small>
**''Elphidium cochense'' <small>McCulloch, 1981</small>
**''Elphidium collinsi'' <small>Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997</small>
**''Elphidium colomboense'' <small>McCulloch, 1977</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium colomi'' <small>Ferrer, 1971</small>
**''Elphidium complanatum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1839)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium compressulum'' <small>Copeland, 1964</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium concinnum'' <small>Khalilov, 1957</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium concinnum'' <small>Nicol, 1944</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium consociatum'' <small>Khalilov, 1957</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium costiferum'' <small>(Terquem, 1882)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium crassatum'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**''Elphidium crassimargo'' <small>Shchedrina, 1984</small>
**''Elphidium craticulatum'' <small>(Fichtel & Moll, 1798)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium crespinae'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**''Elphidium crispum'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
**''Elphidium cristobalense'' <small>McCulloch, 1981</small>
**''Elphidium cubaguaense'' <small>McCulloch, 1981</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium culebrense'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**''Elphidium cuvillieri'' <small>Levy, 1966</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium cynicalis'' <small>Jennings, 1936</small>
**''Elphidium decipiens'' <small>(O.G.Costa, 1856)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium decorum'' <small>Qiu & Lin, 1978</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium deferrariisi'' <small>Malumián, 1990</small>
**''Elphidium delicatulum'' <small>Bermúdez, 1949</small>
**''Elphidium discoidale'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1839)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium dominicense'' <small>Bermúdez, 1949</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium dopperti'' <small>Daniels, 2001</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium duzdagicum'' <small>Pronina, 1964</small>
**''Elphidium earlandi'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium echinus'' <small>Serova, 1955</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium elegans'' <small>Serova, 1955</small>
**''Elphidium elegantum'' <small>(Hofker, 1976)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ellisi'' <small>Weiss, 1954</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium eocenicum'' <small>Cushman & Ellisor, 1931</small>
**''Elphidium excubitor'' <small>Nicol, 1944</small>
**''Elphidium exoticum'' <small>Haynes, 1973</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ezoense'' <small>Asano, 1937</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium fastigiatum'' <small>Cushman, 1945</small>
**''Elphidium fax'' <small>Nicol, 1944</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium fedorowi'' <small>Bogdanovich, 1960</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium felsense'' <small>Papp, 1963</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ferrentegranulum'' <small>Krasheninnikov, 1960</small>
**''Elphidium fichtelianum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1846)</small>
**''Elphidium fijiense'' <small>Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997</small>
**''Elphidium fimbriatulum'' <small>(Cushman, 1918)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium fissurisuturalum'' <small>Wang, He & Lu, 1988</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium flexuosum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1846)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium florentinae'' <small>Shupack, 1934</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium formosum'' <small>Todd, 1957</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium friedbergi'' <small>Serova, 1955</small>
**''Elphidium frigidum'' <small>Cushman, 1933</small>
**''Elphidium frizzelli'' <small>Miller, 1953</small>
**''Elphidium galvestonense'' <small>Kornfeld, 1931</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium georgianum'' <small>Cushman, 1935</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium georgium'' <small>Venglinsky, 1958</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium gibsoni'' <small>Hayward, 1979</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium glabratum'' <small>Cushman, 1939</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium granatum'' <small>Gudina, 1964</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium granti'' <small>Kleinpell, 1938</small>
**''Elphidium granulosum'' <small>(Sidebottom, 1909)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium grimensis'' <small>Quilty, 1980</small>
**''Elphidium groenlandicum'' <small>Cushman, 1933</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium guraboense'' <small>Bermúdez, 1949</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium haagensis'' <small>van Voorthuysen, 1950</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium hadleyana'' <small>Smitter, 1955</small>
**''Elphidium halickii'' <small>Brodniewicz, 1972</small>
**''Elphidium hallandense'' <small>Brotzen, 1943</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium hampdenense'' <small>Finlay, 1939</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium hauerinum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1846)</small>
**''Elphidium hawkesburyense'' <small>(Albani, 1974)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium helenae'' <small>Quilty, 1980</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium hiltermanni'' <small>Hagn, 1952</small>
**''Elphidium hispidulum'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**''Elphidium hokkaidoense'' <small>Asano, 1950</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium hornibrooki'' <small>Srinivasan, 1966</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium howchini'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**''Elphidium hughesi'' <small>Cushman & Grant, 1927</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium humboldtensis'' <small>Haller, 1980</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium hungaricum'' <small>Korecz-Laky, 1967</small>
**''Elphidium hyalocostatum'' <small>Todd, 1957</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ibericum'' <small>(Schrodt, 1890)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium icenorum'' <small>Macfadyen, 1939</small>
**''Elphidium inchonense'' <small>Mcculloch, 1977</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium inclarum'' <small>Krasheninnikov, 1960</small>
**''Elphidium indicum'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium infrajuliense'' <small>Bertels, 1977</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ingressans'' <small>Dorreen, 1948</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium inopinatum'' <small>Khalilov, 1957</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium iojimaense'' <small>Asano & Murata, 1958</small>
**''Elphidium iranicum'' <small>(Yassini & Ghahreman, 1977)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ishikariense'' <small>Kaiho, 1984</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium izumoense'' <small>Nomura, 1990</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium javanum'' <small>Yabe & Asano, 1937</small>
**''Elphidium jiani'' <small>Lei & Li, 2016</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium johnstonae'' <small>Mclean, 1956</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium joukovi'' <small>Serova, 1955</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium kadilnicovi'' <small>Semenov & Semenova, 1980</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium kaicherae'' <small>Mclean, 1956</small>
**''Elphidium kaneharai'' <small>Ishiwada, 1958</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium kanoum'' <small>Hayward, 1979</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium karenae'' <small>Asbjornsdottir, 1994</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium karpaticum'' <small>Myatlyuk, 1950</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium kazmakrisense'' <small>Mamedova, 1966</small>
**''Elphidium kerguelenense'' <small>Parr, 1950</small>
**''Elphidium kobense'' <small>McCulloch, 1977</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium koberi'' <small>Tollmann, 1955</small>
**''Elphidium koeboeense'' <small>LeRoy, 1939</small>
**''Elphidium kozlowskii'' <small>Brodniewicz, 1965</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium kudakoense'' <small>Bogdanovich, 1947</small>
**''Elphidium kusiroense'' <small>Asano, 1938</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium laeve'' <small>(d'Orbigny in Parker, Jones & Brady, 1865)</small>
**''Elphidium lagunense'' <small>(Albani & Balbero, 1982)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium laloviensis'' <small>Venglinsky, 1948</small>
**''Elphidium lanieri'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1839)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium latidorsatum'' <small>(Reuss, 1864)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium latispatium'' <small>Poag, 1966</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium latusovum'' <small>Krasheninnikov, 1960</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium lauritaense'' <small>Todd & Kniker, 1952</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium lautenschlaegeri'' <small>Voloshinova, 1952</small>
**''Elphidium lene'' <small>Cushman & McCulloch, 1940</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium lens'' <small>Galloway & Heminway, 1941</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium leonensis'' <small>Applin & Jordan, 1945</small>
**''Elphidium lessonii'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1839)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ligatum'' <small>Krasheninnikov, 1960</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium limatulum'' <small>Copeland, 1964</small>
**''Elphidium limpidum'' <small>Ho, Hu & Wang, 1965</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium lobatum'' <small>Galloway & Heminway, 1941</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ludbrookae'' <small>Bhalla & Dev, 1988</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium mabutii'' <small>Asano, 1962</small>
**''Elphidium macellum'' <small>(Fichtel & Moll, 1798)</small>
**''Elphidium maioricense'' <small>Colom, 1942</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium manibulum'' <small>Khalilov, 1957</small>
**''Elphidium maorium'' <small>Hayward, 1997</small>
**''Elphidium margaritaceum'' <small>Cushman, 1930</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium marshallana'' <small>Todd & Post, 1954</small>
**''Elphidium matagordanum'' <small>(Kornfeld, 1931)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium matanginuiense'' <small>Hayward, 1997</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium matauraense'' <small>Hayward, 1997</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium matsuense'' <small>Nomura, 1990</small>
**''Elphidium matsukawauraense'' <small>Takayanagi, 1955</small>
**''Elphidium mawsoni'' <small>Parr, 1950</small>
**''Elphidium mexicanum'' <small>Kornfeld, 1931</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium microelegans'' <small>Serova, 1955</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium microgranulosum'' <small>Galloway & Wissler, 1951</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium miikense'' <small>Murata, 1961</small>
**''Elphidium millettiforme'' <small>McCulloch, 1977</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium minutum'' <small>(Reuss, 1865)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium mirandum'' <small>Krasheninnikov, 1960</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium mironovi'' <small>Voloshinova, 1952</small>
**''Elphidium morenoi'' <small>Bermúdez, 1935</small>
**''Elphidium mortonbayense'' <small>Albani & Yassini, 1993</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium multacamerum'' <small>Krasheninnikov, 1960</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium mundulum'' <small>Todd & Low, 1960</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium musselroeensis'' <small>Quilty, 1980</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium nagaoi'' <small>Asano, 1938</small>
**''Elphidium nakanokawaense'' <small>Shirai, 1960</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium nataliae'' <small>Popescu, 1995</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium nautiloideum'' <small>Galloway & Heminway, 1941</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium neocrespinae'' <small>Gibson, 1983</small>
**''Elphidium neosimplex'' <small>McCulloch, 1977</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium nigarense'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium nipeense'' <small>Keijzer, 1945</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium noniformis'' <small>Gerke in Voloshinova & Dain, 1952</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium nonioniformis'' <small>Smigielska, 1957</small>
**''Elphidium norvangi'' <small>Buzas, Smith & Beem, 1977</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium notabilis'' <small>Pishvanova, 1958</small>
**''Elphidium novozealandicum'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium obtusum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1846)</small>
**''Elphidium oceanense'' <small>(d'Orbigny in Fornasini, 1904)</small>
**''Elphidium oceanicum'' <small>Cushman, 1933</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium oligocenicum'' <small>Khalilov, 1951</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ombetsuense'' <small>Asano, 1962</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium omotoensis'' <small>Dorreen, 1948</small>
**''Elphidium omuraense'' <small>Shuto, 1953</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium onerosum'' <small>Bogdanovich, 1960</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium orientale'' <small>Voloshinova, 1952</small>
**''Elphidium owenianum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1839)</small>
**''Elphidium ozawai'' <small>Uchio, 1951</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium panamense'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium papillosum'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium paraense'' <small>Petri, 1954</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium paraskevaidisi'' <small>Christodoulou, 1960</small>
**''Elphidium parviforme'' <small>McCulloch, 1981</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium parvulum'' <small>Aoki, 1968</small>
**''Elphidium parvum'' <small>Zheng, 1980</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium parvus'' <small>Eremeeva, 1961</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium patagonicum'' <small>Todd & Kniker, 1952</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium perforatum'' <small>Nomura, 1990</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium perscitum'' <small>Serova, 1955</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium philippense'' <small>Hayward, 1997</small>
**''Elphidium phillipense'' <small>Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997</small>
**''Elphidium pilasense'' <small>McCulloch, 1977</small>
**''Elphidium planiforme'' <small>McCulloch, 1981</small>
**''Elphidium planulatum'' <small>(Lamarck, 1822)</small>
**''Elphidium planum'' <small>Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium podolicum'' <small>Serova, 1955</small>
**''Elphidium ponticum'' <small>(Dolgopolskaya & Pauli, 1931)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium primum'' <small>Ten Dam, 1944</small>
**''Elphidium pseudoinflatum'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium pseudolessonii'' <small>Ten Dam & Reinhold, 1941</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium pseudonodosum'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium puertoricense'' <small>Galloway & Heminway, 1941</small>
**''Elphidium pulvereum'' <small>Todd, 1958</small>
**''Elphidium punctatum'' <small>(Terquem, 1878)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium puscharovski'' <small>Serova, 1955</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium pusillogranosum'' <small>Venglinsky, 1958</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium pustulisuturale'' <small>Wang & Cheng, 1981</small>
**''Elphidium pustulosum'' <small>Cushman & McCulloch, 1940</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium rarum'' <small>Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium rasshamali'' <small>Haque, 1970</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium reginum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1846)</small>
**''Elphidium reticulosum'' <small>Cushman, 1933</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium rioturbiense'' <small>Malumián, 1994</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium rischtanicum'' <small>Bykova, 1939</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium rolshauseni'' <small>Cushman & Ellisor, 1939</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium rota'' <small>Ellis, 1939</small>
**''Elphidium rotatum'' <small>Howchin & Parr, 1938</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium rugosum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1846)</small>
**''Elphidium rugulosum'' <small>Cushman & Wickenden, 1929</small>
**''Elphidium rutteni'' <small>Hermes, 1945</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium saginatum'' <small>Finlay, 1939</small>
**''Elphidium sagrum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1839)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium saitoi'' <small>Asano & Murata, 1958</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium salebrosum'' <small>Serova, 1955</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium samueli'' <small>Zlinská, 1993</small>
**''Elphidium sandiegoense'' <small>(Lankford, 1973)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium sandongensis'' <small>He & Hu, 1978</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium schencki'' <small>Cushman & Dusenbury, 1934</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium schreiteri'' <small>Eichenberg, 1935</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium semiinvolutum'' <small>Myatlyuk, 1956</small>
**''Elphidium semistriatum'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1852)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium sendaiense'' <small>Takayanagi, 1950</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium seranense'' <small>Valk, 1945</small>
**''Elphidium seymourense'' <small>McCulloch, 1977</small>
**''Elphidium shochinae'' <small>Mayer, 1968</small>
**''Elphidium silvestrii'' <small>Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997</small>
**''Elphidium simaense'' <small>Makiyama & Nakagawa, 1941</small>
**''Elphidium simulatum'' <small>McCulloch, 1977</small>
**''Elphidium singaporense'' <small>McCulloch, 1977</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium skyringense'' <small>Todd & Kniker, 1952</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium smithi'' <small>Cushman & Dusenbury, 1934</small>
**''Elphidium somaense'' <small>Takayanagi, 1955</small>
**''Elphidium spinatum'' <small>Cushman & Valentine, 1930</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium stebnicaensis'' <small>Pishvanova, 1964</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium stellans'' <small>Krasheninnikov, 1960</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium stelliferum'' <small>Khalilov, 1957</small>
**''Elphidium stimulum'' <small>Cushman & McCulloch, 1940</small>
**''Elphidium strattoni'' <small>(Applin, 1925)</small>
**''Elphidium striatopunctatum'' <small>(Fichtel & Moll, 1798)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium subcarinatum'' <small>(Egger, 1857)</small>
**''Elphidium subcrispum'' <small>Nakamura, 1937</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium subfichtelianum'' <small>Mamedova, 1966</small>
**''Elphidium subincertum'' <small>Asano, 1950</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium subinflatum'' <small>Cushman, 1936</small>
**''Elphidium subnodosum'' <small>(Münster, 1838)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium subrotatum'' <small>Hornibrook, 1961</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium subsphaericum'' <small>Cushman & Hedberg, 1930</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium sumitomoi'' <small>Asano & Murata, 1958</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium suzukii'' <small>Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium taiwanum'' <small>Nakamura, 1937</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium tengiense'' <small>Mamedova, 1966</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium terquemianum'' <small>Le Calvez, 1950</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium tikutoensis'' <small>Nakamura, 1937</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium toddae'' <small>Petri, 1955</small>
**''Elphidium tongaense'' <small>(Cushman, 1931)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium transcarpaticum'' <small>Venglinsky, 1948</small>
**''Elphidium translucens'' <small>Natland, 1938</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium tropicale'' <small>Petri, 1954</small>
**''Elphidium tsudai'' <small>Chiji & Nakaseko, 1950</small>
**''Elphidium tumidum'' <small>Natland, 1938</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium twiggsanum'' <small>Cushman, 1945</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ukrainicum'' <small>Krasheninnikov, 1960</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium ustilatum'' <small>Todd, 1957</small>
**''Elphidium vavauense'' <small>Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997</small>
**''Elphidium vellai'' <small>Hayward, 1997</small>
**''Elphidium venetum'' <small>(Albani, Favero & Serandrei Barbero, 1991)</small>
**''Elphidium vitreum'' <small>Collins, 1974</small>
**''Elphidium voorthuyseni'' <small>Haake, 1962</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium vulgare'' <small>Voloshinova, 1952</small>
**''Elphidium waddense'' <small>van Voorthuysen, 1975</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium wadeae'' <small>(Hornibrook, 1961)</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium wakkanabense'' <small>Kaiho, 1992</small>
**''[[Biology:Elphidium williamsoni|Elphidium williamsoni]]'' <small>Haynes, 1973</small>
**''Elphidium wordeni'' <small>McCulloch, 1977</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium yumotoense'' <small>Asano, 1949</small>
**{{extinct}}''Elphidium zeivensis'' <small>Khalilov, 1957</small>


== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Biography:Alfred R. Loeblich Jr|Loeblich]] and [[Biography:Helen Niña Tappan Loeblich|Helen Tappan]], 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C Protista 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. 
*  _____ 1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. E-book [https://web.archive.org/web/20120616112446/http://www.gsi.ir/General/Lang_en/Page_48/Action_FirstPageView/FORAMINIFERIDA.html]

:'' For illustrations see'': [http://www.marinespecies.org/foraminifera/photogallery.php?p=search&term=Elphidium&search=Search Elphidium], [http://www.marinespecies.org/foraminifera/index.php World Modern Foraminifera Database]

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|last1=Manley|first1=C.J.|last2=Shaw|first2=S.R.|title=Geotaxis and Phototaxis in Elphidium Crispum (Protozoa: Foraminiferida)|journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom|date=November 1997|volume=77|issue=4|pages=959–967|doi = 10.1017/S0025315400038558|s2cid=84281535 }}<!--|access-date=9 February 2015-->

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5367272}}

[[Category:Elphidiidae]]
[[Category:Rotaliida genera]]

{{Sourceattribution|Elphidium}}