View source for Biology:Epicrates maurus

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Rainbow Boa jlbd1.JPG
| image_caption = Colombian rainbow boa
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Epicrates
| species = maurus
| authority = ([[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Biology:10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms = * ''Boa cenchria'' <small>[[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Biology:10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small>
* [''Boa''] ''Cenchria'' <small>[[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Biology:10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small>
* ''Coluber tamachia'' <small>Scopoli, 1788</small>
* ''Boa Cenchris'' <small>Gmelin, 1788</small>
* ''Boa aboma'' <small>Daudin, 1803</small>
* ''Boa ternatea'' <small>Daudin, 1803</small>
* ''Boa annulifer'' <small>Daudin, 1803</small>
* [''Epicrates''] ''cenchria'' <small>Wagler, 1830</small>
* ''Epicrates cenchria maurus'' <small>Gray, 1849</small><ref name="gray">Catalogue of the specimens of snakes in the collection of the British museum 1849; British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Zoology; Gray, John Edward, 1800–1875</ref>
}}

'''''Epicrates maurus''''' is a species of non-venomous constrictor in the family [[Biology:Boinae|Boinae]], commonly found in the Amazon region of [[Earth:South America|South America]]. The common name is '''Colombian rainbow boa'''.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=209561 |taxon=''Epicrates cenchria maurus'' |accessdate=15 April 2010}}</ref> While a [[Biology:Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] species, with its moderate size and weight it has a semi-arboreal life. Rainbow boas are known for their attractive iridescent sheen on their scales in the sunlight.

== Description ==
'''Size and weight-''' The Colombian rainbow boa is the smallest of the rainbow boas, reaching lengths of 3 to 5 feet on average.<ref name="Mattison">Mattison, C. 2007. "The New Encyclopedia of Snakes". Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-13295-X}}.</ref> There is a clear sexual dimorphism between male and female, with females being significantly larger in both length and girth.
'''Coloring-''' Generally uniform brown in color with large dark edged vertebral rings and light centers forming saddles, there may also be a slightly off-center 'S' pattern.<ref name="O'Shea">O'Shea, M. 2007. Boas and Pythons of the World. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-13100-7}}.</ref> Through a process called metachrosis, rainbow boas exhibit a day-to-night color change. Primarily noticed in that their pattern will become lighter--almost silver--and have a molted silver sides and bottom.<ref name="Bartlett">R.D. Bartlett, C.2004. "Rainbow Boas and Neotropical Tree Boas". Barron's Educational Series, Inc.  {{ISBN|0-7641-2686-5}}.</ref> Although individuals of abnormal colors and patterns exist--for example those that exhibit pigmentation [[Disease|disorders]] such as albinism,<ref name="Albinoism">Ilo Hiler, Albinos. Young Naturalist. The Louise Lindsey Merrick Texas Environment Series, No. 6, pp. 28–31. Texas A&M University Press, College Station (1983).</ref> they are very rare in the wild and are often found in captivity where these mutations are often bred.

<gallery>
Image:Rainbow_Boa_jlbd2.JPG|Colombian rainbow boa daytime
Image:Rainbow_boa_jlbn1.JPG|Colombian rainbow boa nighttime
</gallery>
These pictures provide a good example of the day-to-night color change;
both pictures are of the same snake. Pictures were taken 3.2 hours apart.

[[File:Selva Humeda Farallones de Cali.JPG|left|thumb|''Colombian Rainforest'']]

==Distribution and habitat==

This sub-species, being the northernmost rainbow boa, is found in rainforests and drier coastal clearings in its range; southern Central America, Trinidad & Tobago and northern South America.  More semi-arboreal when young, rainbow boas may climb into trees and shrubs to forage and avoid land predators, however, they become mostly terrestrial with age.<ref name="Mehrtens">Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}.</ref>

== Behavior ==

Rainbow boas, like all boas in the family Boidae, are non-venomous snakes that subdue their prey with [[Biology:Constriction|constriction]]. Like most [[Biology:Boidae|Boids]], they have special heat-sensing pits on their faces that allow them to detect the body heat of their warm-blooded prey.<ref name="Bytes">ANIMAL BYTES — Boa Constrictor". Seaworld.org. Retrieved 2010-04-15.</ref> While nocturnal, they may bask during the day when night-time temperatures are low. They are active at dawn and dusk and feed on small mammals, birds and lizards using their heat-sensing abilities to hunt in the low light. Most rainbow boas will never need a prey item larger than a large rat,  as with most snakes, rainbow boas can expand their jaw to allow the consuming of items larger than the jaw would normally open (see snake skull). Wild rainbow boas may bite when they feel threatened, as a defense. This bite can be painful, but is not dangerous. Care must still be taken against infection. Like all snakes, when in a [[Biology:Moulting|shed cycle]] they will be more unpredictable and irritable due to the added stress of shedding and clouded sight.

== Reproduction ==

Rainbow boas are solitary, associating only to mate. Boas are polygynous and ovoviviparous, thus males may mate with multiple females and give birth to live young. Females invest considerable maternal energy in their offspring since their young develop within the mother's body. The young are able to develop in a thermo-regulated, protected environment and they are provided with nutrients. Young are born fully developed and independent within minutes of birth.<ref name="O'Shea"/>

===Parthenogenesis===
[[File:Central fusion and terminal fusion automixis.svg|thumb|280px|right|The effects of central fusion and terminal fusion on heterozygosity]]
Reproduction in snakes is almost exclusively sexual. Males ordinarily have a ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes and females a ZW pair.  However, it was recently shown that ''E. maurus'' is capable of reproducing by facultative [[Biology:Parthenogenesis|parthenogenesis]] resulting in production of WW female progeny.<ref name="pmid21868391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Booth W, Million L, Reynolds RG, Burghardt GM, Vargo EL, Schal C, Tzika AC, Schuett GW |title=Consecutive virgin births in the new world boid snake, the Colombian rainbow Boa, Epicrates maurus |journal=J. Hered. |volume=102 |issue=6 |pages=759–63 |year=2011 |pmid=21868391 |doi=10.1093/jhered/esr080 |doi-access=free }}</ref>  The WW females were likely produced by terminal automixis (see diagram), a type of parthenogenesis in which two terminal haploid products of meiosis fuse to form a zygote, which then develops into a daughter progeny.  This is only the third genetically confirmed case of consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female within any vertebrate lineage.

==Captivity==
This species does very well in captivity and is considered by many to be the easiest of all the Epicrates sp., to maintain, requiring slightly less humidity than the Brazilian variant. They primarily feed on mice and rats. Commonly categorized as an 'Intermediate'  species to keep by reptile distributors and breeders in the pet trade, they become quite tame with regular handling. The species "Epicrates cenchria" and primarily the sub-species E. c. cenchria (Brazilian Rainbow)<ref name="ITIS2">{{ITIS |id=209562 |taxon=''Epicrates cenchria cenchria'' |accessdate=15 April 2010}}</ref> and E. maurus (Colombian Rainbow) are growing in popularity and are widely bred in captivity with very few being imported. Breeders are attempting to produce a variety of different color and pattern "[[Biology:Muller's morphs|Morphs]]" through [[Biology:Selective breeding|selective breeding]]. This is done by encouraging the dominant and recessive genes that code for proteins involved in [[Biology:Chromatophore|chromatophore]] development, maintenance, or function.

In January, 2015, a six-foot Epicrates maurus "slithered out of the toilet in an office restroom in downtown San Diego," California; it was uncertain as to who may have been its owner.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Serna
| first = Joseph
|author2=Tony Perry
 | title = Snake in San Diego toilet scares workers; search for owner continues
| work = {{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}
| access-date = 2015-01-08
| date = 2015-01-08
| url = http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-snake-in-san-diego-toilet-20150108-story.html#navtype=outfit
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3016932}}


{{Sourceattribution|Epicrates maurus|1}}