View source for Biology:Euglenozoa

{{short description|Phylum of protozoans}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{long fossil range|1000|0|[[Earth:Stenian|Stenian]] (over 1000 MYA) - present|PS=<ref>{{cite book|pmid=28429314|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_1|volume=979|year=2017|pages=3–17|last1=Zakryś|first1=B|last2=Milanowski|first2=R|last3=Karnkowska|first3=Anna|title=Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology |chapter=Evolutionary Origin of Euglena |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology|isbn=978-3-319-54908-8}}</ref>}}
| image = Two Euglena.jpg
| image_caption = Two ''[[Biology:Euglena|Euglena]]''
| taxon = Euglenozoa
| authority = [[Biography:Thomas Cavalier-Smith|Cavalier-Smith]], 1981<ref name="C-S1981">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? | journal = Bio Systems | volume = 14 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 461–481 | year = 1981 | pmid = 7337818 | doi = 10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2 }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Classes 
| subdivision =
*Diplonemea
*Euglenida
*Kinetoplastea
*Symbiontida ([[Biology:Postgaardia|Postgaardia]])
}}
'''Euglenozoa''' are a large group of [[Biology:Flagellate|flagellate]] Discoba. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. Euglenozoa are represented by four major groups, ''i.e.,'' Kinetoplastea, Diplonemea, Euglenida, and Symbiontida. Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around {{convert|15–40|μm|abbr=on}} in size, although some euglenids get up to {{convert|500|μm|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web |title=Euglenozoa |url=https://eol.org/pages/4841/articles |website=Encyclopedia of Life |publisher=National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian Institution |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

== Structure ==
Most euglenozoa have two flagella, which are inserted parallel to one another in an apical or subapical pocket. In some these are associated with a [[Biology:Cytostome|cytostome]] or mouth, used to ingest [[Biology:Bacteria|bacteria]] or other small organisms. This is supported by one of three sets of [[Biology:Microtubule|microtubule]]s that arise from the flagellar bases; the other two support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell.<ref name="Pat1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patterson DJ | title = The Diversity of Eukaryotes | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 154 | issue = S4 | pages = S96–S124 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10527921 | doi = 10.1086/303287 | s2cid = 4367158 }}</ref>

Some other euglenozoa feed through absorption, and many euglenids possess [[Biology:Chloroplast|chloroplast]]s, the only eukaryotes outside [[Biology:Plants+HC+SAR megagroup|Diaphoretickes]] to do so without performing [[Earth:Kleptoplasty|kleptoplasty]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dorrell RG, Smith AG | title = Do red and green make brown?: perspectives on plastid acquisitions within chromalveolates | journal = Eukaryotic Cell | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 856–868 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21622904 | pmc = 3147421 | doi = 10.1128/EC.00326-10 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2023}} and so obtain energy through [[Earth:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]]. These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain [[Biology:Chlorophyll|chlorophyll]]s ''A'' and ''B'', along with other pigments, so are probably derived from a  green alga, captured long ago in an endosymbiosis by a basal euglenozoan.  Reproduction occurs exclusively through cell division.  During [[Biology:Mitosis|mitosis]], the nuclear membrane remains intact, and the spindle microtubules form inside of it.<ref name="Pat1999"/>

The group is characterized by the ultrastructure of the flagella.  In addition to the normal supporting microtubules or [[Biology:Axoneme|axoneme]], each contains a rod (called ''paraxonemal''), which has a tubular structure in one flagellum and a latticed structure in the other.  Based on this, two smaller groups have been included here: the diplonemids and ''[[Biology:Postgaardi|Postgaardi]]''.<ref name="Sim1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson AG | title = The Identity and Composition of Euglenozoa | journal = Archiv für Protistenkunde | year = 1997 | volume = 148 | issue = 3 | pages = 318–328 | doi=10.1016/s0003-9365(97)80012-7}}</ref>

==Classification==
Historically, euglenozoans have been treated as either plants or animals, depending on whether they belong to largely [[Earth:Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] groups or not. Hence they have names based on either the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp) or the [[Biology:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]] (ICZN). For example, one family has the name [[Biology:Euglenaceae|Euglenaceae]] under the ICNafp and the name Euglenidae under the ICZN. As another example, the genus name ''[[Biology:Dinema (alga)|Dinema]]'' is acceptable under the ICZN, but [[Biology:Nomen illegitimum|illegitimate]] under the ICNafp, as it is a later [[Biology:Homonym|homonym]] of an orchid genus, so that the synonym ''Dinematomonas'' must be used instead.<ref name=Kostygov_2021/>

The Euglenozoa are generally accepted as monophyletic. They are related to [[Biology:Percolozoa|Percolozoa]]; the two share mitochondria with disk-shaped cristae, which only occurs in a few other groups.<ref name="Bal2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baldauf SL, Roger AJ, Wenk-Siefert I, Doolittle WF | title = A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data | journal = Science | volume = 290 | issue = 5493 | pages = 972–977 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11062127 | doi = 10.1126/science.290.5493.972 | bibcode = 2000Sci...290..972B | }}</ref>
Both probably belong to a larger group of eukaryotes called the [[Biology:Excavata|Excavata]].<ref name="Sim2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson AG | title = Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota) | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 53 | issue = Pt 6 | pages = 1759–1777 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14657103 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This grouping, though, has been challenged.<ref name="pmid20031978">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 342–345 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20031978 | pmc = 2880060 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948 }}</ref>

===Phylogeny===
The phylogeny based on the work of Cavalier-Smith (2016):<ref name="Cavalier-Smith">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa | journal = European Journal of Protistology | volume = 56 | pages = 250–276 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27889663 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.003 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"
|-
! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Euglenozoa phylogeny – Cavalier-Smith (2016)
|-
|
{{barlabel |size=19 |at1=16 |label1=Peranemea<br />(paraphyletic)|cladogram=
{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Biology:Glycomonada|Glycomonada]]
  |1={{clade
    |label1=Diplonemea
    |1={{clade
      |label1=Diplonemida
      |1={{clade
        |1=Hemistasiidae
        |2={{clade
          |1=Eupelagonemidae
          |2=[[Biology:Diplonemidae|Diplonemidae]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |label2=Kinetoplastea
    |2={{clade
      |label1=Prokinetoplastina
      |1=Ichthyobodonidae
      |label2=Metakinetoplastina
      |2={{clade
        |1=''Rhynchobodo''
        |2={{clade
          |1=Neobodonidae
          |2={{clade
            |1=Parabodonidae
            |2={{clade
              |1=[[Biology:Bodo (excavate)|Bodonidae]]
              |2=[[Biology:Trypanosomatidae|Trypanosomatidae]]
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |label2=Plicomonada
  |2={{clade
    |label1=Postgaardia
    |1={{clade
      |label1=Postgaardea
      |1={{clade
        |label1=Bihospitida
        |1=Bihospitidae
        |label2=Postgaardida
        |2={{clade
          |1=Postgaardidae
          |2=[[Biology:Calkinsia|Calkinsiidae]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |label2=Euglenoida
    |2={{clade
      |label1=Entosiphona
      |1={{clade
        |label1=Entosiphonea
        |1={{clade
          |label1=Entosiphonida
          |1=Entosiphonidae
           }}
         }}
      |label2=Dipilida
      |2={{clade
        |label1=Stavomonadea
        |1={{clade
          |label1=Heterostavia
          |1={{clade
            |label1=Heterostavida
            |1=Serpenomonadidae
             }}
          |label2=Homostavia
          |2={{clade
            |label1=Decastavida
            |1={{clade
              |1=Decastavidae
              |2=Keelungiidae
               }}
            |label2=Petalomonadida
            |2={{clade
              |1=Sphenomonadidae
              |2=Petalomonadidae
               }}
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1=Ploeotarea
          |1={{clade
            |label1=Ploeotiida
            |1={{clade
              |1=Lentomonadidae
              |2=Ploeotiidae
               }}
             }}
          |2=&nbsp; |state2=none |style2=line-height:20%;
          |label3=Spirocuta
          |3={{clade  
            |1={{clade               |barbegin1=darkgreen
              |label1=Peranemida
              |1=[[Biology:Peranema|Peranemidae]]
               }}
            |2={{clade                |bar1=darkgreen 
              |1={{clade                   
                |label1=[[Biology:Anisonemida|Anisonemida]]
                |1=[[Biology:Anisonema|Anisonemidae]]
                |label2=Natomonadida
                |2={{clade
                  |label1=Metanemina
                  |1=Neometanemidae
                  |label2=Rhabdomonadina
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=Distigmidae
                    |2=Astasiidae
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |1={{clade                 |barend1=darkgreen 
                  |label1=Acroglissida
                  |1=Teloproctidae  
                   }}
                |2=&nbsp; |state2=none |style2=line-height:20%;
                |label3=Euglenophyceae 
                |3={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                    |label1=Rapazida
                    |1=Rapazidae
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                    |label1=Eutreptiales
                    |1=[[Biology:Eutreptia|Eutreptia]]ceae
                    |label2=[[Biology:Euglenales|Euglenales]]
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=Euglenamorphaceae
                      |2={{clade
                        |1=Phacaceae
                        |2=[[Biology:Euglenaceae|Euglenaceae]]
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
}}
|}

A consensus phylogeny following the review by Kostygov ''et al.'' (2021):<ref name="Kostygov_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kostygov AY, Karnkowska A, Votýpka J, Tashyreva D, Maciszewski K, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J | title = Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses | journal = Open Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 200407 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33715388 | pmc = 8061765 | doi = 10.1098/rsob.200407 }}</ref> 
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"
|-
! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Euglenozoa phylogeny – Kostygov ''et al.'' (2021)
|-
|
{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Biology:Glycomonada|Glycomonada]]
  |1={{clade
    |label1=Kinetoplastea
    |1={{clade
      |label1=Prokinetoplastia
      |1={{clade
        |label1=Prokinetoplastida
        |1={{clade
          |1=Ichthyobodonidae
          |2=Perkinselidae
           }}
         }}
      |label2=Metakinetoplastia
      |2={{clade
        |label1=Neobodonida
        |1={{clade
          |1=Allobodonidae
          |2={{clade
            |1=Neobodonidae
            |2=Rhynchomonadidae
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1=Parabodonida
          |1={{clade
            |1= Cryptobiidae 
            |2= Trypanoplasmatidae
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |label1=Eubodonida
            |1=[[Biology:Bodo (excavate)|Bodonidae]]
            |label2=[[Biology:Trypanosomatida|Trypanosomatida]]
            |2=[[Biology:Trypanosomatidae|Trypanosomatidae]]
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |label2=Diplonemea
    |2={{clade
      |label1=Diplonemida
      |1={{clade
        |1=[[Biology:Diplonemidae|Diplonemidae]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=Eupelagonemidae
          |2=Hemistasiidae
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |label2="euglenids"
  |2={{clade |state=dotted
    |label1=Euglenida |state1=solid
    |1={{clade
      |1=Petalomonadida
      |2={{clade
        |1=Alistosa
        |label2= Olkaspira
        |2={{clade
          |1=''Olkasia''
          |label2=Spirocuta
          |2={{clade
            |label1=Anisonemia
            |1={{clade
              |1=[[Biology:Anisonema|Anisonemidae]]
              |2=Aphagea
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |label1=Euglenophyceae 
              |1={{clade
                |label1=Rapazida
                |1=Rapazidae
                |2={{clade
                  |1=Eutreptiaceae/[[Biology:Eutreptia|Eutreptiidae]]
                  |label2=[[Biology:Euglenales|Euglenales]]
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Biology:Euglenaceae|Euglenaceae]]/Euglenidae
                    |2=Phacaceae/Phacidae
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
              |2=[[Biology:Peranema|Peranemida]]
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     |label2=Symbiontida
     |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Biology:Bihospites|Bihospites]]''
        |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Biology:Calkinsia|Calkinsia]]''
           |2=''[[Biology:Postgaardi|Postgaardi]]''
           }}
        }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|}

===Taxonomy===
====Cavalier-Smith (2016/2017)====

The following classification of Euglenozoa is as described by Cavalier-Smith in 2016,<ref name="Cavalier-Smith" /> modified to include the new subphylum Plicomonada according to Cavalier-Smith ''et al'' (2017).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis and evolution in light of comparative ultrastructure and trypanosomatid biology: Semi-conservative microtubule/strip duplication, strip shaping and transformation | journal = European Journal of Protistology | volume = 61 | issue = Pt A | pages = 137–179 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 29073503 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.002 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Phylum '''Euglenozoa''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. Simpson 1997</small> [Euglenobionta]
* Subphylum '''[[Biology:Glycomonada|Glycomonada]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
** Class '''Diplonemea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Simpson 1997</small> [Diplosonematea; Diplonemia <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>]
*** Order Diplonemida <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Hemistasiida]
**** Family Hemistasiidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Entomosigmaceae]
<!-- Not in Cavalier-Smith classification and no reference given for new family
**** Family Eupelagonemidae <small>Okamoto & Keeling 2018</small>
-->
**** Family [[Biology:Diplonemidae|Diplonemidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Rhynchopodaceae <small>Skuja 1948 ex Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>]
** Class '''Kinetoplastea''' <small>Honigberg 1963 emend. Margulis 1974</small> [Kinetoplastida <small>Honigberg 1963</small>; Kinetoplasta <small>Honigberg 1963 stat. nov.</small>]
<!-- not in Cavalier-Smith classification (where is this extra stuff from?)
*** Family ?Cephalothamniidae
*** Order ?Bordnamonadida
**** Family Bordnamonadidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>
*** Order ?Trypanophidida
**** Family Trypanophididae <small>Poche 1911</small>
-->
*** Subclass Prokinetoplastina <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
**** Order Prokinetoplastida <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
***** Family Ichthyobodonidae <small>Isaksen et al., 2007</small>
*** Subclass Metakinetoplastina <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
**** Order Bodonida* <small>Hollande 1952 em. Vickerman 1976, Kryov et al 1980</small>
***** Suborder Neobodonida <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
****** Family Rhynchomonadidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Family Neobodonidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Suborder Parabodonida <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
****** Family Parabodonidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> <!-- unsourced addition [Cryptobiaceae <small>Poche 1911</small>; Trypanoplasmatidae <small>Hartmann & Chagas 1910</small>]-->
****** Family Cryptobiidae* <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
***** Suborder Eubodonida <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
****** Family Bodonidae <small>Bütschli 1883</small> [Bodonaceae <small>Lemmermann 1914</small>; Bodoninae <small>Bütschli 1883</small>; Pleuromonadidae <small>Kent 1880</small>]
**** Order [[Biology:Trypanosomatida|Trypanosomatida]] <small>Kent 1880 stat. n. Hollande, 1952 emend. Vickerman 2004</small>
***** Family [[Biology:Trypanosomatidae|Trypanosomatidae]] <small>Doflein 1901</small>
* Subphylum Plicomonada <small>Cavalier-Smith 2017</small>
** Infraphylum '''[[Biology:Postgaardia|Postgaardia]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017</small>
*** Class '''Postgaardea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1998 s.s.</small> [Symbiontida <small>Yubuki et al., 2009</small>]
**** Order Bihospitida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Family Bihospitidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
**** Order Postgaardida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2003</small>
***** Family Calkinsiidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Family Postgaardidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
** Infraphylum '''Euglenoida''' <small>Bütschli 1884 emend. Senn 1900 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 2017</small> [Euglenophyta; Euglenida <small>Buetschli 1884</small>; Euglenoidina <small>Buetschli 1884</small>]
*** Parvphylum '''Entosiphona''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017</small>
**** Class '''Entosiphonea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Order Entosiphonida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Family Entosiphonidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
*** Parvphylum '''Dipilida''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017</small>
**** Superclass Rigimonada* <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 </small>
***** Class '''Stavomonadea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Petalomonadea <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>; Petalomonadophyceae]
****** Subclass Heterostavia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order Heterostavida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******** Family Serpenomonadidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Subclass Homostavia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order Decastavida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small>
******** Family Decastavidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small>
******** Family Keelungiidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small>
******* Order Petalomonadida <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Sphenomonadales <small>Leedale 1967</small>; Sphenomonadina <small>Leedale 1967</small>]
******** Family Sphenomonadidae <small>Kent 1880</small>
******** Family Petalomonadidae [Petalomonadaceae <small>Buetschli 1884</small>; Notosolenaceae <small>Stokes 1888</small>; Scytomonadaceae <small>Ritter von Stein 1878</small>]
***** Class '''Ploeotarea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Order Ploeotiida <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
******* Family Lentomonadidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Family Ploeotiidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
**** Superclass '''Spirocuta''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Class '''Peranemea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Subclass Acroglissia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order Acroglissida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******** Family Teloproctidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small>
****** Subclass Peranemia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order Peranemida <small>Bütschli 1884 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
******** Family Peranematidae [Peranemataceae <small>Dujardin 1841</small>; Pseudoperanemataceae <small>Christen 1962</small>]
****** Subclass Anisonemia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order [[Biology:Anisonemida|Anisonemida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Heteronematales <small>Leedale 1967</small>]
******** Family [[Biology:Anisonemidae|Anisonemidae]] <small>Saville Kent, 1880 em. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Heteronemidae <small>Calkins 1926</small>; Zygoselmidaceae <small>Kent 188</small>]
******* Order Natomonadida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******** Suborder Metanemina <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
********* Family Neometanemidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******** Suborder Rhabdomonadina <small>Leedale 1967 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Astasida <small>Ehrenberg 1831</small>; Rhabdomonadia <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>; Rhabdomonadophyceae; Rhabdomonadales]
********* Family Distigmidae <small>Hollande, 1942</small>
********* Family Astasiidae <small>Saville Kent, 1884</small> [Astasiaceae <small>Ehrenberg orth. mut. Senn 1900</small>; Rhabdomonadaceae <small>Fott 1971</small>; Menoidiaceae <small>Buetschli 188</small>; Menoidiidae <small>Hollande, 1942</small>]
***** Class '''Euglenophyceae''' <small>Schoenichen 1925 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003</small> [Euglenea <small>Bütschli 1884 emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002</small>; Euglenoidea <small>Bütschli 1884</small>; Euglenida <small>Bütschli 1884</small>] (Photosynthetic clade)
****** Subclass Rapazia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order Rapazida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******** Family Rapazidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Subclass Euglenophycidae <small>Busse and Preisfeld, 2003</small>
******* Order Eutreptiida [Eutreptiales <small>Leedale 1967 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003</small>; Eutreptiina <small>Leedale 1967</small>]
******** Family Eutreptiaceae [Eutreptiaceae <small>Hollande 1942</small>]
******* Order Euglenida <small>Ritter von Stein, 1878 stat. n. Calkins, 1926</small> [Euglenales <small>Engler 1898 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003</small>; Euglenina <small>Buetschli 1884</small>; Euglenomorphales <small>Leedale 1967</small>; Colaciales <small>Smith 1938</small>]
******** Family Euglenamorphidae <small>Hollande, 1952 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Euglenomorphaceae; Hegneriaceae <small>Brumpt & Lavier 1924</small>]
******** Family Phacidae [Phacaceae <small>Kim et al. 2010</small>]
******** Family Euglenidae <small>Bütschli 1884</small> [Euglenaceae <small>Dujardin 1841 emend. Kim et al. 2010</small>; Colaciaceae Smith 1933] (Mucilaginous clade)

==== Kostygov ''et al.'' (2021)====
Phylum '''Euglenozoa''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. Simpson 1997</small><ref name="Kostygov_2021"/>
* Class '''Kinetoplastea''' <small>Honigberg, 1963 emend. Vickerman, 1976</small>
** Subclass Prokinetoplastia <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> 
*** Order Prokinetoplastida <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> 
**** Family Ichthyobodonidae <small>Isaksen et al., 2007</small> 
**** Family Perkinselidae <small>Kostygov, 2021</small>
** Subclass Metakinetoplastia <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> 
*** Order Eubodonida <small>Vickerman 2004</small> 
**** Family Bodonidae <small>Bütschli, 1883</small> 
*** Order Neobodonida <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> 
**** Family Allobodonidae <small>Goodwin et al., 2018</small> 
**** Family Neobodonidae <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
**** Family Rhynchomonadinae <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
*** Order Parabodonida <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> 
**** Family Cryptobiidae <small>Poche, 1911 emend. Kostygov, 2021</small> 
**** Family Trypanoplasmatidae <small>Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 emend. Kostygov, 2021</small> 
*** Order [[Biology:Trypanosomatida|Trypanosomatida]] <small>Kent, 1880</small> 
**** Family [[Biology:Trypanosomatidae|Trypanosomatidae]] <small>Doflein, 1901</small> 
* Class '''Diplonemea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small>
*** Order Diplonemida <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small>
**** Family [[Biology:Diplonemidae|Diplonemidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small>
**** Family Hemistasiidae <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
**** Family Eupelagonemidae <small>Okamoto and Keeling, 2019</small> 
* Class '''Euglenida''' <small>Bütschli, 1884 emend. Simpson, 1997</small>
** Clade Olkaspira <small>Lax and Simpson, 2020</small> 
*** Clade Spirocuta <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
**** Clade Euglenophyceae <small>Schoenichen, 1925 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003</small> 
***** Order [[Biology:Euglenales|Euglenales]] <small>Leedale, 1967 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003</small> 
****** Family [[Biology:Euglenaceae|Euglenaceae]] <small>Dujardin, 1841 emend. Kim et al., 2010</small> [Euglenidae <small>Dujardin, 1841</small>]
****** Family Phacaceae <small>Kim, Triemer and Shin 2010</small> [Phacidae <small>Kim, Triemer and Shin 2010</small>]
***** Order Eutreptiales <small>Leedale, 1967 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003</small> 
****** Family Eutreptiaceae <small>Hollande, 1942</small> [Eutreptiidae <small>Hollande, 1942</small>]
***** Order Rapazida <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
****** Family Rapazidae <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
**** Clade Anisonemia <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
***** Order [[Biology:Anisonemida|Anisonemida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
****** Family [[Biology:Anisonemidae|Anisonemidae]] <small>Kent, 1880</small>
***** Clade Aphagea <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993 emend. Busse and Preisfeld, 2002</small> 
**** Order Peranemida <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> 
** Clade Alistosa <small>Lax et al., 2020</small> 
** Order Petalomonadida <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> 
* Class '''Symbiontida''' <small>Yubuki, Edgcomb, Bernhard and Leander, 2009</small>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://tolweb.org/Euglenozoa/2405 Tree of Life: Euglenozoa]
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q25834462|from2=Q499086|from3=Q21445634|from4=Q21445628}}

[[Category:Euglenozoa| ]]

{{Sourceattribution|Euglenozoa}}