View source for Biology:Escovopsis

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Taxobox
| image =Escovopsis multiformis (10.3897-mycokeys.46.30951) Figure 5.jpg
| image_caption =''Escovopsis multiformis'' [[Physics:Scanning electron microscope|SEM]] images A, B Conidiophores mono- and polycephalous without “swollen cells” C–F Conidiophores mono- and polycephalous with “swollen cells” (red arrows) G, H [[Biology:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|Vesicles]] I [[Biology:Phialide|Phialide]]s J Conidia
| regnum = [[Biology:Fungi|Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Biology:Ascomycota|Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Biology:Sordariomycetes|Sordariomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Biology:Hypocreales|Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Biology:Hypocreaceae|Hypocreaceae]]
| genus = '''''Escovopsis'''''
| genus_authority = J.J.Muchovej & Della Lucia (1990)
| type_species = '''''Escovopsis weberi'''''
| type_species_authority = J.J.Muchovej & Della Lucia (1990)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''E. aspergilloides''<br/>
''E. clavata''<ref name="Montoya 2019"/><br/>
''E. kreiselii''<br/>
''E. lentecrescens''<br/>
''E. microspora''<br/>
''E. moelleri''<br/>
''E. multiformis''<ref name="Montoya 2019"/><br/>
''E. trichodermoides''<br/>
''E. weberi''
| synonyms_ref =<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Escovopsis"/>
| synonyms = *''Phialocladus'' <small>Kreisel (1972)<ref name="Kreisel 1972"/></small>
}}

'''''Escovopsis''''' is a [[Biology:Genus|genus]] of seven formally acknowledged parasitic microfungus species that rely on other fungi to be their [[Biology:Host|hosts]]. This genus formally [[Philosophy:Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] with a single identified species in 1990;<ref name="Muchovej 1990"/> in 2013 three other species were added.

In an early 2015 published study, scientists collected five species of ''Escovopsis'' from both genera of fungus-growing ants, ''[[Biology:Atta (genus)|Atta]]'' and ''[[Biology:Acromyrmex|Acromyrmex]]'', four of which came from ant colonies in Brazil and the fifth of which came from Trinidad. These ''Escovopsis'' species included ''E.&nbsp;moelleri'', ''E.&nbsp;microspora'', ''E.&nbsp;weberi'', ''E.&nbsp;lentecrescens'', and ''E.&nbsp;aspergilloides''. The research revealed another ''Escovopsis'' species (''E.&nbsp;trichodermoides'') isolated and derived from the lower attine ant, ''[[Biology:Mycocepurus goeldii|Mycocepurus goeldii]]''. It was determined to be a species independent of the other five species because of its complex branch system and varying conidiophores, which lack typical swelling.<ref>Masiulionis, V. E., et al. "''Escovopsis trichodermoides'' Sp Nov., Isolated from a Nest of the Lower Attine Ant ''Mycocepurus Goeldii''." ''Antonie van Leeuwenhoek'' 107.3 (2015): 731–40.</ref>

A separate study published in January 2015 also looked at the lower attine ant, ''Mycetophylax morschi'', in Brazil and found four strains for the ''Escovopsis''. The scientists that conducted this research also noticed distinguishable features of the ''Escovopsis'' such as the type and physicality of the conidiophores and conidiogenous cells and the DNA sequences. They named the species ''Escovopsis kreiselii''.<ref>Meirelles, L. A., et al. "New Light on the Systematics of Fungi Associated with Attine Ant Gardens and the Description of ''Escovopsis Kreiselii'' Sp Nov."''PLOS ONE'' 10.1 (2015): 14.</ref>

==Parasitism==
This genus describes a parasitic fungus capable of horizontally transmitting between colonies, which can affect any of the 47 species of ants commonly known as the leafcutter ants, which are widespread in parts of the Americas. The fungus transmits itself between colonies by utilizing infected external material.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zompopas.com/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D9%26Itemid%3D7%26lang%3Den  |access-date=1 June 2015 }}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Only two species of the pathogenic ''Escovopsis'' have been formally made known, although the other rising species and ''Escovopsis'' in general is known to act destructively toward to the symbiotic relationship between the ant colonies and their fungus gardens. It was only established as a symbiont of this ant-fungus mutualism proceeding studies that consistently isolated the fungus.<ref name="Caldera">Caldera, E. J., et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19791600 "Insect Symbioses: A Case Study of Past, Present, and Future Fungus-Growing Ant Research."] ''Environmental Entomology'' 38.1 (2009): 78–92.</ref>  However, the leafcutter ants have a defense mechanism against the parasitic fungus, an antifungal actinobacteria from the genus ''[[Biology:Pseudonocardia|Pseudonocardia]]''.

A study conducted at the [[Organization:University of Costa Rica|University of Costa Rica]], San Pedro de Montes de Oca produced results that indicated how strains of ''Escovopsis'' in Costa Rica are "better suited" to invade and induce their parasitic effects on the ant colonies (specifically from the [[Biology:Attini|Attini]] tribe and genera ''Atta'' and ''Acromyrmex'') than selectively bred fungus. This was concluded from the fact that the ''Escovopsis'' strains created several clusters or [[Biology:Clade|clade]]s, some more virulent than others, while the fungal cultivar only created a single cluster or clade. This means that the ants in the colonies would be able to reduce, eliminate, and defend against the fungal cultivar much easier and quicker than it would be able to for ''Escovopsis'' strains. According to the scientists that undertook the study, the coevolved ''Escovopsis'' can be used as a biocontrol agent for the population of these leafcutter ants, which are considered agricultural pests in these areas.<ref>Wallace, D. E. E., J. G. V. Asensio, and A. A. P. Tomas. "Correlation between Virulence and Genetic Structure of ''Escovopsis'' Strains from Leaf-Cutting Ant Colonies in Costa Rica." ''Microbiology-Sgm'' 160 (2014): 1727–36.</ref>

Leafcutter ants communicate through exchanges of chemicals and secrete chemicals made from actinomycete bacteria in order to protect their colonies. The ''Atta'' colonies have a hierarchal system of workers and use chemical secretions through metapleural glands, which are capable of producing much phenylacetic acid, an antimicrobial agent. A study demonstrated how the smallest worker ants were able to lower growth rates of ''Escovopsis'' spores that were placed into the ants’ fungus garden with this phenylacetic acid. Bioassays showed that ''Escovopsis'' from leafcutter ants is not as affected by the acid than that from more basic fungus-growing ants, meaning that there is a need to control the growth of the parasitic ''Escovopsis'' fungus because of its virulence as a potential pathogen.<ref>Fernandez-Marin, Hermogenes, et al. "Functional Role of Phenylacetic Acid from Metapleural Gland Secretions in Controlling Fungal Pathogens in Evolutionarily Derived Leaf-Cutting Ants." ''Proceedings: Biological Sciences'' 282.1807 (2015). Print.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Kreisel 1972">{{cite journal |author=Kreisel H. |title=Pilze aus Pilzgärten von Atta insularis in Kuba |journal=Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie |year=1972 |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=643–54 |doi=10.1002/jobm.19720120805 |pmid=4664531 |language=German}}</ref>

<ref name="Montoya 2019">{{cite journal |vauthors=Montoya QV, Martiarena MJ, Polezel DA, Kakazu S, Rodrigues A |title=More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new ''Escovopsis'' species from fungus gardens of attine ants. |journal=MycoKeys |year=2019 |volume=46 |issue=46 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.46.30951 |pmid=30814906 |pmc=6389644 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Muchovej 1990">{{cite journal |author=Muchovej JJ, Della Lucia TMC. |title=''Escovopsis'', a new genus from leaf cutting ant nests to replace ''Phialocladus'' nomen invalidum |journal=Mycotaxon |year=1990 |volume=37 |pages=191–195 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0037/0191.htm |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232740/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0037/0191.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Escovopsis">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Escovopsis'' J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=11249 |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |accessdate=2 June 2015 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117160601/http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=11249 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|11249}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10489035}}

[[Category:Sordariomycetes genera]]
[[Category:Parasitic fungi]]
[[Category:Myrmecology]]

{{Sourceattribution|Escovopsis}}