View source for Biology:Entomology

{{short description|Scientific study of insects}}
{|align=right
|<imagemap>
File:Insecta Diversity.jpg|300px
rect 0 0 333 232 [[Biology:Panorpa communis|Common scorpionfly]]
rect 0 232 333 470 [[Biology:Emperor (dragonfly)|Blue emperor]]
rect 0 696 333 470 [[Biology:Aularches miliaris|Coffee locust]]
rect 0 928 333 700 European earwig
rect 0 1160 333 930 [[Biology:Drosophila melanogaster|Vinegar fly]]
rect 0 1392 333 1160 German wasp

rect 666 0 333 232 March brown mayfly
rect 666 232 333 470 [[Biology:Thopha saccata|Double drummer]]
rect 666 696 333 470 [[Biology:Dog flea|Dog flea]]
rect 666 928 333 700 [[Biology:Papilio machaon|Old World swallowtail]]
rect 666 1160 333 930 European mantis
rect 666 1392 333 1160 [[Biology:Phyllium|Phyllium philippinicum]]

rect 999 0 666 232 [[Biology:Head louse|Head louse]]
rect 999 232 666 470 [[Biology:Silverfish|Silverfish]]
rect 999 696 666 470 [[Biology:Chrysopa perla|Chrysopa perla]]
rect 999 928 666 700 European stag beetle
rect 999 1160 666 930 [[Biology:Hodotermitidae|Northern harvester termite]]
rect 999 1392 666 1160 [[Biology:Dichrostigma flavipes|Dichrostigma flavipes]]
</imagemap>{{center|Diversity of insects from different orders}}
|}
'''Entomology''' ({{ety|grc|''ἔντομον'' (entomon)|insect||-''λογία'' (-logia)|study}})<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book | author = Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott | year = 1980 | title = A Greek-English Lexicon | publisher = [[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] | location = United Kingdom | isbn = 0-19-910207-4| edition = Abridged }}</ref> is the [[Science|scientific]] study of [[Biology:Insect|insect]]s, a branch of [[Biology:Zoology|zoology]]. In the past the term ''insect'' was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of [[Biology:Animal|animal]]s in other [[Biology:Arthropod|arthropod]] groups, such as [[Biology:Arachnid|arachnid]]s, myriapods, and crustaceans. This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use.

Like several of the other fields that are categorized within [[Biology:Zoology|zoology]], entomology is a [[Biology:Taxon|taxon]]-based category; any form of scientific study in which there is a focus on insect-related inquiries is, by definition, entomology. Entomology, therefore, overlaps with a cross-section of topics as diverse as [[Biology:Molecular genetics|molecular genetics]], behavior, [[Biology:Neuroscience|neuroscience]], [[Biology:Biomechanics|biomechanics]], [[Biology:Biochemistry|biochemistry]], [[Biology:Systematics|systematics]], [[Biology:Physiology|physiology]], [[Biology:Developmental biology|developmental biology]], [[Earth:Ecology|ecology]], [[Biology:Morphology|morphology]], and [[Biology:Paleontology|paleontology]].

Over 1.3{{nbsp}}million insect [[Biology:Species|species]] have been described, more than two-thirds of all known species.<ref name="Chapman">{{cite book |author=Chapman, A. D. |year=2009 |edition=2 |title=Numbers of living species in Australia and the World |pages=60pp |publisher=Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study |isbn=978-0-642-56850-2 |url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090519170802/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species%2Dnumbers/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-05-19 |access-date=2007-10-26 }}</ref> Some insect species date back to around 400{{nbsp}}million years ago. They have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on Earth.

==History==
{{For timeline}}
[[File:TRES18481.jpg|thumb|Plate from ''Transactions of the Entomological Society'', 1848]]
[[File:Compilation of 100 Trigonopterus species - 1742-9994-10-15-3.png|thumb|These 100 ''[[Biology:Trigonopterus|Trigonopterus]]'' species were described simultaneously using DNA barcoding.]]

Entomology is rooted in nearly all human [[Social:Culture|culture]]s from prehistoric times, primarily in the context of [[Earth:Agriculture|agriculture]] (especially biological control and [[Biology:Beekeeping|beekeeping]]). The natural philosopher Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) wrote a book on the kinds of insects,<ref>{{citation|title=Naturalis Historia|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D11}}</ref> while the scientist of Kufa, Ibn al-A'rābī (760–845 CE) wrote a book on flies, {{transliteration|ar|Kitāb al-Dabāb}} ({{lang|ar|كتاب الذباب}}). However scientific study in the modern sense began only relatively recently, in the 16th century.<ref>Antonio Saltini, ''Storia delle scienze agrarie'', 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, {{ISBN|88-206-2412-5}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2413-3}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2414-1}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2415-X}}</ref> Ulisse Aldrovandi's {{lang|la|De Animalibus Insectis}} (Concerning Insect Animals) was published in 1602. Microscopist Jan Swammerdam published ''History of Insects'', correctly describing the reproductive organs of insects and metamorphosis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Entomology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/entomology |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> In 1705, Maria Sibylla Merian published the book {{lang|la|Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium}} about the tropical insects of Dutch Surinam.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies: Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography |last=Kristensen |first=Niels P. |editor= Kristensen, Niels P.|series=Volume 4, Part 35 of Handbuch der Zoologie:Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches. Arthropoda: Insecta|year=1999 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-015704-8 |page= 1 |chapter=Historical Introduction}}</ref>

Early entomological works associated with the naming and classification of species followed the practice of maintaining [[Earth:Cabinet of curiosities|cabinets of curiosity]], predominantly in Europe. This collecting fashion led to the formation of natural history societies, exhibitions of private collections, and journals for recording communications and the documentation of new species. Many of the collectors tended to be from the aristocracy, and there developed a trade involving collectors around the world and traders. This has been called the "era of heroic entomology." William Kirby is widely considered as the father of entomology in England. In collaboration with William Spence, he published a definitive entomological encyclopedia, ''Introduction to Entomology'', regarded as the subject's foundational text. He also helped found the Royal Entomological Society in London in 1833, one of the earliest such societies in the world; earlier antecedents, such as the Aurelian society date back to the 1740s. In the late 19th century, the growth of agriculture, and colonial trade spawned the "era of economic entomology" which created the professional entomologist associated with the rise of the university and training in the field of biology.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Elias, Scott A.|year=2014|title=A Brief History of the Changing Occupations and Demographics of Coleopterists from the 18th Through the 20th Century|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=47|issue=2|pages=213–242|doi=10.1007/s10739-013-9365-9|jstor=43863376|pmid=23928824|s2cid=24812002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq05ecMx-owC&pg=PA27|title=Bugs and the Victorians|publisher=Yale University Press|author=Clark, John F.M.|year=2009|pages=26–27|isbn=978-0300150919}}</ref>

Entomology developed rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries and was studied by large numbers of people, including such notable figures as [[Biography:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]], Jean-Henri Fabre, Vladimir Nabokov, [[Biography:Karl von Frisch|Karl von Frisch]] (winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1973/frisch-lecture.html|title=Karl von Frisch – Nobel Lecture: Decoding the Language of the Bee}}</ref> and twice Pulitzer Prize winner [[Biography:E. O. Wilson|E. O. Wilson]].

There has also been a history of people becoming entomologists through museum curation and research assistance,<ref name="Starrs NMNH">{{cite web|last1=Starrs|first1=Siobhan|title=A Scientist and a Tinkerer – A Story in a Frame|url=http://nmnh.typepad.com/100years/2010/08/a-scientist-and-a-tinkerer-a-story-in-a-frame.html|website=National Museum of Natural History Unearthed|publisher=National Museum of Natural History|access-date=19 March 2017|date=10 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195756/http://nmnh.typepad.com/100years/2010/08/a-scientist-and-a-tinkerer-a-story-in-a-frame.html|archive-date=19 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> such as Sophie Lutterlough at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with [[Biology:Butterfly|butterflies]] and [[Biology:Dragonfly|dragonflies]] being the most popular.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

Most insects can easily be allocated to [[Biology:Order|order]], such as [[Biology:Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]] (bees, wasps, and ants) or [[Biology:Coleoptera|Coleoptera]] (beetles). However, identifying to genus or species is usually only possible through the use of [[Biology:Identification key|identification key]]s and [[Monograph|monograph]]s. Because the class [[Biology:Insecta|Insecta]] contains a very large number of species (over 330,000 species of beetles alone) and the characteristics distinguishing them are unfamiliar, and often subtle (or invisible without a microscope), this is often very difficult even for a specialist. This has led to the development of [[Biology:Automated species identification|automated species identification]] systems targeted on insects, for example, [[Software:Digital Automated Identification SYstem (DAISY)|Daisy]], ABIS, SPIDA and Draw-wing.

==In pest control==
In 1994, the Entomological Society of America launched a new [[Social:Professional certification|professional certification]] program for the pest control industry called the Associate Certified Entomologist (ACE). To qualify as a "true entomologist" an individual would normally require an advanced degree, with most entomologists pursuing a PhD. While not true entomologists in the traditional sense, individuals who attain the ACE certification may be referred to as ACEs or Associate Certified Entomologists.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

As such, there are also other credential programs managed by the Entomological Society of America, that have varying credential requirements. These other programs, are known as Public Health Entomology (PHE), Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), and Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs) (ESA Certification Corporation). To be qualified in Public Health Entomology (PHE), one must succeed in passing an exam, that refers to the types of arthropods that have the capability, of being able to spread diseases and lead to medical complications (ESA Certification Corporation). Along with this, these individuals also have to "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). Individuals who are planning to become Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), need to obtain at around 1-4 years of experience in pest management and successfully pass an exam, that is based on the information, that they are acquainted with (ESA Certification Corporation). Like in Public Health Entomology (PHE), those who want to become Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), also have to "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). Additionally, these individuals have to be approved on being able to use pesticides (ESA Certification Corporation). In respects to those, who plan on becoming Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs), these individuals have to pass two exams and "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). As with this, they also have to fulfill a certain amount of educational requirements, every 12 months (ESA Certification Corporation).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roster {{!}} Certification - Entomological Society of America |url=https://entocert.org/roster |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=entocert.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Subdisciplines==
[[File:ENTO Museum Barcode.jpeg|thumb|Example of a collection barcode on a pinned beetle specimen]]
Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects, and a number of these subspecialties are given their own informal names, typically (but not always) derived from the scientific name of the group:

* [[Biology:Coleopterology|Coleopterology]] – [[Biology:Beetle|beetle]]s
* [[Biology:Dipterology|Dipterology]] – [[Biology:Fly|flies]]
* [[Biology:Odonata|Odonatology]] – [[Biology:Odonata|dragonflies and damselflies]]
* [[Biology:Hemiptera|Hemipterology]] – [[Biology:Hemiptera|true bugs]]
* Isopterology – [[Biology:Termite|termite]]s
* [[Biology:Lepidopterology|Lepidopterology]] – [[Biology:Moth|moth]]s and [[Biology:Butterfly|butterflies]]
* [[Biology:Melittology|Melittology]] (or ''Apiology'') – [[Biology:Bee|bee]]s
* [[Biology:Myrmecology|Myrmecology]] – [[Biology:Ant|ant]]s
* [[Biology:Orthopterology|Orthopterology]] – [[Biology:Grasshopper|grasshopper]]s, [[Biology:Cricket (insect)|crickets]], etc.
* [[Biology:Trichoptera|Trichopterology]] – caddisflies
* [[Biology:Vespology|Vespology]] – social wasps

==Entomologists==
{{main|List of entomologists}}[[File:PSM V76 D472 Entomologists.png|thumb|Several prominent American entomologists of the 1800s]]

==Organizations==
Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, and international organizations. There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas.
* Amateur Entomologists' Society
* Entomological Society of America
* Entomological Society of Canada
* Entomological Society of Japan
* Entomologischer Verein Krefeld
* Entomological Society of India<ref>[http://www.entosocindia.org Entomological Society of India]</ref>
* International Union for the Study of Social Insects
* Netherlands Entomological Society
* Royal Belgian Entomological Society
* Royal Entomological Society of London
* Russian Entomological Society
* Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut
* Société entomologique de France
* Australian Entomological Society<ref>[https://www.austentsoc.org.au/ Australian Entomological Society]</ref>
* Entomological Society of New Zealand<ref>[https://ento.org.nz/ Entomological Society of New Zealand]</ref>

==Research collection==
Here is a list of selected very large insect collections, housed in museums, universities, or research institutes.

===Asia===
* [[Organization:Zoological Survey of India|Zoological Survey of India]]
* Insect Museum, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
* National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
* Pakistan Museum of Natural History Garden Avenue, Shakarparian, Islamabad, Pakistan
* Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Indonesia

===Africa===
* Natal Museum, [[Place:Pietermaritzburg|Pietermaritzburg]], South Africa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmsa.org.za|title=KwaZulu-Natal Museum}}</ref>

=== Australasia ===
[[File:LU Entomology Museum DSC8583.jpeg|thumb|The [[Organization:Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection|Entomology Research Collection]] at Lincoln University, New Zealand, with curator John Marris]]
* [[Organization:Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection|Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection]], Lincoln, New Zealand
* Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand
* [[Biology:New Zealand Arthropod Collection|New Zealand Arthropod Collection]], Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Auckland, New Zealand

===Europe===<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
* Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Zoologische Staatssammlung München
* Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, [[Place:Barcelona|Barcelona]], {{wipe|Spain}}
* Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, [[Place:Paris|Paris]], {{wipe|France}}
* Museum für Naturkunde, [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]], {{wipe|Germany}}
* Kelvingrove Art Gallery, Glasgow, Scotland
* Natural History Museum, Budapest Hungarian Natural History Museum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhmus.hu/|title=Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum}}</ref>
* Natural History Museum, Geneva<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/mhng/page-e/arto.htm |title=MHN |access-date=2007-01-02 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030726004552/http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/mhng/page-e/arto.htm |archive-date=July 26, 2003 }}</ref>
* Natural History Museum, Leiden, the Netherlands
* [[Biology:Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum, London]], {{wipe|United Kingdom}}
* Natural History Museum, Oslo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.uio.no/english/|title=Home}}</ref> {{wipe|Norway}}
* Natural History Museum, St. Petersburg Zoological Collection of the Russian Academy of Science
* Naturhistorisches Museum, [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]], Austria
* Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/|title=O.U.M.N.H. Homepage}}</ref>
* [[Biology:Royal Museum for Central Africa|Royal Museum for Central Africa]], Brussels, Belgium
* Swedish Museum of Natural History, [[Place:Stockholm|Stockholm]], Sweden
* World Museum Liverpool, the Bug House

===United States===
* Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
* [[Biology:American Museum of Natural History|American Museum of Natural History]], {{wipe|New York City}}
* Auburn University Museum of Natural History,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aumnh.org/|title=Auburn University Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Auburn, Alabama
* Audubon Insectarium, New Orleans
* Bohart Museum of Entomology, Davis, California
* California Academy of Sciences, {{wipe|San Francisco}}
* Carnegie Museum of Natural History,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/inverts/collect.html|title=Collections|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824054546/http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/inverts/collect.html|archive-date=2010-08-24}}</ref> Pittsburgh
* Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland
* Entomology Research Museum, [[Organization:University of California, Riverside|University of California, Riverside]]
* Essig Museum of Entomology, Berkeley, California
* Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
* Florida Museum of Natural History, [[Organization:University of Florida|University of Florida]], Gainesville, Florida
* Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois
* J. Gordon Edwards Museum, San Jose, California
* [[Biology:Museum of Comparative Zoology|Museum of Comparative Zoology]], Cambridge, Massachusetts
* Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles
* National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
* New Mexico State University Arthropod Museum<ref>{{cite web| url=http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/arthropods/| title=New Mexico State University Arthropod Museum| author1=NMSU Entomology Plant Pathology| author2=Weed science| access-date=2013-07-15| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501211331/http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/arthropods/| archive-date=2013-05-01}}</ref>
* North Carolina State University Insect Museum, Raleigh, North Carolina
* Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut
* San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California
* The National Museum of Play, Rochester, New York
* Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
* [[Organization:University of Minnesota|University of Minnesota]], St. Paul campus (UMSP), Minnesota
* University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas
* University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska
* University of Missouri Enns Entomology Museum,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.insecta.missouri.edu/|title=Enns Entomology Museum, MU}}</ref> [[Organization:University of Missouri|University of Missouri]], Columbia, Missouri

===Canada===
* Canadian Museum of Nature, [[Place:Ottawa|Ottawa]], Ontario
* Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canacoll.org/|title=Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes – Homepage}}</ref> [[Place:Ottawa|Ottawa]], Ontario
* E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/facilities/strickland/|title=E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum – Department of Biological Sciences, Studies in Life Sciences}}</ref> University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
* Lyman Entomological Museum,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lyman.mcgill.ca/|title=Lyman Entomological Museum}}</ref> Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
* Montreal Insectarium, {{wipe|Montreal}}, Quebec
* Newfoundland Insectarium, Reidville, Newfoundland and Labrador
* Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, Alberta
* Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario
* University of Guelph Insect Collection,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/debu/|title=University of Guelph Insect Collection|work=uoguelph.ca|access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> Guelph, Ontario
* Victoria Bug Zoo,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bugzoo.bc.ca/|title=The Victoria Bug Zoo TM|access-date=2014-03-27|archive-date=2014-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219174606/http://www.bugzoo.bc.ca/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Victoria, British Columbia
* J. B. Wallis / R. E. Roughley Museum of Entomology,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://umanitoba.ca/agricultural-food-sciences/wallis-roughley-museum-entomology|title=J. B. Wallis / R. E. Roughley Museum of Entomology &#124; Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences &#124; University of Manitoba }}</ref> Winnipeg, Manitoba

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Biology:Arachnology|Arachnology]]
* [[Biology:Carcinology|Carcinology]]
* Cultural entomology
* Ethnoentomology
* [[Biology:Forensic entomology|Forensic entomology]]
* Forensic entomologist
* Forensic entomology and the law
* [[Biology:Insect thermoregulation|Insect thermoregulation]]
* Insects on stamps
* List of entomological journals
* [[Medicine:Medical entomology|Medical entomology]]
* [[Biology:Myriapodology|Myriapodology]]
* [[Biology:Timeline of entomology – 1800–1850|Timeline of entomology – 1800–1850]]
* [[Biology:Timeline of entomology – 1850–1900|Timeline of entomology – 1850–1900]]
* [[Biology:Timeline of entomology since 1900|Timeline of entomology since 1900]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{quote box |quote = "I suppose you are an entomologist?"
* [http://imfeelingpuzzled.com/2017/05/27/what-does-a-entomologist-study/ What does a entomologist study?]
"Not quite so ambitious as that, sir. I should like to put my eyes on the individual entitled to that name. No man can be truly called an entomologist, sir;  the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp."|source = —Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., ''The Poet at the Breakfast Table''.|width=25em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7}}

* Capinera, JL (editor). 2008. ''Encyclopedia of Entomology'', 2nd Edition. Springer. {{ISBN|1-4020-6242-7}}

* Chiang, H.C. and G. C. Jahn 1996.  Entomology in the Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project. (in Chinese) ''Chinese Entomol. Soc. Newsltr.'' (Taiwan) 3: 9–11.
* Davidson, E. 2006. ''Big Fleas Have Little Fleas: How Discoveries of Invertebrate Diseases Are Advancing Modern Science'' University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 208 pages, {{ISBN|0-8165-2544-7}}.
* Gillot, Cedric.  '' Entomology''. Second Edition, Plenum Press, New York, NY / London 1995, {{ISBN|0-306-44967-6}}.
* {{cite book |author=Grimaldi, D. & [[Biography:Michael S. Engel|Engel, M.S.]] |title = Evolution of the Insects |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-82149-5 }}

* Triplehorn, Charles A. and Norman F. Johnson (2005-05-19). Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, Thomas Brooks/Cole. {{ISBN|0-03-096835-6}}. — a classic textbook in North America.
* Wale, Matthew. ''Making Entomologists: How Periodicals Shaped    Scientific Communities in Nineteenth-Century Britain'' (U of Pittsburgh Press, 2022) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58756 online book review]

== External links ==

{{-}}
{{Orders of insects}}
{{Zoology}}


[[Category:Entomology| ]]

{{Sourceattribution|Entomology}}