View source for Biology:Encephalartos

{{Short description|Genus of cycads in the family Zamiaceae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas, insbesondere seiner tropischen Gebiete - Grundzge der Pflanzenverbreitung im Afrika und die Charakterpflanzen Afrikas (1910) (20752115510).jpg
| image_caption = a) habit of female ''[[Biology:Encephalartos hildebrandtii|E. hildebrandtii]]''<br />b) [[Biology:Strobilus|seed cone]] of the same, and<br /> c) seed cone of ''[[Biology:Encephalartos villosus|E. villosus]]''
| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| parent_authority = Benth. & Hook.f.
| taxon = Encephalartos
| authority = Lehm.
| range_map = Encephalartos_distribution.png
| range_map_caption = {{legend0|#03C03C|geographical distribution of genus|outline=gray}}
| type_species =''[[Biology:Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi|Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''
| type_species_authority = Lehm.
| status = CITES_A1
| status_system = CITES
}}

'''''Encephalartos''''' is a genus of [[Biology:Cycad|cycad]] native to Africa. Several species of ''Encephalartos'' are commonly referred to as '''bread trees''',<ref name=sae1>{{cite web |title=Bread tree, n. phr.|website=Dictionary of South African English|publisher= Dictionary Unit for South African English|date= 2019|access-date= 27 January 2020|url=https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/bread-tree/e01253}}</ref> '''bread palms'''<ref name=sae2>{{cite web |title=Bread palm, n. phr.|website=Dictionary of South African English|publisher= Dictionary Unit for South African English|date= 2019|access-date= 27 January 2020|url=https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/bread-palm/e01252}}</ref> or '''kaffir bread''',<ref name=sae3>{{cite web |title=Kaffir-bread, n.|website=Dictionary of South African English|publisher= Dictionary Unit for South African English|date= 2019|access-date= 27 January 2020|url=https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/kaffir-bread/e03584}}</ref> since a bread-like starchy food can be prepared from the centre of the stem. The genus name is derived from the [[Social:Greek language|Greek]] words ''en'' (within), ''kephalē'' (head), and ''artos'' (bread), referring to the use of the [[Biology:Pith|pith]] to make food. They are, in evolutionary terms, some of the most primitive living gymnosperms.

All the species are endangered, some critically, due to their exploitation by collectors and [[Medicine:Muti|traditional medicine]] gatherers.<ref name=tsmp>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Ernst |last2=Lötter |first2=Mervyn |last3=McCleland |first3=Warren |title=Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park |date=2002 |publisher=Jacana |location=Johannesburg |isbn=9781919777306 |pages=46}}</ref> The whole genus is listed under CITES Appendix I which prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except for certain non-commercial motives, such as scientific research.

==Description==
Several of the species possess stout trunks. In ''[[Biology:Encephalartos cycadifolius|E. cycadifolius]]'', the main trunks are up to {{convert|10|ft|m}} high, and several of them may be united at a base where a former main trunk once grew. The persistent, pinnate leaves are arranged in a terminal spreading crown, or ascending. The rigid leaflets are variously spiny or incised along their margins. The leaflets have a number of parallel veins and no central vein.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treesa.org/encephalartos-natalensis/ |title=''Encephalartos natalensis'' |publisher=TreeSA |access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> The chromosome count is 2n=18.

===Cones===
Male cones are elongated, and three or four may appear at a time. Female cones are borne singly, or up to three at a time, and may weigh up to {{convert|60|lb|kg}}. In some species, male cones with ripe pollen emit a nauseating odour. When the pollen has been shed and the males cones decay, a strong odour of [[Chemistry:Acetic acid|acetic acid]] has also been noted.<ref name = Smith/>

===Roots===
Colonies of the [[Biology:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacterium]] ''[[Biology:Nostoc punctiforme|Nostoc punctiforme]]'' occur in apparent symbiosis inside the root tissue,<ref name = Smith/> while the rootlets produce ''root tubercles'' at ground level which harbour a [[Biology:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhiza]]l fungus of uncertain function,<ref name = Smith/> which is however suspected to facilitate the capturing of nitrogen from the air.<ref name = Palgrave/>

==Food value==
===Human consumption===
In several species the pith of the trunk contains a copious amount of high quality starch below the crown. This was formerly cut out by native people as food. [[Biography:Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunberg]] recorded around 1772 that the Hottentots removed the stem's pith at the crown and buried it wrapped in animal skin<ref name = Palgrave/> for about two months, after which they recovered it for kneading into bread,<ref name = Smith>{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Christo Albertyn | title = Common Names of South African Plants | publisher = The Government Printer | series = Botanical Survey Memoir | volume = 35 | location = Pretoria | year = 1966 | pages = 179, 264 }}</ref> whence the vernacular name "broodboom" (i.e. bread tree). The burial of the pith apparently facilitated its fermentation and softening,<ref name = Smith/> and the dough was lightly roasted over a coal fire.<ref name=db>{{cite news|last=Van Bart |first=Martiens |title=Kirstenbosch kweek nou ook broodbome vir die publiek |url=http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1987/05/16/3/13.html |access-date=21 January 2013 |newspaper=Die Burger |date=16 May 1987 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729225440/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1987/05/16/3/13.html |archive-date=29 July 2013 }}</ref> In 1779 Paterson likewise found that the pith of a "large palm" near King William's Town was utilised by the Africans and Hottentots as bread. The pith was removed and left till sourish, before it was kneaded into bread.<ref name = Smith/><ref name = Paterson>{{Citation | last = Paterson | first = William |  title = A Narrative of four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots and Caffraria, in 1777-79 | year = 1789 }}</ref>

===Animal food===
Their large seeds consist of an often poisonous kernel covered by an edible fleshy layer.<ref name=Palgrave>{{cite book | last = Palgrave | first = K.C. | title = Trees of Southern Africa | publisher = Struik | location = Cape Town | year = 1984 | page = 43 | isbn = 0-86977-081-0}}</ref> Female cones are consequently destroyed by [[Biology:Baboon|baboon]]s, as they relish the pith around the seeds.<ref name = Smith/> [[Biology:Vervet monkey|Vervet monkey]]s, rodents and birds also feed on the seeds, but due to their unpredictable toxic qualities they are not recommended for human consumption.<ref name = Palgrave/>

===Insects===
The early larval instars of some aposematic, day-flying [[Biology:Geometer moth|looper moth]]s are specific to cycads, and genus ''Encephalartos'' is one of their food plants.<ref name=don>{{cite journal |last1=Donaldson |first1=J. S. |last2=Basenberg |first2=J. D. |title=Life history and host range of the leopard magpie moth, Zerenopsis leopardina Felder (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) |journal=African Entomology |date=1995 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=103–110 |url=http://reference.sabinet.co.za/document/AJA10213589_82 |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> They include the leopard magpie (most ''Encephalartos'' spp., other cycads, etc.), Millar's tiger (cultivated ''[[Biology:Encephalartos villosus|E. villosus]]''), dimorphic tiger (cycads under forest canopy), spotted tigerlet (''E. villosus''), inflamed tigerlet (''E. villosus''), [[Biology:Veniliodes|Staude's tigerlet]] (''[[Biology:Encephalartos ngoyanus|E. ngoyanus]]'', cultivated ''E. villosus'' and ''[[Biology:Stangeria|Stangeria]]'') and pallid grey (''[[Biology:Encephalartos natalensis|E. natalensis]]'').<ref name=cooper>{{cite book |last1=Cooper|first1=Michael Robert |last2=Goode|first2=Douglas |title=The cycads and cycad moths of Kwazulu-Natal |date=2004 |publisher=Peroniceras Press |location=New Germany [South Africa] |isbn=062031978X |pages=76–93 }}</ref>

In cultivation various scale insects attack the leaves of the genus. These include [[Biology:Aulacaspis yasumatsui|cycad aulacaspis scale]], zamia scale and [[Biology:Hemiberlesia lataniae|latania scale]].<ref name=mil>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Douglass R. |last2=Davidson |first2=John A. |title=Armored scale insect pests of trees and shrubs: (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)|date=2005 |publisher=Cornell university press |location=Ithaca (N.Y.) |isbn=0801442796 |page=425}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The genus was named by German botanist Johann Georg Christian Lehmann in 1834. All cycads except ''[[Biology:Cycas|Cycas]]'' had been regarded as members of the genus ''[[Biology:Zamia|Zamia]]'' until then, and some botanists continued to follow this line for many years after Lehmann had separated ''Encephalartos'' as a separate genus. His concept was originally much broader than the one accepted today, including also the Australian plants we now know as ''[[Biology:Macrozamia|Macrozamia]]'' and ''[[Biology:Lepidozamia|Lepidozamia]]''.<ref name=Plantzafrica>{{cite web|title=''Encephalartos woodii'' Sander|url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/encephwoodii.htm|date=May 2002|author=Alice Notten|publisher= Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden and South African National Biodiversity Institute|access-date=2006-11-16}}</ref>

===Species===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 |Phylogeny of ''Encephalartos''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi  |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Smith |first12=Stephen A. |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |journal=Nature Plants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |volume=7 |issue= 8|pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |pmid= 34282286|pmc= |bibcode= |s2cid=232282918 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre |publisher=Figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |doi-access=}}</ref>
|- 
| style="vertical-align:top|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos gratus|E. gratus]]'' <small>Prain</small> (Mulanje cycad)
  |2={{clade
    |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos humilis|E. humilis]]'' <small>Verd.</small> (Dwarf cycad)
    |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos concinnus|E. concinnus]]'' <small>Dyer & Verdoorn</small> (Runde cycad)
      |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos pterogonus|E. pterogonus]]'' <small>Dyer & Verdoorn</small> (Toothed-cone cycad)
        |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos relictus|E. relictus]]'' <small>Hurter</small>
          |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos transvenosus|E. transvenosus]]'' <small>Stapf & Burtt Davy</small> (Modjadji's palm)
            |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos trispinosus|E. trispinosus]]'' <small>(Hooker 1861) Dyer</small> (Bushman's River cycad)
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos marunguensis|E. marunguensis]]'' <small>Devred</small> (Marungu cycad)
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos brevifoliolatus|E. brevifoliolatus]]'' <small>Vorster</small> (Escarpment cycad)
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''E. striatus'' <small>Stapf & Burtt Davy</small>
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos septentrionalis|E. septentrionalis]]'' <small>Schweinfurth ex Eichler</small> (Nile cycad)
                      |2={{clade
                        |1={{clade
                          |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos hirsutus|E. hirsutus]]'' <small>Hurter</small> (Venda cycad)
                          |2=''[[Biology:Encephalartos kanga|E. kanga]]'' <small>Pócs & Luke</small> (Mnanasi pori<!--i.e. "wild pineapple" in Swahili-->)
                           }}
                        |2={{clade
                          |1={{clade
                            |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos arenarius|E. arenarius]]'' <small>Dyer</small> (Alexandria/dune cycad)
                            |2=''[[Biology:Encephalartos laurentianus|E. laurentianus]]'' <small>De Wild.</small> (Kwango giant cycad)
                             }}
                          |2={{clade
                            |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos paucidentatus|E. paucidentatus]]'' <small>Stapf & Burtt Davy</small> (Barberton cycad)
                            |2={{clade
                              |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos turneri|E. turneri]]'' <small>Lavranos & Goode</small> (Turner's cycad)
                              |2={{clade
                                |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos munchii|E. munchii]]'' <small> Dyer & Verdoorn</small> (Munch's cycad)
                                |2={{clade
                                  |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos caffer|E. caffer]]'' <small>(Thunberg 1775) Lehmann</small> (Eastern Cape dwarf cycad)
                                  |2={{clade
                                    |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos macrostrobilus|E. macrostrobilus]]'' <small>Scott Jones & Wynants</small>
                                    |2={{clade
                                      |1={{clade
                                        |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos horridus|E. horridus]]'' <small>(Von Jacquin) Lehmann</small> (Eastern Cape blue cycad)
                                        |2={{clade
                                          |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos lehmannii|E. lehmannii]]'' <small>Lehmann</small> (Karroo cycad)
                                          |2={{clade
                                            |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos villosus|E. villosus]]'' <small>Lemaire</small> (Poor man's cycad)
                                            |2={{clade
                                              |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos msinganus|E. msinganus]]'' <small>Vorster</small> (Msinga cycad)
                                              |2={{clade
                                                |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos natalensis|E. natalensis]]'' <small>Dyer & Verdoorn</small> (Natal giant cycad)
                                                |2=''[[Biology:Encephalartos woodii|E. woodii]]'' <small>Sander</small> (Wood´s cycad)
                                                 }}
                                               }}
                                             }}
                                           }}
                                         }}
                                      |2={{clade
                                        |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos longifolius|E. longifolius]]'' <small>(von Jacquin) Lehmann</small> (Thunberg's cycad, Broodboom)
                                        |2={{clade
                                          |1={{clade
                                            |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi|E. friderici-guilielmi]]'' <small>Lehmann</small> (White-haired cycad)
                                            |2=''[[Biology:Encephalartos ghellinckii|E. ghellinckii]]'' <small>Lemaire</small> (Drakensberg cycad)
                                             }}
                                          |2={{clade
                                            |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos chimanimaniensis|E. chimanimaniensis]]'' <small>Dyer & Verdoorn</small> (Chimanimani cycad)
                                            |2={{clade
                                              |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos sclavoi|E. sclavoi]]'' <small>De Luca, Stevenson & Moretti</small> (Sclavo's cycad)
                                              |2={{clade
                                                |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos equatorialis|E. equatorialis]]'' <small>Hurter</small>
                                                |2={{clade
                                                  |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos ituriensis|E. ituriensis]]'' <small>Bamps & Lisowski</small> (Ituri Forest cycad)
                                                  |2={{clade
                                                    |1={{clade
                                                      |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos dyerianus|E. dyerianus]]'' <small>Lavranos & Goode</small> (Lillie cycad)
                                                      |2={{clade
                                                        |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos nubimontanus|E. nubimontanus]]'' <small>Hurter</small> (Blue cycad)
                                                        |2={{clade
                                                          |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos cupidus|E. cupidus]]'' <small>Dyer</small> (Blyde River cycad)
                                                          |2=''[[Biology:Encephalartos dolomiticus|E. dolomiticus]]'' <small>Lavranos & Goode</small> (Wolkberg cycad)
                                                           }}
                                                         }}
                                                       }}
                                                    |2={{clade
                                                      |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos eugene-maraisii|E. eugene-maraisii]]'' <small>Verd.</small> (Waterberg cycad, Bergpalm)
                                                      |2={{clade
                                                        |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos tegulaneus|E. tegulaneus]]'' <small>Melville</small> (Kenyan giant cycad)
                                                        |2={{clade
                                                          |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos delucanus|E. delucanus]]'' <small>Malaisse, Sclavo & Crosiers</small>
                                                          |2={{clade
                                                            |1={{clade
                                                              |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos hildebrandtii|E. hildebrandtii]]'' <small>Braun & Bouché</small> (Mombasa cycad)
                                                              |2=''[[Biology:Encephalartos schmitzii|E. schmitzii]]'' <small>Malaisse</small> (Schmitz's cycad)
                                                               }}
                                                            |2={{clade
                                                              |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos kisambo|E. kisambo]]'' <small>Faden & Beentje</small> (Voi cycad)
                                                              |2={{clade
                                                                |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos whitelockii|E. whitelockii]]'' <small>Hurter</small> (Uganda giant cycad)
                                                                |2={{clade
                                                                  |1={{clade
                                                                    |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos barteri|E. barteri]]'' <small>Carruthers ex Miquel</small> (West African cycad)
                                                                    |2={{clade
                                                                      |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos cycadifolius|E. cycadifolius]]'' <small>(von Jacquin 1803) Lehmann</small> (Winterberg cycad)
                                                                      |2={{clade
                                                                        |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos inopinus|E. inopinus]]'' <small>Dyer</small> (Lydenburg cycad)
                                                                        |2={{clade
                                                                          |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos laevifolius|E. laevifolius]]'' <small>Stapf & Burtt Davy</small> (Kaapsehoop cycad)
                                                                          |2=''[[Biology:Encephalartos lanatus|E. lanatus]]'' <small>Stapf & Burtt Davy</small> (Olifants River cycad)
                                                                           }}
                                                                         }}
                                                                       }}
                                                                     }}
                                                                  |2={{clade
                                                                    |1={{clade
                                                                      |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos latifrons|E. latifrons]]'' <small>Lehmann</small> (Albany cycad)
                                                                      |2=''[[Biology:Encephalartos manikensis|E. manikensis]]'' <small>(Gilliland 1938) Gilliland</small> (Gorongowe cycad)
                                                                       }}
                                                                    |2={{clade
                                                                      |1={{clade
                                                                        |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos altensteinii|E. altensteinii]]'' <small>Lehmann</small> (Eastern Cape cycad)
                                                                        |2={{clade
                                                                          |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos middelburgensis|E. middelburgensis]]'' <small>Vorster, Robbertse & S.van der Westh.</small> (Middelburg cycad)
                                                                          |2={{clade
                                                                            |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos aemulans|E. aemulans]]'' <small>Vorster</small> (Ngotshe cycad)
                                                                            |2=''[[Biology:Encephalartos princeps|E. princeps]]'' <small>Dyer</small> (Kei cycad)
                                                                             }}
                                                                           }}
                                                                         }}
                                                                      |2={{clade
                                                                        |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos bubalinus|E. bubalinus]]'' <small>Melville</small> (Lake Natron cycad)
                                                                        |2={{clade
                                                                          |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos ferox|E. ferox]]'' <small>Bertoloni</small> (Maputaland cycad)
                                                                          |2={{clade
                                                                            |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos umbeluziensis|E. umbeluziensis]]'' <small>Dyer</small> (Umbeluzi cycad)
                                                                            |2={{clade
                                                                              |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos senticosus|E. senticosus]]'' <small>Vorster</small> (Jozini cycad)
                                                                              |2={{clade
                                                                                |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos ngoyanus|E. ngoyanus]]'' <small>Verd.</small> (Ngoye cycad)
                                                                                |2={{clade
                                                                                  |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos heenanii|E. heenanii]]'' <small> Dyer</small> (Woolly cycad)
                                                                                  |2={{clade
                                                                                    |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos cerinus|E. cerinus]]'' <small>Lavranos & Goode</small> (Waxen cycad)
                                                                                    |2={{clade
                                                                                      |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos poggei|E. poggei]]'' <small>Ascherson</small> (Kananga cycad)
                                                                                      |2={{clade
                                                                                        |1=''[[Biology:Encephalartos aplanatus|E. aplanatus]]'' <small>Vorster</small> (Vorster's cycad)
                                                                                        |2=''[[Biology:Encephalartos lebomboensis|E. lebomboensis]]'' <small>Verd.</small> (Lebombo cycad)
                                                                                         }}
                                                                                       }}
                                                                                     }}
                                                                                   }}
                                                                                 }}
                                                                               }}
                                                                             }}
                                                                           }}
                                                                         }}
                                                                       }}
                                                                     }}
                                                                   }}
                                                                 }}
                                                               }}
                                                             }}
                                                           }}
                                                         }}
                                                       }}
                                                     }}
                                                   }}
                                                 }}
                                               }}
                                             }}
                                           }}
                                         }}
                                       }}
                                     }}
                                   }}
                                 }}
                               }}
                             }}
                           }}
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Leaves !!  Scientific name  !!  Distribution 
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos aemulans furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] ||120px ||  ''[[Biology:Encephalartos aemulans|Encephalartos aemulans]]'' ||KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos altensteinii, habitus, Pretoria.jpg|120px]] ||120px  ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos altensteinii|Encephalartos altensteinii]]'' ||Eastern Cape and south-western KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos aplanatus furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos aplanatus|Encephalartos aplanatus]]''||north-eastern Eswatini, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Gardenology.org-IMG 0237 hunt07mar.jpg|120px]] ||120px ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos arenarius|Encephalartos arenarius]]'' || Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos barteri furnas 2015 (01).jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos barteri|Encephalartos barteri]]'' ||central Nigeria (near Tokkos, Plateau State), Nigeria (between Jebba and Ilorin), Benin (Borgou Department and near Savalou), Ghana (Volta River watershed), Togo
|-
| || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos brevifoliolatus|Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Transvaal, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos bubalinus RBGK.JPG|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos bubalinus|Encephalartos bubalinus]]'' ||northern Tanzania and southern Kenya
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos caffer.jpg|120px]] || ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos caffer|Encephalartos caffer]]'' ||Eastern Cape Province of South Africa 
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos cerinus 5zz.jpg|120px]] ||120px ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos cerinus|Encephalartos cerinus]]''  ||Buffelsrivier Valley of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos chimanimaniensis furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] || ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos chimanimaniensis|Encephalartos chimanimaniensis]]'' || Chimanimani Mountains of eastern Zimbabwe
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos concinnus 5zz.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos concinnus|Encephalartos concinnus]]'' || Zimbabwe (Gwanda, Matabeleland South; Mberengwa, Midlands; Runde, Masvingo)
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos cupidus KirstenboshBotGard09292010A.JPG|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos cupidus|Encephalartos cupidus]]'' || Limpopo Province, South Africa 
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos cycadifolius - Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg - DSC08067.JPG|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos cycadifolius|Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Winterberg Mountains, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
| || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos delucanus|Encephalartos delucanus]]'' ||Rukwa Region of western Tanzania
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos dolomiticus, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos dolomiticus|Encephalartos dolomiticus]]'' ||Wolkberg, southeastern Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
||| || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos dyerianus|Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' ||northern Transvaal area, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos equatorialis-IMG 9655.JPG|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos equatorialis|Encephalartos equatorialis]]'' ||Thurston Bay, Lake Victoria, Uganda
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos eugene-maraisii, met keëls, e, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos eugene-maraisii|Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos ferox (2943652983).jpg|120px]] ||120px ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos ferox|Encephalartos ferox]]'' ||south-eastern coast of Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi, habitus, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|120px]] ||120px ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi|Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]'' || Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos ghellinckii02.jpg|120px]] || 120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos ghellinckii|Encephalartos ghellinckii]]'' ||KwaZulu-Natal and northern Transkei, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos gratus -female cones (9696404689).jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos gratus|Encephalartos gratus]]'' || Malawi (Mulanje District) and Mozambique (Zambezia Province, Chiraba River and Navene River area, Mount Namuli, near Derre, Morrumbala, and Namarroi)
|-
| || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos heenanii|Encephalartos heenanii]]'' || north of Eswatini and Mpumalanga Province in South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos hildebrandtii 4zz.jpg|120px]] ||120px ||  ''[[Biology:Encephalartos hildebrandtii|Encephalartos hildebrandtii]]'' || Kenya and Tanzania
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos hirsutus-IMG 9648.JPG|120px]] ||120px ||  ''[[Biology:Encephalartos hirsutus|Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos horridus - Villa Thuret - DSC04830.JPG|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos horridus|Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
| || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos humilis|Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Mpumalanga, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos inopinus, a, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos inopinus|Encephalartos inopinus]]'' ||Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos ituriensis furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] || ||  ''[[Biology:Encephalartos ituriensis|Encephalartos ituriensis]]''|| Ituri forest area in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos kisambo kz2.JPG|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos kisambo|Encephalartos kisambo]]'' || Kenya and Tanzania
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos laevifolius, habitus, Pretoria NBT, a.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos laevifolius|Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos lanatus, vier manlike keëls, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos lanatus|Encephalartos lanatus]]'' ||Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos latifrons KirstenboshBotGard09292010B.JPG|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos latifrons|Encephalartos latifrons]]'' || Eastern Cape Province, South Africa 
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos laurentianus kz3.JPG|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos laurentianus|Encephalartos laurentianus]]'' ||northern Angola and southern Congo (Zaire)
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos lebomboensis RBGK.JPG|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos lebomboensis|Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' ||Lebombo Mountains of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos lehmannii hd.JPG|120px]] || ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos lehmannii|Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Eastern Cape Province, South Africa 
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos longifolius02.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos longifolius|Encephalartos longifolius]]'' || Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
| || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos mackenziei|Encephalartos mackenziei]]'' ||Didinga Hills of Namorunyang State, South Sudan
|-
| || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos macrostrobilus|Encephalartos macrostrobilus]]'' || Moyo District, northwestern Uganda
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos manikensis, habitus, Laeveld NBT.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos manikensis|Encephalartos manikensis]]'' || Mozambique and Zimbabwe
|-
| || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos marunguensis|Encephalartos marunguensis]]'' || Democratic Republic of the Congo (in the Marungu Mountains and on Muhila plateau) and Tanzania (about 100&nbsp;km west of Marungu) 
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos middelburgensis05.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos middelburgensis|Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Gauteng and Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa 
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos msinganus furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos msinganus|Encephalartos msinganus]]'' ||KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
|-
| || ||  ''[[Biology:Encephalartos munchii|Encephalartos munchii]]'' ||central Mozambique
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos natalensis KirstenboshBotGard09292010B.JPG|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos natalensis|Encephalartos natalensis]]'' || Qumbu and Tabankulu areas of the northern part of the Eastern Cape, and through most of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos ngoyanus en los invernaderos centrales del Jardín Botánico de Córdoba.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos ngoyanus|Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye Forest, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos nubimontanus furnas 2015 (01).jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos nubimontanus|Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' || Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos paucidentatus furnas 2015 (01).jpg|120px]] ||120px ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos paucidentatus|Encephalartos paucidentatus]]''  ||near Barberton in Mpumalanga Province, and near Piggs Peak in northwestern Eswatini, in South Africa
|-
| ||||  ''[[Biology:Encephalartos poggei|Encephalartos poggei]]'' ||DRC (Kasai Occidental, Shaba Province), Angola (Lunda Sul Province) 
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos princeps, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|120px]] ||120px ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos princeps|Encephalartos princeps]]'' ||Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos pterogonus 3zz.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos pterogonus|Encephalartos pterogonus]]'' ||Manica Province of Mozambique
|-
| || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos relictus|Encephalartos relictus]]'' || Eswatini, South Africa
|-
| |||| ''[[Biology:Encephalartos schaijesii|Encephalartos schaijesii]]'' ||near Kolwezi in Shaba Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
|-
| || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos schmitzii|Encephalartos schmitzii]]'' ||Luapula River watershed, in Democratic Republic of the Congo (on the extreme south of the Kundelungu plateau, Shaba Province) and in Zambia (along the Muchinga escarpment in Luapula and Northern provinces). A subpopulation is also found in North-Western Province, Zambia, to the east of Solwezi
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos sclavoi 2zz.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos sclavoi|Encephalartos sclavoi]]'' ||Tanzania
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos senticosus, habitus, Walter Sisulu NBT.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos senticosus|Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Lebombo Mountains of Mozambique, Eswatini and KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa.
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos septentrionalis 0zz.jpg|120px]] |||| ''[[Biology:Encephalartos septentrionalis|Encephalartos septentrionalis]]'' ||South Sudan, northern Uganda, northern Democratic Republic of the Congo
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos tegulaneus 3zz.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos tegulaneus|Encephalartos tegulaneus]]'' ||Eastern Province near Embu and on the Matthews Range in Rift Valley Province, Kenya
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos transvenosus, habitus, Manie van der Schijff BT.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos transvenosus|Encephalartos transvenosus]]'' ||Limpopo Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos trispinosus - Flora park - Cologne, Germany - DSC00777.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos trispinosus|Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||  Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos turneri.jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos turneri|Encephalartos turneri]]'' ||Nampula, Mazambique.
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos umbeluziensis furnas 2015.jpg|120px]] || || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos umbeluziensis|Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Mozambique and Eswatini
|-
|[[File:Poor Man's Cycad (Encephalartos villosus) (45818958554).jpg|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos villosus|Encephalartos villosus]]'' || East London vicinity and Eswatini, South Africa
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos whitelockii 4zz.jpg|120px]] || ||''[[Biology:Encephalartos whitelockii|Encephalartos whitelockii]]'' ||Uganda (Kabarole District)
|-
|[[File:Encephalartos woodii original stem Durban Botanic Gardens 04 09 2010.JPG|120px]] ||120px || ''[[Biology:Encephalartos woodii|Encephalartos woodii]]''|| KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
|-
|}

==See also==
*List of Southern African indigenous trees

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Kaffir Bread}}
*[http://www.wild-about-you.com/AfricaCycads.htm List of African Cycads]
*[http://www.cycadsociety.org Cycad Society of South Africa]
*[http://kantongsemar.nicetopics.com/zamiaceae-c19 Indonesia Cycads Forum]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Plant classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q947957}}

[[Category:Encephalartos| ]]

{{Sourceattribution|Encephalartos}}