View source for Biology:Glossary of lichen terms

{{Short description|A glossary of common English language terms used in the description of lichens}}

This glossary provides an overview of terms used in the description of [[Biology:Lichen|lichen]]s, composite organisms arising from [[Biology:Algae|algae]] or [[Biology:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] living [[Earth:Symbiosis|symbiotically]] among [[Biology:Hypha|filaments]] of multiple [[Biology:Fungus|fungus]] species.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-22 |title=Introduction to Lichens |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichens.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822081404/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichens.html |archive-date=2014-08-22 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-02 |title=What is a lichen? - Lichen website |url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/what-is-lichen.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702131823/http://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/what-is-lichen.html |archive-date=2014-07-02 }}</ref>
[[File:Erik Acharius.jpg|thumb|right|Erik Acharius]]
Erik Acharius, known as the "father of lichenology," coined many lichen terms still in use today around the turn of the 18th century. Before that, only a couple of lichen-specific terms had been proposed. [[Biography:Johann Jacob Dillenius|Johann Dillenius]] introduced ''{{gli|scyphus}}'' in 1742 to describe the cup-shaped structures associated with genus ''[[Biology:Cladonia|Cladonia]]'', while in 1794 [[Biography:Michel Adanson|Michel Adanson]] used ''{{gli|lirella}}'' for the furrowed fruitbodies of the genus ''[[Biology:Graphis (lichen)|Graphis]]''. Acharius introduced numerous terms to describe lichen structures, including {{gli|apothecium}}, {{gli|cephalodium}}, {{gli|cyphellae}}, {{gli|podetium}}, {{gli|proper margin}}, {{gli|soredium}}, and {{gli|thallus}}. In 1825, Friedrich Wallroth published the first of his multi-volume work ''Naturgeschichte der Flechten'' ("Natural History of Lichens"), in which he proposed an alternative terminology based largely on [[Social:Root (linguistics)|roots]] from the [[Social:Greek language|Greek language]]. His work, presented as an alternative to that of Acharius (of whom he was critical) was not well received, and the only terms he proposed to gain widespread acceptance were {{gli|epiphloeodal|epi-}} and {{gli|hypophloeodal}}, {{gli|heteromerous|hetero-}} and {{gli|homoiomerous}}, and {{gli|gonidium}}, the last of which remained in use until the 1960s.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} Until about 1850, there were 21 terms for features of the lichen thallus that remain in use today.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}}

The increasing availability of the [[Engineering:Optical microscope|optical microscope]] as an aid to identifying and characterizing lichens led to the creation of new terms to describe structures that were previously too small to be visualized. Contributions were made by Julius von Flotow (e.g. {{gli|epithecium}}), Edmond Tulasne (e.g {{gli|pycnidium}}), and William Nylander (e.g. {{gli|pseudocyphella}}, {{gli|thecium}}). Gustav Wilhelm Körber, an early proponent of using spore structure as a {{gli|character}} in lichen taxonomy, introduced {{gli|amphithecium}}, {{gli|muriform}}, and "polari-dyblastae", later anglicized to "polari-bilocular" and then shortened to {{gli|polarilocular}}.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} In the next five decades that followed, many other additions were made to the repertoire of lichen terms, subsequent to the increased understanding of lichen anatomy and physiology made possible by microscopy. For whatever reasons, there were not any new terms (still currently used) introduced from the period 1906 to 1945, when Gustaf Einar Du Rietz proposed replacing {{gli|epithecium|epi-}} and {{gli|hypothecium}} with {{gli|epihymenium|epi-}} and {{gli|subhymenium}}; all four terms remain in use.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} In some cases, older terminology became obsolete as better understanding of the nature of the fungal–algal relationship led to changes in their terminology. For example, after Gunnar Degelius objected to the use of {{gli|gonidia}} for the algal partner, George Scott proposed the use of {{gli|mycobiont}} and {{gli|phycobiont}} for lichen components, recommendations that were generally accepted by lichenologists.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}}

This glossary includes terms defining features of lichens unique to their composite nature, such as the major components the two major components of lichens (''{{gli|mycobiont}}'' and ''{{gli|photobiont}}''); specialized structures in lichen physiology; descriptors of types of lichens; two- and three-dimensional shapes used to describe spores and other lichen structures; terms of position and shape; [[Social:Prefix|prefix]]es and [[Social:Suffix|suffix]]es commonly used to form lichen terms; terminology used in methods for the chemical identification of lichens; the names of 22 standard insoluble lichen pigments and their associated reference species; and "everyday" words that have a specialized meaning in lichenology. The list also includes a few historical terms that have been supplanted or are now considered obsolete. Familiarity with these terms is helpful for understanding older literature in the field.

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{{Glossary}}

==A==
[[File:Thelomma santessonii - Flickr - pellaea.jpg|thumb|''[[Biology:Thelomma santessonii|Thelomma santessonii]]'' is a {{gli|crustose}}, {{gli|areolate}} lichen.]]
{{Term|a- |content=a-}}
{{defn|''Also '''an-'''.'' A prefix meaning "not having" or "without".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=1}} }}

{{Term|ab- |content=ab-}}
{{defn|A prefix meaning "positioned away from".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=1}} }}

{{Term|abortive |content=abortive {{anchor|abortive}} }}
{{defn|Referring to a developmental process in lichens where certain structures, such as spores or reproductive organs, fail to reach full development or maturity, often resulting in non-viable or malformed structures.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=3}} }}

{{Term|abraded |content=abraded {{anchor|abraded}} }}
{{defn|Having a worn or eroded {{gli|thallus}} surface.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=384}} }}

{{Term|accessory substance |content=accessory substance {{anchor|accessory substance}} }}
{{defn|A lichen product that is sometimes present, sometimes not present in a species. In literature, these are usually indicated with a ± symbol, e.g. ±usnic acid.{{sfn|Orange|James|White|2001|page=6}} }}

{{Term|-aceae |content=-aceae}}
{{defn|A suffix used to indicate the [[Biology:Taxonomic rank|taxonomic rank]] of family.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=4}} }}

{{Term|-aceous |content=-aceous}}
{{defn|A suffix used to indicate a relation or similarity to something.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=4}} }}

{{Term|acervulate |content=acervulate {{anchor|acervulate}} }}
{{defn|Shaped like a [[Engineering:Saucer|saucer]].{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=22}} }}
[[File:Bacidia schweinitzii-7.jpg|thumb|right|An {{gli|acicular}} spore of ''Bacidia schweinitzii'']]
{{Term|acicular |content=acicular {{anchor|acicular|aciculiform}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''aciculiform'''.'' Needle-shaped; long and slender with a taper at both ends. Typically used to describe spore shape.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=6}} }}

{{Term|acro- |content=acro-}}
{{defn|''Also '''acr-'''.'' A prefix used to indicate that something is positioned on the end or the upper part.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=9}} }}

{{Term|acrogenous |content=acrogenous {{anchor|acrogenous}} }}
{{defn|Developing on the apex of a structure.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=7}} }}

{{Term|acroton |content=acroton {{anchor|acroton}} }}
{{defn|A needle-shaped structure with lateral branches.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=384}} }}

{{Term|actinolichen |content=actinolichen {{anchor|actinolichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen-like association between an actinobacterium (''[[Biology:Streptomyces|Streptomyces]]'') and a green alga (''Chlorella xantha'').{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=8}} }}

{{Term|acuminate |content=acuminate {{anchor|acuminate}} }}
{{defn|Gradually tapering to a point.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=9}} }}

{{Term|ad- |content=ad-}}
{{defn|A prefix used to indicate positioning at the end or on an extremity.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=7}} }}

{{Term|adglutinated |content=adglutinated {{anchor|adglutinate|adglutinated}} }}
{{defn|Stuck together.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=367}} }}

{{Term|adnate |content=adnate {{anchor|adnate}} }}
{{defn|Having a tight attachment to a surface.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=755}} }}

{{Term|adventive branching |content=adventive branching {{anchor|adventive branching}} }}
{{defn|Referring to {{gli|fruticose lichens}}, a branching pattern that is unusual or abnormal, like that which sometimes occurs after the original branches are damaged in ''[[Biology:Cladonia|Cladonia]]''.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=384}} }}

{{Term|-al |content=-al}}
{{defn|A suffix used to indicate a relation to, or having the form and character of something.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=16}} }}

{{multiple image|total_width = 400
| align = right
| image1 = Alectoria sarmentosa - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
| image2 = Bryoria capillaris - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
| image3 = Sulcaria isidiifera - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg
| footer = ''[[Biology:Alectoria sarmentosa|Alectoria sarmentosa]]'', ''Bryoria capillaris'', and ''[[Biology:Sulcaria isidiifera|Sulcaria isidiifera]]'' are examples of {{gli|alectorioid}} lichens.
}}
{{Term|alectorioid lichen|content=alectorioid lichen {{anchor|alectorioid|alectorioid lichen}} }}
{{defn|An informal growth form category used for lichens that are {{gli|fruticose}}, typically with beard-like {{gli|thalli}} that are {{gli|pendant}} or clustered; this group of features is characteristic of lichens now classified in the genera ''[[Biology:Alectoria (fungus)|Alectoria]]'', ''[[Biology:Bryoria|Bryoria]]'', ''[[Biology:Oropogon|Oropogon]]'', ''[[Biology:Pseudephebe|Pseudephebe]]'', and ''[[Biology:Sulcaria|Sulcaria]]''.{{sfn|Thell|Crespo|Divakar|Kärnefelt|2012|pages=645, 655}} }}

{{Term|algal layer |content=algal layer {{anchor|algal layer|photobiont layer}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''photobiont layer'''.''{{sfn|Brodo|2016|page=369}} The layer of tissue in a {{gli|heteromerous}} lichen {{gli|thallus}} that contains the {{gli|photobiont}}; it is typically located between the upper {{gli|cortex}} and the {{gli|medulla}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=385}} }}

{{Term|alveolate |content=alveolate {{anchor|alveolate}} }}
{{defn|Used to describe a surface that has a pattern similar to a [[Chemistry:Honeycomb structure|honeycomb]] (i.e. with more or less 6-sided hollows), where the surface appears to be composed of small pits or cavities like alveoli.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=23}} ''Compare: {{gli|faveolate}}, {{gli|foveolate}}, {{gli|scrobiculate}}.'' }}

{{Term|amphi- |content=amphi-}}
{{defn|A prefix used to indicate on both sides, or on all sides.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=20}} }}

{{Term|amphithecium |content=amphithecium {{anchor|amphithecium|amphithecia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''amphithecia'''.'' The {{gli|thalline margin}} of a {{gli|lecanorine}} {{gli|apothecium}};{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=26}} equivalent to the {{gli|thalline exciple}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Amphithecium page: Amphithecium]}} The amphithecium usually contains algal cells.{{sfn|Brodo|2016|page=369}} The term was coined by Wilhelm Körber in 1855, but languished in obscurity until 1898, when Otto Darbishire used it in a [[Monograph|monograph]] of the genus ''[[Biology:Roccella (lichen)|Roccella]]''.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|pages=14–15}} }}

{{Term|ampliotremoid |content=ampliotremoid {{anchor|ampliotremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Ampliotremoid lichens have 
prominent apothecia with wide pores, black walls (viewed in microscopic [[Biology:Histology|section]]), and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera ''[[Biology:Ampliotrema|Ampliotrema]]'' and ''[[Biology:Ocellularia|Ocellularia]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|ampulliform |content=ampulliform {{anchor|ampulliform}} }}
{{defn|Bottle-shaped, i.e., with a narrow neck and swollen base.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=21}} }}

{{Term|amyloid |content=amyloid {{anchor|amyloid}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Amyloid (mycology)}}
{{defn|Turn a purple or blue color upon reaction with [[Biology:Melzer's reagent|Melzer's reagent]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=22}} }}
[[File:Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. 590040.jpg|thumb|Cross section of an {{gli|apothecium}} of the lichen ''[[Biology:Amandinea punctata|Amandinea punctata]]''. The {{gli|exciple}} is pigmented dark brown, the {{gli|epihymenium}} is brown, and the algal cells are green; asci (containing ascospores) are visible in the {{gli|hyaline}} {{gli|hymenium}}.]]

{{Term|anisotomic |content=anisotomic {{anchor|anisotomic|anisotomous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''anisotomous'''.''{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=26}} Having branches of unequal length;{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Anisotomic page: Anisotomic] }} if the branching is anisotomic, one branch is typically stouter than the other, forming a main stem while the other appears like a lateral branch, as in the species ''Alectoria ochroleuca''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=26}} ''Contrast: {{gli|dichotomous}}.'' }}

{{Term|annulotremoid |content=annulotremoid {{anchor|annulotremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Annulotremoid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores, pores with an inner ring, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera ''[[Biology:Myriotrema|Myriotrema]]'' and ''[[Biology:Thelotrema|Thelotrema]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|anticlinal |content=anticlinal {{anchor|anticlinal}} }}
{{defn|Perpendicular to a surface;{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=40}} used to refer to {{gli|hypha|hyphal}} alignment.}}

{{Term|apical |content=apical {{anchor|apical}} }}
{{defn|Located at the highest point (the apex), the tip, or the end of something.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=30}} }}

{{Term|apiculate |content=apiculate {{anchor| apiculate}} }}
{{defn|Having a short projection (an apicule) at one end; typically used to describe spore morphology.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=42}} }}

{{Term|apothecium |content=apothecium {{anchor|apothecium|apothecia|apotheciate}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''apothecia'''.'' A type of [[Biology:Ascocarp|ascocarp]] that is open, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, and in which the {{gli|hymenium}} is exposed at maturity.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=44}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|appressed |content=appressed {{anchor|appressed}} }}
{{Defn|Lying flat; flattened down on a surface.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=45}} }}

{{Term|arachnoid |content=arachnoid {{anchor|arachnoid|araneose|araneous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''araneose''', '''araneous'''.''{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=387}} Having a cobweb-like form, like that of the irregularly oriented and loosely interwoven {{gli|hyphae}} of the {{gli|medulla}}ry layer of some lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=36}} }}

{{Term|Arceutina-yellow |content=Arceutina-yellow {{anchor|Arceutina-yellow}} }}
{{defn|A pale yellow insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Bacidia arceutina''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=582}} }}

{{Term|arcuate |content=arcuate {{anchor|arcuate}} }}
{{defn|A shape or structure that is curved or arched like a bow.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|ardella |content=ardella {{anchor|ardella|ardellae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''ardelae'''.'' A type of {{gli|apothecium}}, typical of lichens in the  family [[Biology:Arthoniaceae|Arthoniaceae]], which is small and round. Elongated ardellae are called {{gli|lirellae}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=37}} The term was first used by William Allport Leighton in 1854, who described an ardella as resembling a "sprinkled spot".{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}
[[File:Porpidia flavocaerulescens (Hornem.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab 259698.jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of some {{gli|areolae}} and {{gli|lecideine}} apothecia of ''Porpidia flavocaerulescens'']]
{{Term|areola |content=areole {{anchor|areola|areolae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''areolae'''.'' A small area, typically rounded to polygonal or irregular in shape, and often with a distinct texture. In a lichen thallus, the areolae are often separated from the rest of the thallus by fissures or cracks.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=38}} }}

{{Term|areolate |content=areolate {{anchor|areolate|areolar}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''areolar'''.'' The condition of being made of or covered with {{gli|areolae}}, such as the {{gli|areolate lichen}}s.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=38}} }}

{{Term|Arnoldiana-brown |content=Arnoldiana-brown {{anchor|Arnoldiana-brown}} }}
{{defn|A reddish-brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Bacidina arnoldiana''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=578}} }}

{{Term|ascigerous |content=ascigerous {{anchor|ascigerous}} }}
{{defn|Having {{gli|asci}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=388}} }}

{{Term|asco- |content=asco- }}
{{defn|A prefix meaning "{{gli|ascus}}".{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=388}} }}

{{Term|ascocarp |content=ascocarp {{anchor|ascocarp|ascoma|ascomata}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Ascocarp}}
{{defn|''Also '''ascoma''', plural '''ascomata'''.'' The [[Biology:Sporocarp (fungus)|fruiting body]] of an ascomycete fungus, containing the {{gli|asci}} and {{gli|ascospores}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=41}} }}

{{Term|ascoconidium |content=ascoconidium {{anchor|ascoconidium|ascoconidia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''ascoconidia'''.'' A {{gli|conidium}} that is formed directly from an {{gli|ascospore}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=54}} }}

{{Term|ascogenous |content=ascogenous {{anchor|ascogenous|ascogenic}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''ascogenic'''.'' Producing or supporting the growth of an {{gli|ascus}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=388}} }}

{{Term|ascolichen |content=ascolichen {{anchor|ascolichen|ascolichens}} }}
{{defn|A lichen in which the fungal partner (the {{gli|mycobiont}}) is a member of the [[Biology:Ascomycota|Ascomycota]]. About 98% of lichens are ascolichens.{{sfn|Honegger|1991|page=555}} ''See related: {{gli|basidiolichen}}.'' }}
[[File:Opegrapha physciaria 730143.jpg|thumb|right|{{gli|Asci}} and {{gli|ascospores}} of the {{gli|lichenicolous fungus}} ''[[Biology:Opegrapha physciaria|Opegrapha physciaria]]''; 1000x magnification]]
{{Term|ascospore |content=ascospore {{anchor|ascospore|ascospores}} }}
{{defn|A [[Biology:Sexual reproduction|sexual]], [[Biology:Haploid|haploid]] spore produced in an {{gli|ascus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=42}} }}

{{Term|ascus |content=ascus {{anchor|ascus|asci}} }}
{{Main article|Biology:Ascus}}
{{defn|''Plural '''asci'''.'' A sexual, fungal spore-bearing structure, typically sac-like.{{sfn|Silverstein|Silverstein|Silverstein|1996|p=32}} }}

{{Term|aseptate |content=aseptate {{anchor|aseptate}} }}
{{defn|Lacking {{gli|septa}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=388}} }}

{{Term|aspicilioid |content=aspicilioid {{anchor|aspicilioid}} }}
{{defn|Referring to {{gli|lecanorine apothecia}} that are (at least initially) partially to completely immersed in the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=63}} }}

{{Term|astomate |content=astomate {{anchor|astomate|astomous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''astomous'''.'' Lacking an opening, or [[Biology:Ostiole|ostiole]].{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=388}} }}

{{Term|astrothelioid |content=astrothelioid {{anchor|astrothelioid}} }}
{{defn|Referring to a type of ascospore [[Biology:Morphology|morphology]] prevalent in the genus ''[[Biology:Astrothelium|Astrothelium]]''; characterized by thick-walled {{gli|distosepta}} and diamond-shaped {{gli|lumina}}.{{sfn|Nelsen|Lücking|Aptroot|Andrew|2014|page=982}} }}

{{Term|-ate |content=-ate}}
{{defn|A suffix, added to nouns, used to indicate having the appearance or characteristics of that noun.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=48}} }}

{{Term|Atra-brown |content=Atra-brown {{anchor|Atra-brown}} }}
{{defn|A matt brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Opegrapha atra''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|Atra-red |content=Atra-red {{anchor|Atra-red}} }}
{{defn|A dark red insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''[[Biology:Tephromela atra|Tephromela atra]]''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=581}} }}

{{Term|aulaxinoid |content=aulaxinoid {{anchor|aulaxinoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. This term refers to a morphotype of lichen where the apothecia are partially embedded and partially protruding, having a dark, hardened {{gli|thalline margin}} that forms irregular cracks. This morphotype is uniquely seen in ''"Thelotrema" dislaceratum'', a species with uncertain taxonomic placement.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|page=141}} }}

{{Glossary end}}

==B==

{{multiple image 
| align = right 
| total_width =400
| image1 = Lichenomphalia umbellifera.jpg
| image2 = Cora glabrata (3143611489).jpg
| footer = ''[[Biology:Lichenomphalia umbellifera|Lichenomphalia umbellifera]]'' (left) and ''Cora glabrata'' (right) are examples of {{gli|basidiolichens}}.
}}

{{Term|bacillar |content=bacillar {{anchor|bacillar|bacilliform|baculate|baculiform}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''bacilar''', '''bacilliform''', '''baculate''', '''baculiform'''.'' Shaped like a small rod, typically with a length:width ratio of about 3:1.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=54–55}} }}

{{Term|Bagliettoana-brown |content=Bagliettoana-brown {{anchor|Bagliettoana-brown}} }}
{{defn|A pale to brownish-green insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Bacidia bagliettoana''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=580}} }}

{{Term|basidiolichen |content=basidiolichen {{anchor|basidiolichen|basidiolichens}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Basidiolichen}}
{{defn|A lichen in which the fungal partner (the {{gli|mycobiont}}) is a member of the [[Biology:Basidiomycota|Basidiomycota]]. About 0.4% of lichens are basidiolichens.{{sfn|Honegger|1991|page=555}} ''See related: {{gli|ascolichen}}.'' }}

{{Term|bi- |content=bi- }}
{{defn|A prefix meaning two or twice.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=60}} }}

{{Term|biatorine |content=biatorine {{anchor|biatorine}} }}
{{defn|A type of {{gli|lecideine}} {{gli|apothecium}} with a soft, light-colored (not {{gli|carbonized}}) margin, like those in genus ''[[Biology:Biatorella|Biatorella]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=60}} }}

{{Term|bifurcate |content=bifurcate {{anchor|bifurcate}} }}
{{defn|Divided into two parts or branches.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=390}} ''See related: {{gli|dichotomous}}.'' }}

{{Term|bifusiform |content=bifusiform {{anchor|bifusiform}} }}
{{defn|Referring to a shape or structure that is elongated and tapers at both ends, with a constriction or narrowing in the middle.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=367}} ''See related: {{gli|fusiform}}.'' }}

{{Term|biguttulate |content=biguttulate {{anchor|biguttulate}} }}
{{defn|Containing two oil droplets (''guttules'').{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=61}} }}

{{Term|bilabiate |content=bilabiate {{anchor|bilabiate}} }}
{{defn|Referring to a type of {{gli|ascus}} in which the {{gli|ectotunica}} splits at the top and exposes the {{gli|endotunica}} by forming an opening with a lip on each side; bilabiate asci occur in the genus ''[[Biology:Pertusaria|Pertusaria]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=61}} }}

{{Term|bipartite lichen |content=bipartite lichen {{anchor|bipartite|bipartite lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen with a two-partner symbiotic association of {{gli|mycobiont}} and {{gli|photobiont}}.{{sfn|Nelsen|Lücking|Boyce|Lumbsch|2020|page=21496}} ''See related: {{gli|tripartite lichen}}.'' }}

{{Term|bipolar lichen |content=bipolar lichen {{anchor|bipolar lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen that occurs in [[Earth:Polar regions of Earth|polar]] areas of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.{{sfn|Garrido-Benavent|Pérez-Ortega|2017}} }}

{{Term|biseriate |content=biseriate {{anchor|biseriate}} }}
{{defn|Lined up in two parallel rows.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Biseriate page: Biseriate]}} }}

{{Term|bitunicate |content=bitunicate {{anchor|bitunicate}} }}
{{defn|''Also defined: '''endotunica''', '''ectotunica'''.'' A type of {{gli|ascus}} that has two functional layers, the internal layer, the '''endotunica''', and the external layer, the '''ectotunica'''. Bitunicate asci are characteristic of the historical class Loculoascomycetes.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=68}} }}

{{Term|blastidium |content=blastidium {{anchor|blastidium|blastidia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''blastidia'''.'' A rounded {{gli|granule}}-like [[Biology:Propagule|propagule]] containing {{gli|mycobiont}} and {{gli|photobiont}}, produced from the {{gli|thallus}} margin by [[Biology:Budding|budding]]; subsequent blastidia are formed from the tips of the previous ones.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=22}}{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=756}} The term was introduced by Josef Poelt in 1980.{{sfn|Poelt|1980}} }}

{{Term|borderline lichen |content=borderline lichen {{anchor|borderline lichen|borderline lichens}} }}
{{defn|A [[Earth:Symbiosis|symbiotic]] interaction where either [[Biology:Green algae|green algae]] or [[Biology:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] are enveloped by fungal tissue, but without forming the discrete layers that occur in most lichens.{{sfn|Grube|Hawksworth|2007|page=1117}} }}

{{Term|botryose |content=botryose {{anchor|botryose}} }}
{{defn|Resembling rounded, bead-like structures or clusters resembling grapes.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}
[[File:Usnea angulata (4502228362).jpg|thumb|right|''Usnea angulata'' is a {{gli|fruticose}} lichen with ridged {{gli|branches}}.]]
{{Term|branch |content=branch {{anchor|branch|branches}} }}
{{defn|A lateral growth of the main stem of a thallus in {{gli|usneoid lichens}}; various features of a branch are diagnostically valuable in distinguishing species.{{sfn|Randlane|Tõrra|Saag|Saag|2009|page=421}} }}

{{Term|branchlet |content=branchlet {{anchor|branchlet|branchlets}} }}
{{defn|A small {{gli|branch}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Branchlet page: Branchlet] }} }}

{{Term|bryophilous lichen |content=bryophilous lichen {{anchor|bryophilous lichen|bryophilous|hepaticolous lichen|hepaticolous|muscicolous lichen|muscicolous}} }}
{{defn|''Also defined: '''hepaticolous lichen'''; '''muscicolous lichen'''''. A lichen that grows on a [[Biology:Moss|moss]] or liverwort – i.e. on a [[Biology:Bryophyte|bryophyte]].{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} A hepaticolous lichen is found only on liverworts, while a muscicolous lichen is found only on mosses.{{sfn|Lendemer|Buck|Harris|2016|p=441}}{{sfn|Upreti|Rai|2013|p=2}} }}

{{Term|bullate |content=bullate {{anchor|bullate}} }}
{{defn|Having blister-like or bubble-like swellings on a surface.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=106}} }}

{{Term|byssoid| content=byssoid {{anchor|byssoid}} }}
{{defn|Having the texture of [[Biology:Cotton|cotton]]; made of loosely intertwined {{gli|hyphae}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=77}} ''See related: {{gli|arachnoid}}, {{gli|floccose}}''. }}


==C==
[[File:Cyanolichens (10.3897-mycokeys.6.3869) Figure 3C.jpg|thumb|The prominent dark {{gli|cephalodia}} on the surface of ''[[Biology:Peltigera venosa|Peltigera venosa]]'' contain cyanobacteria.]]
{{Term|C test |content=C test {{anchor|C test|C|C–|C+}} }}
{{defn|A {{gli|spot test}} that uses a solution of bleach ([[Chemistry:Sodium hypochlorite|sodium hypochlorite]]) as a [[Biology:Reagent|reagent]] to check for the presence of certain lichen products.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=635}} }}

{{Term|Caesiocinerea-brown |content=Caesiocinerea-brown {{anchor|Caesiocinerea-brown}} }}
{{defn|An insoluble lichen pigment, colored [[Olive (color)|olive]] to sordid green to black, associated with the reference species ''Aspicilia caesiocinerea''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=580}} }}

{{Term|caesious |content=caesious {{anchor|caesious}} }}
{{defn|A bluish-gray or bluish-green coloration.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|caespitose |content=caespitose {{anchor|caespitose|caespitous|cespitose}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''caespitous''', '''cespitose'''.''{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=81}} Growing in dense clusters or tufts, often used to describe fungi that arise from a common base or grow closely together without fusing.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=367}} }}

{{Term|calcicolous lichen |content=calcicolous lichen {{anchor|calcicole|calcicolous|calcicolous lichen|calcicolous lichens}} }}
{{defn|A lichen that grows on substrates rich in [[Chemistry:Calcium carbonate|calcium carbonate]], such as [[Earth:Calcareous|calcareous]] or [[Chemistry:Gypsum|gypseous]] rocks or soil.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=82}} }}

{{Term|calcifuge |content=calcifuge {{anchor|calcifuge|calcifugous}} }}
{{defn|A lichen that prefers [[Biology:Soil pH|acidic soils]] and tends to avoid, or is intolerant of, alkaline conditions often associated with high [[Chemistry:Calcium carbonate|calcium carbonate]] content; opposite of {{gli|calcicole}}.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=368}} }}

{{Term|campylidium |content=campylidium {{anchor|campylidium|campylidia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''campylidia'''.'' A helmet-shaped conidioma. They are found in several genera of tropical {{gli|foliicolous lichen}}s, such as ''[[Biology:Badimia|Badimia]]'', ''[[Biology:Loflammia|Loflammia]]'', and ''[[Biology:Sporopodium|Sporopodium]]''.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=114}} The term was introduced by Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1881.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}
[[File:Badimiella pteridophila 12985637.jpg|thumb|right|{{gli|Campylidia}} of the {{gli|foliicolous}} lichen ''Badimiella pteridophila'']]
{{Term|canaliculate |content=canaliculate {{anchor|canaliculate}} }}
{{defn|Having one or more longitudinal grooves or channels.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=84}} }}

{{Term|capitate |content=capitate {{anchor|capitate}} }}
{{defn|Having a well-formed head, usually spherical or hemispherical in shape.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=756}} ''See related: {{gli|fuscocapitate}}.'' }}

{{Term|capitulum |content=capitulum {{anchor|capitulum|capitula|sphaeridium|sphaeridia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''capitula''';'' ''also '''sphaeridium/sphaeridia'''.'' A more-or-less spherical or cup-shaped {{gli|apothecium}} on the top of a stalk, found in the genera ''[[Biology:Calicium|Calicium]]'' and ''[[Biology:Chaenotheca|Chaenotheca]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=89}}{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=756}} ''See related: {{gli|mazaedium}}.'' }}

{{Term|carbonized |content=carbonized {{anchor|carbonized|carbonised|carbonaceous|carbonisation|carbonization}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''carbonised''', '''carbonaceous'''.'' Blackened and brittle tissue resulting from the accumulation of pigments.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=24}} }}

{{Term|cariose |content=cariose {{anchor|cariose}} }}
{{defn|A lichen thallus or structure that is cracked, split, spongy, or otherwise decayed or in a state of disintegration.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|cartilaginous |content=cartilaginous {{anchor|cartilaginous|cartilagineus}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''cartilagineus'''.'' A term used to describe the texture of certain parts of a lichen. Cartilaginous structures have a texture similar to animal [[Biology:Cartilage|cartilage]] – firm but somewhat pliable, not brittle or soft.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=92}} }}

{{Term|cataphysis|content=cataphysis}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|pseudoparaphysis}}.''}}
[[File:Catapyrenium boccanum 208899.jpg|thumb|right|The {{gli|squamulose}} species ''[[Biology:Catapyrenium boccanum|Catapyrenium boccanum]]'', seen here growing in a depression of a calcareous rock, is a {{gli|catapyrenioid}} lichen.]]
{{Term|catapyrenioid lichen |content=catapyrenioid lichen {{anchor|catapyrenioid|catapyrenioid lichen}} }}
{{defn|A member of the [[Biology:Verrucariaceae|Verrucariaceae]] that is {{gli|squamulose}}, has simple ascospores (without any {{gli|septa}}), and lacks algae in the {{gli|hymenium}}; historically classified in the genus ''[[Biology:Catapyrenium|Catapyrenium]]''.{{sfn|Breuss|2010}} }}

{{Term|catenate |content=catenate {{anchor|catenate}} }}
{{defn|Arranged in chains or end-to-end; refers to spore arrangement.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=121}} }}

{{Term|caudate |content=caudate {{anchor|caudate}} }}
{{defn|Having a tail or tail-like appendage.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=122}} }}

{{Term|cavernula |content=cavernula {{anchor|cavernula|cavernulae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''cavernulae'''.'' A small hollow or cavity; used to refer to the holes in the lower {{gli|cortex}} of the genus ''[[Biology:Cavernularia (lichen)|Cavernularia]]''.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=392}} }}

{{Term|central axis |content=central axis {{anchor|central axis|chondroid axis}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''chondroid axis'''.'' The [[Biology:Cartilage|cartilage]]-like central core in the branches of {{gli|usneoid lichens}}, made of longitudinally arranged {{gli|hyphae}}.{{sfn|Randlane|Tõrra|Saag|Saag|2009|page=421}} The term "chondroid axis" was first used by William Nylander in 1858.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|cephalodium |content=cephalodium {{anchor|cephalodium|cephalodia|cephalodiate}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Cephalodium}}
{{defn|''Plural '''cephalodia'''.'' A small gall-like structure that contains cyanobacteria, found in some lichens. These structures can be located on the lichen's upper or lower surface, or within the thallus itself.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=756}} These structures are found in most lichens that contain both algal and cyanobacterial {{gli|photobionts}}.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=49}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|cerebriform |content=cerebriform {{anchor|cerebriform}} }}
{{defn|Having a surface texture that is deeply wrinkled or convoluted in a manner resembling the structure of a brain. The term is used to characterize the appearance of certain lichens with a complex, highly folded {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=98}} }}

{{Term|cetrarioid lichen |content=cetrarioid lichen {{anchor|cetrarioid|cetrarioid lichen}} }}
{{defn|An informal growth form category used for lichens with erect, {{gli|foliose}} {{gli|thalli}}, and {{gli|apothecia}} and pycnidia on the margins of the lobes; characteristic of lichens previously classified in the genus ''[[Biology:Cetraria|Cetraria]]'' (in the broad sense).{{sfn|Thell|Crespo|Divakar|Kärnefelt|2012|page=645}} }}

{{Term|chalaroplectenchyma |content=chalaroplectenchyma {{anchor|chalaroplectenchyma |chalaroplectenchymata}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''chalaroplectenchymata'''.'' A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} comprising loosely interwoven {{gli|hyphae}} with holes; found in the {{gli|medulla}} of some lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=98}} }}

{{Term|character |content=character {{anchor|character}} }}
{{defn|A distinguishing feature that is characteristic for an organism; equivalent to [[Biology:Phenotypic trait|phenotypic trait]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=98}} }}

{{Term|chasmoendolith |content=chasmoendolith {{anchor|chasmoendolith|chasmoendolithic}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''chasmoendolithic'''.'' A type of organism, typically a lichen or fungus, that lives within cracks and fissures of rocks.{{sfn|Weber|Büdel|2011|page=348}} ''See related: {{gli|endolith}}.''}}


{{Term|checklist |content=checklist {{anchor|checklist|checklists}} }}
{{defn|A list of all of the species (sometimes including [[Biology:Subspecies|subspecies]], [[Biology:Variety (botany)|varieties]] and [[Biology:Form (botany)|forms]]) that occur within a particular region.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Checklist page: Checklist]}} }}

{{Term|chemosyndrome |content=chemosyndrome {{anchor|chemosyndrome}} }}
{{defn|A set of lichen products produced by a species; this typically includes one or more major compounds and a set of [[Biology:Biosynthesis|biosynthetically]] related minor compounds.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=135}} }}

{{Term|chemotype |content=chemotype {{anchor|chemotype}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Chemotype}}
{{defn|Chemically differing types of a species with the same [[Biology:Morphology|morphological]] characteristics, of no or unknown taxonomic significance.{{sfn|Orange|James|White|2001|page=6}} }}
[[File:Chlorococcum infusionum.jpg|thumb|right|''Chlorococcum infusionum'', depicted in this 1843 illustration by Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini, is a typical {{gli|chlorococcoid}} green alga.]]
{{Term|chlorococcoid |content=chlorococcoid {{anchor|chlorococcoid}} }}
{{Defn|A term describing [[Biology:Green algae|green algae]] with a {{gli|coccoid}} shape.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[https://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Chlorococcoid page: Chlorococcoid]}} }}

{{Term|chondroid axis |content=chondroid axis}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|central axis}}.'' }}

{{Term|chroodiscoid |content=chroodiscoid  {{anchor|chroodiscoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. Chroodiscoid lichens have open apothecia with recurved {{gli|lobules}} and a smooth and more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera ''[[Biology:Acanthotrema|Acanthotrema]]'' and ''[[Biology:Chapsa|Chapsa]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|cilium |content=cilium {{anchor|cilium|cilia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''cilia'''.'' Fine, hair-like outgrowths of the {{gli|thallus}} or {{gli|apothecium}}, common in {{gli|foliose}} and {{gli|fruticose}} lichens.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=756}} }}

{{Term|ciliate |content=ciliate {{anchor|ciliate}} }}
{{defn|Having {{gli|cilia}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=143}} }}

{{Term|Cinereorufa-green |content=Cinereorufa-green {{anchor|Cinereorufa-green}} }}
{{defn|A green to [[Turquoise (color)|turquoise]] insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Schaereria cinereorufa''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|pages=580–581}} }}

{{Term|citriform |content=citriform {{anchor|citriform}} }}
{{defn|A shape or form that resembles a lemon or citrus fruit. The term is used to describe structures, particularly {{gli|ascospores}} or other components of a lichen, that have an elongated, oval shape with tapered ends.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=106}} }}

{{Term|CK test |content=CK test {{anchor|CK test|CK|CK–|CK+}} }}
{{defn|A seldom-used {{gli|spot test}} performed with an application of {{gli|C}} followed immediately by {{gli|K}}.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=13}} }}

{{Term|cladoniiform lichen |content=cladoniiform lichen {{anchor|cladoniiform|cladoniiform lichen|dimmorphic|dimorphic lichen|primary thallus|primary thalli|secondary thallus|secondary thalli|cladoniform|cladoniform lichen}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''cladoniform lichen''', '''dimorphic lichen'''.'' ''Also defined: '''primary thallus''' and '''secondary thallus'''.'' A lichen with a two-fold growth form that includes both a {{gli|crustose}}, {{gli|squamulose}}, or {{gli|foliose}} form and a {{gli|fruticose}} form; the {{gli|thallus}} differentiates into both horizontal (primary thallus) and vertical (secondary thallus, or {{gli|podetium}}) structures. Cladoniiform lichens occur in the families [[Biology:Cladoniaceae|Cladoniaceae]] and [[Biology:Baeomycetaceae|Baeomycetaceae]].{{sfn|Ahti|1982|page=105}} }}

{{term|clavate |content=clavate {{anchor|claviform}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''claviform'''.'' A shape resembling a club, broader at one end and tapering towards the other; typically used to refer to {{gli|ascospores}} and {{gli|asci}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=107}} }}

{{Term|clypeate |content=clypeate}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|peltate}}.''}}

{{Term|coalescent |content=coalescent {{anchor|coalescent|coalesced}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''coalesced'''.'' Growing together to form one mass.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=153}} }}

{{Term|coccoid |content=coccoid {{anchor|coccoid}} }}
{{defn|Spherical; resembling a [[Biology:Coccus|coccus]].{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Coccoid page: Coccoid]
}} }}

{{Term|complanate |content=complanate {{anchor|complanate}} }}
{{defn|Flat and smooth.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=162}} }}

{{Term|concolorous |content=concolorous {{anchor|concolorous|concolourous}} }}
{{defn|Having the same color throughout.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=163}} }}

{{Term|confervoid |content=confervoid {{anchor|confervoid}} }}
{{defn|Appearing loosely filamentous or thread-like.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|confluent |content=confluent {{anchor|confluent}} }}
{{defn|Joining together, blending into one.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=163}} }}
[[File:Minutoexcipula 611980.jpg|thumb|right|Microscopic view of the radially arranged {{gli|conidia}} in a {{gli|conidiophore}} from ''[[Biology:Minutoexcipula|Minutoexcipula]]'', a {{gli|lichenicolous}} fungus; the inset shows the fungus (visible as black spots) parasitizing its host, a {{gli|crustose lichen}} in genus ''Pertusaria''. ]]
{{Term|conidiophore |content=conidiophore {{anchor|conidiophore|conidiophores}} }}
{{defn|A specialized {{gli|hypha|hyphal}} structure that produces and bears {{gli|conidia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=122}} }}

{{Term|conidium |content=conidium {{anchor|conidium|conidia|conidiospore|conidiospores}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Conidium}}
{{defn|''Plural '''conidia'''. Also '''conidiospore'''.'' A fungal asexual spore produced by [[Biology:Mitosis|mitosis]] in specialized structures such as pycnidia and campylidia.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=757}}{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=124}} }}

{{Term|conglutinate |content=conglutinate {{anchor|conglutinate|conglutinated}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''conglutinated'''.'' Stuck or glued together; usually applied to {{gli|hyphae}} or {{gli|paraphyses}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=121}} }}

{{Term|consoredium |content=consoredium {{anchor|consoredium|consoredia}} }}
{{defn|An aggregation or cluster of incompletely separated {{gli|soredia}}.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=64}} The term was introduced by Tor Tønsberg in 1992.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=16}} }}

{{Term|coralloid |content=coralloid {{anchor|coralloid}} }}
{{defn|Highly branched, similar to a [[Biology:Coral|coral]] in form.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=170}} }}

{{Term|coriacellate |content=coriacellate {{anchor|coriacellate}} }}
{{defn|With a somewhat leathery ({{gli|coriaceous}}) texture.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=172}} }}

{{Term|coriaceous |content=coriaceous {{anchor|coriaceous}} }}
{{defn|With a leathery texture.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=172}} }}

{{Term|corrugate |content=corrugate {{anchor|corrugate}} }}
{{defn|Wrinkled; with alternate furrows and ridges.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=173}} }}

{{Term|cortex |content=cortex {{anchor|cortex}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Cortex (botany)}}
{{defn|The lichen's outer layer(s), made up of tightly woven fungal filaments.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=757}} }}

{{Term|corticate |content=corticate {{anchor|coricate}} }}
{{defn|Having a {{gli|cortex}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=173}} }}

{{Term|corticolous lichen |content=corticolous lichen {{anchor|corticolous|corticolous lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen that grows on [[Biology:Bark (botany)|bark]].{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

{{Term|crateriform |content=crateriform {{anchor|crateriform}} }}
{{defn|Shaped like a bowl or a crater; hemispherical and concave.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=133}} }}

{{Term|crenate |content=crenate {{anchor|crenate}} }}
{{defn|Having a scalloped or round-toothed edge.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=176}} }}

{{Term|crenulate |content=crenulate {{anchor|crenulate}} }}
{{defn|Having a finely scalloped edge; similar to crenate but with smaller notches.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=134}} }}

{{Term|cruentodiscoid |content=cruentodiscoid {{anchor|cruentodiscoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Cruentodiscoid lichens have open apothecia with erect {{gli|lobules}} and a pigmented {{gli|disc}}, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Chapsa|Chapsa]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|crustose |content=crustose {{anchor|crustose|crustose lichen}} }}
{{defn|A form of growth where the lichen is pressed so tightly against the substrate upon which it grows that it is impossible to remove without destroying either it or part of the substrate. Crustose lichens have a {{gli|cortex}} only on their upper surface.{{sfn|North American Mycological Association|ref=NAMA}} }}

{{Term|cryptoendolith|content=cryptoendolith {{anchor|cryptoendolith|cryptoendolithic}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''cryptoendolithic'''.'' A type of organism, particularly certain lichens and fungi, that live inside rocks or in the microscopic spaces within the mineral grains of rocks.{{sfn|Weber|Büdel|2011|page=348}} ''See related: {{gli|endolith}}.''}}

{{Term|cryptolecanorine |content=cryptolecanorine {{anchor|cryptolecanorine}} }}
{{defn|A {{gli|lecanorine}} apothecium that is mostly immersed in the {{gli|thallus}}, with an indistinct {{gli|thalline margin}}.{{sfn|Brodo|2016|page=371}} }}

{{Term|cryptothalline |content=cryptothalline {{anchor|cryptothalline}} }}
{{defn|Pertaining to a type of lichen {{gli|thallus}} that is largely hidden or immersed within the {{gli|substrate}}, making it barely visible or entirely concealed.{{sfn|Hertel|2009|page=185}} ''See related: {{gli|chasmoendolithic}}, {{gli|cryptoendolithic}}, {{gli|endolithic}}''. ''Contrast'': ''{{gli|euthalline}}''. }}

{{Term|crystallocumuli |content=crystallocumuli {{anchor|crystallocumuli}} }}
{{defn|Punctiform or elongated agglomerations of [[Chemistry:Oxalate|oxalate]] crystals that are dispersed over the {{gli|thallus}}; associated with the family [[Biology:Trichotheliaceae|Trichotheliaceae]].{{sfn|Hafellner|Kalb|1995|pages=163–164}} ''See related: {{gli|crystallostratum}}.''}}

{{Term|crystallostratum |content=crystallostratum {{anchor|crystallostratum}} }}
{{defn|A continuous layer of [[Chemistry:Oxalate|oxalate]] crystals embedded in the thallus, associated with the family [[Biology:Trichotheliaceae|Trichotheliaceae]]. The term was introduced by Josef Hafellner and Klaus Kalb in 1995.{{sfn|Hafellner|Kalb|1995|page=163}} ''See related: {{gli|crystallocumuli}}.'' }}

{{Term|cuculate |content=cuculate {{anchor|cuculate}} }}
{{defn|Hood-shaped.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=1842}} }}

{{Term|cupulate |content=cupulate {{anchor|cupulate}} }}
{{defn|Cup-shaped.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=184}} }}

{{Term|cuneate |content=cuneate {{anchor|cuneate|cuneiform}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''cuneiform'''.'' Wedge-shaped; with one end thinner than the other.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=183}} }}

{{Term|cyanolichen |content=cyanolichen {{anchor|cyanolichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen in which the {{gli|photobiont}} is a [[Biology:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]].{{sfn|Rikkinen|2015|p=973}} }}
[[File:Sticta sp. 3 - Flickr - pellaea (5).jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of the {{gli|thallus}} underside of a ''Sticta'' lichen showing its crater-like {{gli|cyphellae}}; scale bar = 1 mm]]
{{Term|cyphella |content=cyphella {{anchor|cyphella|cyphellae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''cyphellae'''.'' A sharply defined, rounded, ovate, or shapeless pore in the lower {{gli|thallus}} surface (typically the lower {{gli|cortex}}), which is lined with a "pseudocortex" made of loosely connected, non-gelatinized {{gli|hyphae}} (often with globular cells, formed from the {{gli|medulla}}) and bounded by a pale ring; known to occur in the genera ''[[Biology:Sticta|Sticta]]'' and ''[[Biology:Oropogon|Oropogon]]''.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=187}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1799.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}


==D==
{{Term|dactyloid |content=dactyloid}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|digitate}}.''}}

{{Term|decorticate |content=decorticate {{anchor|decorticate}} }}
{{defn|Having had a {{gli|cortex}} that has been removed or disintegrated.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Decorticate page: Decorticate]}} ''See related: {{gli|ecorticate}}.'' }}

{{Term|decumbent |content=decumbent {{anchor|decumbent}} }}
{{defn|Lying flat on a {{gli|substrate}} with the edges curled up.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=196}} }}

{{Term|dendritic |content=dendritic {{anchor|dendritic}} }}
{{defn|Irregularly branched, like a tree.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=151}} }}

{{Term|dentate |content=dentate {{anchor|dentate}} }}
{{defn|Having a toothlike or serrated edge.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=152}} }}

{{Term|denticulate |content=denticulate {{anchor|denticulate}} }}
{{defn|Having small tooth-like projections or serrations along the edge.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=153}} }}

{{Term|dextrinoid |content=dextrinoid {{anchor|dextrinoid}} }}
{{defn|A chemical property referring to a substance's ability to turn reddish-brown in the presence of [[Biology:Melzer's reagent|Melzer's reagent]] or [[Chemistry:Iodine|iodine]] due to the presence of [[Chemistry:Dextrin|dextrin]]s. This color reaction is also called ''hemiamyloid'' or ''pseudoamyloid''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=156}} }}

{{Term|determinate |content=determinate {{anchor|determinate}} }}
{{defn|Having well-defined or clearly marked edges.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=201}} ''Contrast: {{gli|effuse}}.'' }}

{{Term|diagnosis |content=diagnosis {{anchor|diagnosis|diagnoses}} }}
{{defn|A brief account of a [[Biology:Taxon|taxon]] describing the essential characteristics that distinguish it from its relatives.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=157}} }}

{{Term|diahypha |content=diahypha {{anchor|diahypha|diahyphae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''diahyphae'''.'' A type of {{gli|conidium}} formed from {{gli|hyphae}} that split {{gli|apical|apically}} in several branches, with prominent constrictions at the {{gli|septa}}, resulting in the appearance of chain links; found in the family [[Biology:Gomphillaceae|Gomphillaceae]].{{sfn|Brodo|2016|page=372}}{{sfn|Ferraro|2004|page=154}} }}

{{Term|diaspore |content=diaspore {{anchor|diaspore|diaspores}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Diaspore (botany)}}
{{defn|A sexual or asexual [[Biology:Propagule|propagule]] used for [[Biology:Biological dispersal|dispersal]]; in lichens, usually used to refer to {{gli|isidia}} and {{gli|soredia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=157}} }}

{{Term|dichotomous |content=dichotomous {{anchor|dichotomous|dichotomously}} }}
{{defn|Branching into two equal parts.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=152}} ''See related: {{gli|bifurcate}}. Contrast: {{gli|anisotomic}}.'' }}

{{Term|diffuse |content=diffuse {{anchor|diffuse}} }}
{{defn|Spread out and scattered without any definite boundary or margin.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=162}}  ''See related: {{gli|effuse}}. Contrast: {{gli|determinate}}.'' }}
[[File:Arctic Finger Lichen (3815998869).jpg|thumb|right|The {{gli|thallus}} of the {{gli|fruticose}} Arctic finger lichen (''[[Biology:Dactylina arctica|Dactylina arctica]]'') consists of mostly unbranched, {{gli|digitate}} stalks.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=293}} ]]
{{Term|digitate |content=digitate {{anchor|digitate|digitiform|dactyloid|dactyliform}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''dactyloid''', '''dactyliform''', '''digitiform'''.'' Having finger-like outgrowths.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=163}} }}

{{Term|dimidiate |content=dimidiate {{anchor|dimidiate}} }}
{{defn|A structure that is divided into two unequal halves, often appearing as half-circles; in lichenology the term is often applied to the {{gli|excipulum}}.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|dimorphic lichen |content=dimorphic lichen}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|cladoniiform lichen}}.'' }}

{{Term|discoid |content=discoid {{anchor|discoid|disciform}} }}
{{defn|''Also: '''disciform'''.'' A shape that is flat and circular, resembling a disk. In lichenology, this term often refers to the {{gli|apothecia}} of lichens that have a flat, disk-like shape.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=166}} }}

{{Term|discolichen |content=discolichen {{anchor|discolichen|discolichens}} }}
{{defn|A grouping of {{gli|ascolichen}}s that produce {{gli|disk}}-like {{gli|apothecia}}, somewhat analogous to the fungal [[Biology:Discomycetes|Discomycetes]]; the term applies to the majority of lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=167}} }}

{{Term|discothecium |content=discothecium {{anchor|discothecium|discothecia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''discothecia'''.'' The fruiting body of certain types of lichens, with cylindrical, {{gli|bitunicate asci}}. It is distinguished from a hysterothecium, which is another type of fruiting body, by not opening through a slit but by expanding the {{gli|asci}} to weather or push apart the typically thin upper stromatal layer.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=216}} The term was introduced by Richard P. Korf in 1962.{{sfn|Korf|1962|page=25}} }}

{{Term|disk |content=disk {{anchor|disk|disc}} }}
{{defn|''Also: '''disc'''.'' The curved or flat upper surface of the {{gli|hymenium}} in an {{gli|apothecium}}, often pigmented and surrounded by a margin or rim.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=166}} }}

{{Term|distal |content=distal {{anchor|distal}} }}
{{Defn|Positioned away from a point of origin or from the center of a body.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=217}} }}

{{Term|distoseptum |content=distoseptum {{anchor|distosepta|distoseptum|distoseptate}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''distosepta'''.'' A type of {{gli|septum}} found in some {{gli|conidia}} and {{gli|ascospores}}, which is located within but distinct from the outer wall and surrounds the internal {{gli|lumina}}. Structures with distosepta are said to be distoseptate.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=399}} }}

{{Term|doliiform |content=doliiform {{anchor|doliform}} }}
{{defn|[[Engineering:Barrel|Barrel]]-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=170}} }}

{{Term|dome |content=dome {{anchor|dome}} }}
{{defn|''See {{gli|tholus}}''.}}


==E==
{{Term|e- |content=e-}}
{{defn|A prefix meaning "not having" or "without".{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=399}} }}

{{Term|eccentric |content=eccentric {{anchor|eccentric|excentric}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''excentric'''.'' Displaced from the center.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=175}} }}

{{Term|echinate |content=echinate {{anchor|echinate}} }}
{{defn|Covered with spines or bristles.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=175}} }}

{{Term|echinulate |content=echinulate {{anchor|echinulate}} }}
{{defn|Covered with small spines or bristles.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=176}} }}

{{Term|ecorticate |content=ecorticate {{anchor|ecorticate}} }}
{{defn|Lacking bark, or a {{gli|cortex}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=177}} }}

{{Term|ectal excipulum |content=ectal excipulum}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|proper exciple}}.''}}

{{Term|ecto- |content=ecto-}}
{{defn|A prefix meaning "outside" or "outer".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=226}} }}

{{Term|ectotunica |content=ectotunica}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|bitunicate}}.''}}
[[File:Dimelaena sp. - Flickr - pellaea.jpg|thumb|right|This {{gli|saxicolous}} ''[[Biology:Dimelaena|Dimelaena]]'' lichen has a {{gli|placodioid}} growth form and an {{gli|effigurate}} thallus outline.]]
{{Term|effigurate |content=effigurate {{anchor|effigurate}} }}
{{defn|Referring to {{gli|crustose}}, {{gli|areolate}} lichens with {{gli|marginal}} areoles that are extended and arranged radially;{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=42}} also defined more generally as "obscurely lobed".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=228}}{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=31}}}}

{{Term|effuse|content=effuse {{anchor|effuse}} }}
{{defn|Spread out and flat; used to describe the {{gli|thallus}} of some {{gli|crustose lichen}}s lacking a well-defined outline.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=182}} ''Contrast: {{gli|determinate}}.'' }}

{{Term|eguttulate |content=eguttulate {{anchor|eguttulate}} }}
{{defn|Lacking oil droplets (''guttules'').{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=183}} }}

{{Term|Elachista-brown |content=Elachista-brown {{anchor|Elachista-brown}} }}
{{defn|A fuscous brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Micarea elachista''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|ellipsoid |content=ellipsoid {{anchor|ellipsoid|ellipsoidal}} }}
{{Main|Ellipsoid}}
{{defn|An object appearing approximately [[Ellipse|elliptical]] in longitudinal section and circular in [[Cross section (geometry)|cross-section]]; often used to refer to spore shape.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=184}} }}

{{Term|emarginate |content=emarginate {{anchor|emarginate|immarginate}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''immarginate'''.''{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=338}} Lacking a well-defined border or edge.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=184}} When referring to {{gli|apothecia}}, it means lacking a {{gli|thalline exciple}}, or a raised {{gli|proper exciple}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=231}} ''See related: {{gli|effuse}}, {{gli|marginate}}.'' }}

{{Term|endo- |content=endo-}}
{{defn|''Also '''end-''', '''ecto-''', '''ect-'''.'' A prefix meaning "inside" or "inner".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=232}}{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=185}} }}

{{Term|endocarpic |content=endocarpic {{anchor|endocarpic|endocarpinoid}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''endocarpinoid'''.'' Referring to lichens with {{gli|perithecia}} that are sunk into the tissues of the {{gli|thallus}}, such as seen in the genera ''[[Biology:Endocarpon|Endocarpon]]'' and ''[[Biology:Dermatocarpon|Dermatocarpon]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=186}} }}

{{Term|endolichenic fungus |content=endolichenic fungus {{anchor|endolichenic|endolichenic fungus|endolichenic fungi}} }}
{{defn|A fungus that lives within the {{gli|thallus}} of a lichen without producing any visible symptoms of disease; these fungi are [[Medicine:Horizontal transmission|transmitted horizontally]].{{sfn|Suryanarayanan|Thirunavukkarasu|2017|page=1}} }}
[[File:Endolithic Disk Lichen (2972621634).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Biology:Lecidea laboriosa|Lecidea laboriosa]]'' is an {{gli|endolithic}} lichen; the thallus, hardly visible, grows under and around the rock crystals, while the {{gli|apothecia}} are visible on the surface.]]
{{Term|endolith |content=endolith {{anchor|endolith|endolithic}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''endolithic'''.'' A crustose lichen that grows in the interior of rocks (under and around the rock crystals), typically with little or no visible {{gli|thallus}} on the outer rock surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=188}} ''Contrast: {{gli|epilithic}}.'' ''See related: {{gli|chasmoendolith}}, {{gli|cryptoendolith}}, {{gli|euendolith}}.'' }}

{{Term|endophloeodal |content=endophloeodal {{anchor|endophloeodic|endophloeodal|endophloeic|endophloic}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''endophloeodic''', '''endophloeic''', '''endophloic'''.'' Refers to {{gli|crustose lichen}}s whose {{gli|thalli}} are more or less immersed in tree bark.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=190}} ''Contrast: {{gli|epiphloedal}}.'' }}

{{Term|endotunica |content=endotunica}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|bitunicate}}.''}}

{{Term|entire |content=entire {{anchor|entire}} }}
{{defn|Refers to margins or edges of lichen structures (such as {{gli|apothecia}}, {{gli|lobes}}, or {{gli|thalli}}) that are smooth and unbroken, without any notches, teeth, or irregularities.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=237}} }}

{{Term|epi- |content=epi-}}
{{defn|''Also '''ep-'''.'' A prefix meaning "upon" or "above".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=240}}{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=197}} }}

{{Term|epibryophyllous |content=epibryophyllous {{anchor|epibryophyllous|epibryophytic}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''epibryophytic'''.'' Referring to organisms, particularly lichens or fungi, that grow on the surface of mosses ([[Biology:Bryophyte|bryophyte]]s).{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=240}} }}

{{Term|epicortex |content=epicortex {{anchor|epicortex}} }}
{{defn|A thin layer of [[Chemistry:Polysaccharide|polysaccharide]]s that is present on the surface of the {{gli|cortex}} in some {{gli|parmelioid}} lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=197}} }}

{{Term|epihymenium |content=epihymenium {{anchor|epihymenium}} }}
{{defn|A thin tissue layer of interwoven {{gli|hyphae}} situated directly above the {{gli|hymenium}}, which can contain pigments and sometimes plays a role in the coloration of the lichen.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=241}} ''Compare: {{gli| epithecium}}.'' }}

{{Term|epilithic |content=epilithic {{anchor|epilith|epilithic|petricolous|rupicolous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''petricolous''', '''rupicolous''', '''{{gli|saxicolous}}'''.'' A crustose lichen that grows on the surface of rocks.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=188}}  ''Contrast: {{gli|endolithic}}.'' }}

{{Term|epinecral layer |content=epinecral layer {{anchor|epinecral|epinecral layer}} }}
{{defn|A layer of dead {{gli|hyphae}} with indistinct {{gli|lumina}} found near the {{gli|cortex}} and above the algal layer.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=461}} ''See related: {{gli|hyponecral layer}}.'' }}

{{Term|epiphloedal |content=epiphloedal {{anchor|epiphloedal|epiphloeodal|epiphloeodic|epiphloic}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''epiphloeodal''', '''epiphloeodic''', '''epiphloic'''.''{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=199}}{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Epiphloedal page: Epiphloedal]}} Growing on the surface of bark.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=241}}  ''Contrast: {{gli|endophloeodal}}.''}}

{{Term|epipsamma |content=epipsamma {{anchor|epipsamma}} }}
{{defn|A region of {{gli|granule}}-like, often pigmented material, that permeates the upper parts of {{gli|hymenium}} but is distinct from the {{gli|epithecium}}; associated with the genus ''[[Biology:Rhizocarpon|Rhizocarpon]]''.{{sfn|Galloway|2022}} The term was coined by Josef Poelt in 1969.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|epithecium |content=epithecium {{anchor|epithecium|epithecia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''epithecia'''.'' Tissue on the top of an {{gli|apothecium}} (above the {{gli|hymenium}}) formed from the coalesced tips of projecting {{gli|paraphyses}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=200}} The term was first used by Julius von Flotow in 1851.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|epruinose |content=epruinose {{anchor|epruinose}} }}
{{defn|Lacking {{gli|priuna}}.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=369}} }}

{{Term|erumpent|content=erumpent {{anchor|erumpent|perrumpent}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''perrumpent'''.'' Breaking through a surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=203}} A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to {{gli|ascomata}} and {{gli|pseudostromata}} that are more than 1/2 to 3/4 above the level of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Aptroot|Lücking|2016|page=774}} }}

{{Term|esorediate |content=esorediate {{anchor|esorediate|esorediose}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''esorediose'''.'' Lacking {{gli|soredia}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=246}} }}

{{Term|eucortex |content=eucortex {{anchor|eucortex|eucortices|eucortexes}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''eucortices''' or '''eucortexes'''.'' A {{gli|cortex}} made of well-differentiated tissue.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=401}} Another sense of the term, used by Josef Poelt, refers to cortical tissue made entirely of fungal cells originating from a [[Biology:Cambium|cambium]]-like tissue layer in or above the {{gli|algal layer}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Eucortex page: Eucortex]}} The term eucortex was first used by Gunnar Degelius in 1954.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|euendolith |content=euendolith {{anchor|euendolith|euendolithic}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''euendolithic'''.'' A type of organism, often a lichen or microbe, that actively bores into and resides within the mineral matrix of rocks or other hard substrates.{{sfn|Weber|Büdel|2011|page=348}} ''See related: {{gli|endolithic}}.''}}

{{Term|euthalline |content=euthalline {{anchor|euthalline}} }}
{{defn|Describing a type of lichen {{gli|thallus}} that is clearly visible and well-developed on the surface of the {{gli|substrate}}.{{sfn|Hertel|2009|page=185}} ''See related: {{gli|epilithic}}''. ''Contrast: {{gli|cryptothalline}}''. }}

{{Term|evanescent |content=evanescent {{anchor|evanescent}} }}
{{defn|Lasting a short time.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=31}} }}

{{Term|excipulum thallinum |content=excipulum thallinum}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|thalline margin}}.'' }}

[[File:Lichenes Helvetici VII VIII 1849 018.jpg|thumb|right|A sample page from Ludwig Schaerer's {{gli|exsiccata}} series ''Lichenes Helvetici'' (Swiss lichens), published in 26 fascicles from 1823 to 1852.]]
{{Term|exsiccatum|content=exsiccatum {{anchor|exsiccatum|exsiccata|exsiccatae|exsiccati}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Exsiccata}}
{{defn|''Plural '''exsiccata''', '''exsiccatae''', '''exsiccati'''.'' A dried and labeled [[Biology:Herbarium|herbarium]] specimen, often part of a numbered set.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=211}} }}

{{Term|excipulum|content=excipulum {{anchor|excipulum|excipula|exciple}} }}
{{defn|''Also'' '''exciple'''. ''Plural '''excipula'''.'' The cup-shaped or ring-shaped layer of tissue supporting the {{gli|hymenium}} in an {{gli|apothecium}}; this tissue sometimes develops into a distinct margin, as in the {{gli|lecanorine}} apothecia.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=207–208}} ''See related: {{gli|proper margin}}, {{gli|thallin margin}}.'' }}


==F==

{{Term|fabiform |content=fabiform {{anchor|fabiform}} }}
{{defn|Bean-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=216}} }}

{{Term|facultatively lichenicolous |content=facultatively lichenicolous {{anchor|facultatively lichenicolous}} }}
{{defn|A fungus species that is commonly collected from lichens (i.e., it is {{gli|lichenicolous}}) but is also capable of living on non-lichen {{gli|substrate}}s.{{sfn|Diederich|Lawrey|Ertz|2018|page=342}} }}

{{Term|falcate |content=falcate {{anchor|falcate|falciform|lunate}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''falciform''', '''lunate'''.'' Thin and curved with pointed ends, like a [[Scythe|scythe]] or [[Sickle|sickle]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=216–217}} }}

{{Term|farinaceous |content=farinaceous {{anchor|farinaceous|farinose}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''farinose'''.'' Covered with a mealy powder; the {{gli|podetia}} of ''[[Biology:Cladonia deformis|Cladonia deformis]]'' are covered with farinose {{gli|soredia}}.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=758}} }}
[[File:Ramalina farinacea 103553484.jpg|thumb|right|The {{gli|fruticose lichen}} ''[[Biology:Ramalina farinacea|Ramalina farinacea]]'' has a {{gli|thallus}} made of {{gli|fasciate}} branches.]]

{{Term|fasciate |content=fasciate {{anchor|fasciate|fasciated}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''fasciated'''.'' Having a ribbon-like or band-like structure, such as the {{gli|thallus}} of some {{gli|fruticose}} lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=218}} }}

{{Term|fascicle |content=fascicle {{anchor|fascicle}} }}
{{defn|A bundle or cluster; can be used to refer to {{gli|asci}}, {{gli|conidiophores}}, {{gli|hyphae}}, etc.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=218}} }}

{{Term|fasciculate |content=fasciculate {{anchor|fasciculate}} }}
{{defn|Arranged in bundles or clusters.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=219}} }}
[[File:Pulchrocladia retipora 98007710.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Biology:Pulchrocladia retipora|Pulchrocladia retipora]]'' has {{gli|fenestrate}} lobes.]]

{{Term|fastigiate cortex |content=fastigiate cortex {{anchor|fastigate cortex}} }}
{{defn|A region of the {{gli|cortex}} where the {{gli|hyphae}} are aligned perpendicularly to the main axis of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=219}} The term was first used by Auguste-Marie Hue in 1906.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} ''See related: {{gli|palisade cell}}.'' }}

{{Term|faveolate |content=faveolate {{anchor|faveolate}} }}
{{defn|Pitted with large, deep depressions that are narrowly separated by sharp ridges.{{sfn|Moncada|Lücking|Betancourt-Macuase|2013|page=2015}} ''Compare: {{gli|alveolate}}, {{gli|foveolate}}, {{gli|scrobiculate}}.'' }}

{{Term|fenestrate |content=fenestrate {{anchor|fenestrate}} }}
{{defn|Having perforations or gaps arranged in a regular pattern.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=220}} }}

{{Term|-fer |content=-fer}}
{{defn|''Also '''-ferous'''.'' A suffix meaning to carry or produce.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=221}} }}

{{Term|fibercle |content=fibercle {{anchor|fibercle}} }}
{{defn|A scar on lichen thalli resulting from the breaking of attached fibrils; associated with the genus ''[[Biology:Usnea|Usnea]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=221}} }}

{{Term|fibril |content=fibril {{anchor|fibril|fibrils}} }}
{{defn|A tiny fibre; when referring to the genus ''[[Biology:Usnea|Usnea]]'', it means short branches that are perpendicular to the main branches.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=256}} }}

{{Term|fibrillose |content=fibrillose {{anchor|fibrillose}} }}
{{defn|Covered with silky fibres.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=402}} }}

{{Term|filiform |content=filiform {{anchor|filiform}} }}
{{defn|Thread-like; fine and slender.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=222}} }}

{{Term|fimbriate |content=fimbriate {{anchor|fimbriate}} }}
{{defn|Having hairs or fibres on the margin.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=224}} ''See related: {{gli|arachnoid}}, {{gli|fimbrillate}}''. }}

{{Term|fimbrillate |content=fimbrillate {{anchor|fimbrillate}} }}
{{defn|Delicately {{gli|fimbriate}}; bordered with minute fringe.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=224}} }}

{{Term|fissitunicate |content=fissitunicate {{anchor|fissitunicate}} }}
{{defn|A form of {{gli|bitunicate|bitunicate ascus}} in which the flexible layers of the inner wall (the {{gli|endotunica}}) and the more rigid layers of the outer wall (the {{gli|ectotunica}}) are physically separated; as a consequence, the inner walls extend past the outer walls before the spores are released.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=225}} }}

{{Term|fissurine |content=fissurine {{anchor|fissurine|fissurate}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''fissurate'''.'' A term used characterize a structure or surface displaying a pattern of narrow, elongated cracks or fissures.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[https://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Fissurine page: Fissurine]}} }}

{{Term|fissurinoid |content=fissurinoid {{anchor|fissurinoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. This morphotype is somewhat similar to the {{gli|chroodiscoid}}, but it differentiates by the way the apothecia open through irregular thallus cracks, finally resembling chroodiscoid apothecia. It often has a unique elongated form at maturity and can be seen in species such as ''Acanthotrema brasilianum'' and various ''[[Biology:Chapsa|Chapsa]]'' species.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|pages=141–142}} }}

{{Term|fistular |content=fistular {{anchor|fistular|fistulose}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''fistulose'''.'' Tubular and hollow.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=412}} }}

{{Term|flabellate |content=flabellate {{anchor|flabellate|flabelliform}} }}
{{Defn|''Also '''flabelliform'''.'' Fan-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=226}} }}

{{Term|flexuous |content=flexuous {{anchor|flexuous|flexuose}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''flexuose'''.'' Bending or curving in alternate directions, like a zigzag.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=226}} }}

{{Term|floccose |content=floccose {{anchor|floccose}} }}
{{Defn|Having the texture of loose cotton or wool.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=227}} }}

[[File:Foliicolous lichens on palmetto leaf - Flickr - pellaea.jpg|thumb|{{gli|Foliicolous lichen|Foliicolous lichens}} are those which grow on the surface of a plant leaf.]]
{{Term|foliicolous lichen |content=foliicolous lichen {{anchor|foliicolous|foliicolous lichen|epiphyllous|epiphyllous lichen}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''epiphyllous lichen'''.'' A lichen that grows on a plant [[Biology:Leaf|leaf]].{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

{{Term|foliole |content=foliole {{anchor|foliole|folioles}} }}
{{defn|A small leaf-like outgrowth from the {{gli|thallus}} of a {{gli|foliose lichen}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=229}} }}

{{Term|foliose |content=foliose {{anchor|foliose|foliose lichen|foliose lichens}} }}
{{defn|Leaf-like; a type of lichen {{gli|thallus}} comprising numerous small leafy {{gli|lobes}}, often extending in a roughly circular pattern from a center of growth, on a lower {{gli|cortex}} that is attached to the {{gli|substrate}} by {{gli|rhizines}} or at a base.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=229–230}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=260}} }}

{{Term|forage lichen |content=forage lichen {{anchor|forage lichen|forage lichens}} }}
{{defn|Lichens that serve as important food sources for [[Earth:Fauna|fauna]]. For example, species from the genera ''[[Biology:Alectoria (fungus)|Alectoria]]'', ''[[Biology:Bryoria|Bryoria]]'', and ''[[Biology:Cladonia|Cladonia]]'' are winter forage lichens for caribou in northern North America.{{sfn|Rapai|McMullin|Newmaster|2012}}{{sfn|Fraser|Pouliot|van der Sluijs|2021}} }}

{{Term|foveate |content=foveate {{anchor|foveate}} }}
{{defn|Having pits or perforations.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=231}} }}

{{Term|foveolate |content=foveolate {{anchor|foveolate}} }}
{{defn|Pitted with small, deep depressions that are widely separated by a more or less even {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Moncada|Lücking|Betancourt-Macuase|2013|page=205}} ''Compare: {{gli|faveolate}}, {{gli|scrobiculate}}.'' }}

{{Term|friable |content=friable {{anchor|friable|friability}} }}
{{Main|Physics:Friability}}
{{defn| Readily crumbled or pulverized.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=263}} }}

{{Term|fruit wart |content=fruit wart {{anchor|fruit wart|fruit warts}} }}
{{defn|An informal term for a type of {{gli|apothecium}} that has {{gli|perithecioid}} ({{gli|pertusariate}} or {{gli|thelotremoid}}) characteristics.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Fruit wart page: Fruit wart]}} }}

{{Term|fruticose |content=fruticose {{anchor|fruticose|fruticose lichen|fruticose lichens}} }}
{{defn|A lichen with a shrub-like or hairy {{gli|thallus}} attached to the {{gli|substrate}} at a single point.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=226}} }}

{{Term|fruticulose |content=fruticulose {{anchor|fruticulose|fruticulous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''fruticulous '''.'' A smaller version of a {{gli|fruticose lichen}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=226}} ''See related: {{gli|microlichen}}.'' }}

{{Term|fulvous |content=fulvous {{anchor|fulvous}} }}
{{defn|An yellow-brown or [[Tawny (color)|tawny]] color.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}


{{Term|funiculus |content=funiculus}}
{{Defn|''See '''{{gli|umbilicate lichen}}'''.'' }}

{{Term|funoid |content=funoid {{anchor|funoid}} }}
{{defn|Made of fibers or rope-like strands.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|furcate |content=furcate {{anchor|furcate}} }}
{{Defn|Forked.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=239}} }}

{{Term|furfuraceous |content=furfuraceous {{anchor|furfuraceous}} }}
{{Defn|Covered with small flakes.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=239}} }}

{{Term|fuscocapitate |content=fuscocapitate {{anchor|fuscocapitate}} }}
{{defn|A term used to describe structures, such as hairs or other appendages, that have a dark or dusky-colored rounded tip or head.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Fuscocapitate page: Fuscocapitate] }} }}

{{Term|fuscous |content=fuscous {{anchor|fuscous}} }}
{{defn|A dark, grayish-brown or grayish-black color.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=239}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=270}} }}

{{Term|fusiform |content=fusiform {{anchor|fusiform}} }}
{{Main|Fusiform}}
{{Defn|Tapered at both ends, like a spindle.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=239}} }}

{{Term|fuzzy coat |content=fuzzy coat {{anchor|fuzzy coat|fuzzy coats}} }}
{{Defn|The outer gelatinous layer, also known as the g-layer, found on the exterior of an {{gli|ascus}}, often exhibiting a gelatinous consistency and [[Staining|staining]] blue in [[Chemistry:Iodine|iodine]]. Typically present in all asci, the fuzzy coat usually forms a thin layer along the ascus sides but may also appear as an apically thickened cap.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Fuzzy_coat page: Fuzzy coat]}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=271}} }}


==G==
[[File:Collema subflaccidum 59989135.jpg|thumb|right|''Collema subflaccidum'' is a {{gli|gelatinous lichen}} with a {{gli| homoiomerous}} internal structure.]]
{{Term|gelatinous lichen |content=gelatinous lichen {{anchor|gelatinous lichen|gelatinous lichens}} }}
{{defn|A rubbery or jelly-like lichen with a [[Biology:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]]l {{gli|photobiont}}.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=41}} ''See related: {{gli|homoiomerous}}''.}}

{{Term|geniculate |content=geniculate {{anchor|geniculate}} }}
{{defn|Having a knee-like bend; applied to parts of {{gli|hyphae}} and {{gli|conidiophores}} where a bend forms due to directional changes during growth.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=247}} }}

{{Term|glabrescent |content=glabrescent {{anchor|glabrescent}} }}
{{defn|Becoming {{gli|glabrous}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=252}} }}

{{Term|glabrous |content=glabrous {{anchor|glabrous}} }}
{{defn|Lacking hair or bristles; smooth.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=252}} }}

{{Term|glaucescentoid |content=glaucescentoid {{anchor|glaucescentoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Glaucescentoid lichens have open apothecia with erect lobules, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the species ''Leucodecton glaucescens''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|glaucophaenoid |content=glaucophaenoid  {{anchor|glaucophaenoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Glaucophaenoid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores, pale walls (viewed in microscopic [[Biology:Histology|section]]), and a smooth and more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Myriotrema|Myriotrema]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|gleolichen |content=gleolichen {{anchor|gleolichen|gloeolichen}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''gloeolichen'''.'' A {{gli|homoiomerous}} lichen with algal cells belonging to the genera ''[[Biology:Chroococcus|Chroococcus]]'', ''Gleocapsa'', or other [[Biology:Chlorococcales|Chlorococcales]]; these algae have a mucilaginous capsule.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=255}} }}

{{Term|globose |content=globose {{anchor|globose|globoid|globular}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''globoid''', '''globular'''.'' Approximately spherical.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=256}} }}

{{Term|glomerule |content=glomerule {{anchor|glomerule|glomeruli}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''glomeruli'''.'' A dense clump or aggregate of cells or spores.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=256}} }}
[[File:Glypholecia scabra - Flickr - pellaea.jpg|thumb|right|''Glypholecia scabra'' has {{gli|glypholecideous}} {{gli|lirellae}}]]
{{Term|glypholecideous |content=glypholecideous {{anchor|glypholecideous|glypholecine}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''glypholecine'''.''{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=288}} Having especially labyrinth-like {{gli|lirella}}, as in the genus ''[[Biology:Glypholecia|Glypholecia]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=257}} }}

{{Term|gonidial layer |content=gonidial layer {{anchor|gonidial layer}} }}
{{defn|A now-obsolete, historical term for the algal layer in a lichen.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=290}} }}

{{Term|gonidium |content=gonidium {{anchor|gonidium|gonidia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''gonidia'''.'' A now-obsolete, historical term for a lichen {{gli|photobiont}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=290}} The term was first used by Friedrich Wallroth in 1825, and supplanted in the 1960s.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|gonimium |content=gonimium {{anchor|gonimium|gonimia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''gonimia'''.'' A now-obsolete, historical term for a lichen {{gli|cyanobiont}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=290}} }}
[[File:Arctomia borbonic 2F.jpg|thumb|right|Microscopic view of young {{gli|goniocysts}} of ''[[Biology:Gabura borbonica|Gabura borbonica]]'' formed at the {{gli|lobe}} margins; scale bar = 20&nbsp;[[Micrometre|μm]] ]]
{{Term|goniocyst |content=goniocyst {{anchor|goniocyst}} }}
{{defn|A {{gli|vegetative}} [[Biology:Propagule|propagule]] found in some tropical {{gli|foliicolous}} lichens that consists of {{gli|photobiont}} cells wrapped in {{gli|mycobiont}} {{gli|hyphae}}; it is similar in form to {{gli|soredia}}, but it is made in a special organ called a {{gli|goniocystangium}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=257}} The term goniocyst was introduced by Johannes M. Norman in 1872.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|goniocystangium |content=goniocystangium {{anchor|goniocystangium|goniocystangia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''goniocystangia'''.'' A special organ, found in some tropical {{gli|foliicolous}} lichens, that produces {{gli|goniocyst}}s.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=257}} }}

{{Term|granular |content=granular {{anchor|granular|granulate|granulose}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''granulate''', '''granulose'''.'' Made of small particles (granules).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=260}} }}

{{Term|granule |content=granule {{anchor|granule|granules}} }}
{{defn|An irregularly rounded grain-like particle.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=758}} }}

{{Term|graphid |content=graphid {{anchor|graphid}} }}
{{defn|A lichen with {{gli|apothecia}} in the form of {{gli|lirellae}}, as in the genus ''[[Biology:Graphis (lichen)|Graphis]]''.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=758}} }}

{{Term|growth form}}
{{Defn|A term for the general appearance (the [[Biology:Habit|habit]]) of a lichen.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=294}} }}

{{Term|grumose |content=grumose {{anchor|grumose}} }}
{{defn|Having a {{gli|granular}} or crumbly texture or appearance.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|guttulate |content=guttulate {{anchor|guttulate|guttule}} }}
{{defn|Referring to structures containing small oil droplets (''guttules''); often used to describe spores. More precisely, spores can be described as {{gli|uniguttulate|uni-}}, {{gli|biguttulate|bi-}}, {{gli|triguttulate|tri-}}, or {{gli|multiguttulate}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=262}} }}

[[File:Umbilicaria cylindrica T85 (3).JPG|thumb|right|{{gli|Gyrodiscs}} on the {{gli|thallus}} of ''Umbilicaria cylindrica'']]
{{Term|gyrodisc |content=gyrodisc {{anchor|gyrodisc|gyrodiscs}} }}
{{defn|An {{gli|apothecium}} with concentric circles on the upper surface, as seen in the species ''Umbilicaria cylindrica''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=263}} The term was first used by George Llano in 1950.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|gyrose |content=gyrose {{anchor|gyrose|gyrate}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''gyrate'''.'' Curved backward and forward; with folds and undulations.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=264}} }}

{{Term|gyrotremoid |content=gyrotremoid {{anchor|gyrotremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Gyrotremoid lichens have open apothecia with recurved {{gli|lobules}}, a {{gli|disc}} that is pigmented with concentric rings, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Gyrotrema|Gyrotrema]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}


==H==
{{Term|hafter |content=hafter {{anchor|hafter|hafers}} }}
{{defn|A flattened attachment point formed through direct contact of a lichen {{gli|thallus}} to its {{gli|substrate}}; associated with {{gli|foliose}} and {{gli|fruticose}} lichens that lack other attachment organs, such as ''[[Biology:Hypogymnia|Hypogymnia]]''.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Hafter page: Hafter] }} }}

{{Term|halonate |content=halonate {{anchor|halonate|halo}} }}
{{defn|''Also defined: '''halo'''.'' Referring to a spore that is surrounded by a transparent outer layer or a gelatinous, translucent sheath. This sheath is readily observed when the spore is [[Staining|stained]] with India ink, as the ink does not penetrate the [[Chemistry:Mucilage|mucilage]] of the sheath, creating a light-transparent '''halo''' that is visible against a blackened background.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Halo page: Halo] }}{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Halonate page: Halonate] }} }}

{{Term|hamathecium |content=hamathecium {{anchor|hamathecium|interascal tissue}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''interascal tissue'''.'' A term describing the {{gli|hyphae}} and tissues that exist between the {{gli|asci}}; examples include [[Biology:Paraphyses|paraphyses]], {{gli|paraphysoids}}, {{gli|pseudoparaphyses}}, {{gli|periphysoids}}, and {{gli|periphyses}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=268}} }}

{{Term|hapteron |content=hapteron {{anchor|hapteron|hapterons|hapter|haptera}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''hapter''', plural '''haptera'''.'' An aerial attachment organ, made of highly adhesive {{gli|hyphae}}, that helps secure a {{gli|thallus}} to its substrate in some {{gli|fruticose lichens}}, such as ''[[Biology:Cladonia|Cladonia]]'', ''[[Biology:Ramalina|Ramalina]]'', and ''[[Biology:Usnea|Usnea]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=268}} }}

{{Term|hemiamyloid |content=hemiamyloid {{anchor|hemiamyloid|hemiamyloidity}} }}
{{defn|''See {{gli|dextrinoid}}.''}}

{{Term|hepaticolous lichen }}
{{defn|''See {{gli|bryophilous lichen}}.''}}

{{Term|Hertelii-green |content=Hertelii-green {{anchor|Hertelii-green}} }}
{{defn|A green to [[Turquoise (color)|turquoise]] insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Biatora hertelii''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=581}} }}

{{Term|hetero- |content=hetero- }}
{{defn|''Also '''heter-'''.'' A prefix meaning "other" or "different".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=273}} }}

{{Term|heterocyst |content=heterocyst {{anchor|heterocyst|heterocysts}} }}
{{defn|A specialized type of cell found in some [[Biology:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]]; heterocysts are thought to be involved in the [[Biology:Nitrogen fixation|fixation of nitrogen]] by the lichen thallus, as well as in the multiplication of cyanobacteria.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=274}} }}

{{Term|heteromerous |content=heteromerous {{anchor|heteromerous}} }}
{{defn|A lichen {{gli|thallus}} that is organized into discrete layers or strata; the term applies to the majority of {{gli|foliose}}, {{gli|squamulose}}, and {{gli|crustose}} lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=275}} }}
[[File:Phaeophyscia hirsuta 111420157.jpg|thumb|right|''Phaeophyscia hirsuta'' is named for its {{gli|hirsute}} {{gli|lobe}} margins.]]
{{Term|hirsute|content=hirsute {{anchor|hirsute|hispid|strigose}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''hispid''', '''strigose'''.'' Covered with hairs.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=278}} }}

{{Term|holdfast |content=holdfast {{anchor|holdfast|holdfasts}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Holdfast}}
{{defn|A part of the {{gli|thallus}}, usually near the base, that is adapted for attachment to the growing surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=280}} }}

{{Term|homo- |content=homo- }}
{{defn|A prefix meaning "analogous", "similar", or "same".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=282}} }}

{{Term|homoiomerous |content=homoiomerous {{anchor|homoiomerous}} }}
{{defn|A lichen in which the {{gli|cyanobiont}} partner (typically from genus ''[[Biology:Nostoc|Nostoc]]'') is evenly distributed throughout the {{gli|thallus}}; characteristic of {{gli|gelatinous lichen}}s such as ''[[Biology:Collema|Collema]]'' and ''[[Biology:Leptogium|Leptogium]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=283}} The term was first used by Friedrich Wallroth in 1825.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|hormocyst |content=hormocyst {{anchor|hormocyst|hormocysts|hormocyte|hormocytes|hormocystangium|hormocystangia}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''hormocyte'''. Also defined: '''hormocystangium''', plural '''hormocystangia'''.'' An asexual [[Biology:Propagule|propagule]], produced in a cup-shaped structure called the {{gli|hormocystangium}}, comprising heavy, gelatinous fungal {{gli|hyphae}} enclosing a few {{gli|cyanobiont}} cells; these structures occur in some {{gli|gelatinous lichen}}s in the family [[Biology:Collemataceae|Collemataceae]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=284}} Both terms, hormocyst and hormocystangium, were introduced by Gunnar Degelius in 1945.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} According to one source, hormocyte and hormocytangium (spelled without the "s") are more accurate terms, because the cells (indicated by the ending ''-cyte'') are not sexual propagules (which is implied by the ending ''-cyst'').{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Hormocyte page: Hormocyte]}} }}

{{Term|hyaline |content=hyaline {{anchor|hyaline}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Hyaline}}
{{defn|Transparent and colorless.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=285}} }}

{{Term|hymenium |content=hymenium {{anchor|hymenium}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Hymenium}}
{{defn|The fertile tissue of the fruit body where spores are produced.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=288}} }}

{{Term|hypha |content=hypha {{anchor|hypha|hyphae}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Hypha}}
{{defn|''Plural '''hyphae'''.'' A microscopic fungus filament comprising one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=328}} }}

[[File:Tricharia_santessonii_596742.jpg|thumb|right|A {{gli|hyphophore}} from the {{gli|foliicolous}} lichen ''Tricharia santessonii'']]
{{Term|hyphophore |content=hyphophore {{anchor|hyphophore|hyphophores}} }}
{{defn|An erect, stalked, {{gli|peltate}}, asexual spore-producing organ (sporophore) associated with tropical {{gli|foliicolous lichens}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=294}} }}

{{Term|Hypnorum-blue |content=Hypnorum-blue {{anchor|Hypnorum-blue}} }}
{{defn|A dark blue to black insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Lecidea hypnorum''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=578}} }}

{{Term|hypo- |content=hypo-}}
{{defn|''Also '''hyp-'''.'' A prefix meaning "beneath" or "under".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=295}} }}

{{Term|hypogymnioid lichen |content=hypogymnioid lichen {{anchor|hypogymnioid |hypogymnioid lichen}} }}
{{defn|An informal growth form category used for {{gli|foliose}} lichens with {{gli|lobes}} that are swollen, inflated, and lacking {{gli|rhizines}}, combined with the presence of the substances [[Chemistry:Atranorin|atranorin]] in the upper {{gli|cortex}} and physodic acid in the {{gli|medulla}}. These features are characteristic of lichens in the genera ''[[Biology:Hypogymnia|Hypogymnia]]'' and ''[[Biology:Menegazzia|Menegazzia]]''.{{sfn|Goward|1986|page=219}} }}

{{Term|hyponecral layer |content=hyponecral layer {{anchor|hyponecral|hyponecral layer}} }}
{{defn|A layer of dead {{gli|hyphae}} with indistinct {{gli|lumina}} found near the {{gli|cortex}} and below the algal layer.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=461}} ''See related: {{gli|epinecral layer}}.'' }}

{{Term|hypophloeodic |content=hypophloeodic {{anchor|hypophloeodic|hypophloeodal}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''hypophloeodal'''.'' Refers to {{gli|crustose}} lichens whose {{gli|thalli}} are almost immersed in tree bark; characteristic of several species in the [[Biology:Thelenellaceae|Thelenellaceae]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=296}} The term was first used by Friedrich Wallroth in 1825.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} ''See related: {{gli|endophloeodic}}.'' }}

{{Term|hypothallus |content=hypothallus {{anchor|hypothallus}} }}
{{defn|The first {{gli|hyphae}} to grow in a {{gli|crustose lichen}};{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=335}} often blackish in color, it is where {{gli|rhizines}} originate.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=296}} The term was first used by Elias Fries in 1831.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|hypothecium |content=hypothecium {{anchor|hypothecium|hypothecia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''hypothecia'''.'' A layer of tissue under the {{gli|subhymenium}} in an {{gli|apothecium}}; also used to refer more generally to all tissues under the {{gli|hymenium}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=335}} The term was first used by [[Biography:Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Carl von Martius]] in 1828.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|hysterothecia }}
{{defn|''See {{gli|lirella}}.''}}


==I==

{{Term|I |content=I {{anchor|I}} }}
{{defn|An abbreviation for a solution of [[Chemistry:Iodine|iodine]] crystals dissolved in aqueous [[Biology:Potassium iodide|potassium iodide]] and diluted to a light brown color.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|imbricate |content=imbricate {{anchor|imbricate|imbricated}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''imbricated'''.'' Overlapping partially, like roof tiles; used to refer to lichen structures like {{gli|scales}}, {{gli|squamules}}, {{gli|lobules}}, and {{gli|lobes}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=301}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=338}} }}

{{Term|immaculate|content=immaculate {{anchor|immaculate}} }}
{{defn|Without spots.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=301}} }}

{{Term|immarginate |content=immarginate}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|emarginate}}.''}}

{{Term|immersed |content=immersed {{anchor|immersed}} }}
{{defn|Embedded or sunken into the surface; in lichens, often used to describe {{gli|perithecia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=301}} A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to {{gli|ascomata}} and {{gli|pseudostromata}} that are more than 3/4 beneath the level of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Aptroot|Lücking|2016|page=774}} }}

{{Term|incertae sedis}}
{{Main|Biology:Incertae sedis}}
{{Defn|A term used for a [[Biology:Taxon|taxon]] of uncertain, doubtful, or unknown classification.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=303}} }}

{{Term|imperforate |content=imperforate {{anchor|imperforate}} }}
{{defn|Lacking an opening.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=338}} }}

{{Term|inflated |content=inflated {{anchor|inflated}} }}
{{defn|Swollen or blown up, and hollow, like the {{gli|lobes}} of genus ''[[Biology:Hypogymnia|Hypogymnia]]''.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=759}} }}

{{Term|inspersed |context=inspersed {{anchor|inspersed|inspers|interspersed|inspersion}} }}
{{defn|''Also defined: '''inspersion'''.'' ''Also '''inspers''', '''interspersed'''.''  Terms used to describe the presence of minute, scattered {{gli|guttule|oil droplets}} or {{gli|granules}} within a tissue, typically observed in section with a [[Engineering:Optical microscope#Compound microscope|compound microscope]].{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Inspers page: Inspers] }} An '''inspersion''' refers to the degree of obstruction caused by the sprinkling of small particles within different sections of a given structure.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Inspersion page: Inspersion] }} }}

{{Term|Intrusa-yellow |content=Intrusa-yellow {{anchor|Intrusa-yellow}} }}
{{defn|A yellow insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Carbonea intrusa''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=582}} }}

{{Term|involucrellum |content=involucrellum {{anchor|invollucrellum|invollucrellae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''involucrellae'''.'' The tissue of the outer part of a {{gli|perithecium}}, often pigmented, surrounding the {{gli|exciple}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=310}} }}
[[File:Flavoparmelia baltimorensis - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg|thumb|Closeup of the {{gli|pustule|pustulate}} {{gli|isidia}} that are characteristic of ''[[Biology:Flavoparmelia baltimorensis|Flavoparmelia baltimorensis]]''; scale bar = 1&nbsp;mm]]

{{Term|isidiate |content=isidiate {{anchor|isidiate}} }}
{{defn|Having {{gli|isidia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=313}} }}

{{Term|isidiomorph |content=isidiomorph {{anchor|isidiomorph|isidiomorphs}} }}
{{defn|A structure that resembles an {{gli|isidium}}, but is formed as an outgrowth of the {{gli|medulla}} rather than the {{gli|cortex}}; associated with {{gli|soralia}} of species in the genus ''[[Biology:Usnea|Usnea]]''.{{sfn|Randlane|Tõrra|Saag|Saag|2009|page=422}} }}

{{Term|isidiotremoid|content=isidiotremoid {{anchor|isidiotremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Isidiotremoid lichens lack apothecia and have {{gli|isidia}}, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera ''[[Biology:Myriotrema|Myriotrema]]'' and ''[[Biology:Ocellularia|Ocellularia]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|isidium |content=isidium {{anchor|isidium|isidia}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Isidium}}
{{defn|''Plural '''isidia'''.'' A [[Biology:Propagule|propagule]] that is an outgrowth of the {{gli|thallus}}; it has a {{gli|cortex}} and contains {{gli|photobiont}} cells.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=313}} The term was first used in the sense it is used now by Georg Meyer in 1825, and adopted by Elias Fries in 1831.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|isodiametric |content=isodiametric {{anchor|isodiametric}} }}
{{defn|Having roughly equal dimensions in all directions, resulting in a roughly spherical or cube-like shape; often used to describe cells that are not elongated or flattened but maintain a uniform size across their width, height, and depth.{{sfn|Thüs|Schultz|2009|page=17}} }}

{{Term|isotomic |content=isotomic {{anchor|isotomic}} }}
{{defn|Having branches of equal length.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Isotomic page: Isotomic] }} }}

{{Term|isthmus}}
{{defn|The narrow middle portion between the two {{gli|locules}} of a {{gli|polarilocular}} spore.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=315}} }}


==J==

{{Term|juga |content=juga {{anchor|juga|jugae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''jugae'''.'' A tiny {{gli|carbonized}} structure made of {{gli|hypha|hyphal}} tissue, visible as a black dot, line, or ridge, on or in a {{gli|thallus}}; associated with the genus ''[[Biology:Verrucaria|Verrucaria]]''.{{sfn|Brodo|2016|page=374}} }}


==K==
{{Term|K test |content=K test {{anchor|K test|K|K–|K+}} }}
{{defn|A {{gli|spot test}} that uses a 10–25% solution of [[Chemistry:Potassium hydroxide|potassium hydroxide]] as a [[Biology:Reagent|reagent]] to check for the presence of certain lichen products.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=636}} }}

{{Term|KC test |content=KC test {{anchor|KC test|KC|KC–|KC+}} }}
{{defn|A {{gli|spot test}} performed with an application of {{gli|K}} followed immediately by {{gli|C}}.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=637}} }}

==L==

{{Term|labriform |content=labriform {{anchor|labriform}} }}
{{defn|Shaped like or resembling a lip.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=371}} }}

{{Term|lacinia |content=lacinia {{anchor|lacinia|laciniae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''laciniae'''.'' A narrow {{gli|lobe}} of a {{gli|foliose}} lichen {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=358}} }}

{{Term|laciniate |content=laciniate {{anchor|laciniate|laciniated}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''laciniated'''.'' Referring to an edge divided into delicate bands or narrow lobes.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=358}} }}

{{Term|Lactophenol cotton blue |content=lactophenol cotton blue {{anchor|lactophenol cotton blue|LCB}} }}
{{Main|Chemistry:Lactophenol cotton blue}}
{{defn|''Also '''LCB'''.'' A [[Biology:Histology|histological]] [[Biology:Stain|stain]] commonly used to prepare semi-permanent [[Physics:Microscope slide|slides]]. With this reagent, fungal {{gli|hyphae}} stain blue, and algal cells stain deep blue to blue-green.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=13}} }}

{{Term|lageniform |content=lageniform {{anchor|lageniform}} }}
{{defn|Flask-shaped; with a swollen base tapering to a narrow top.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=359}} }}

{{Term|lamella |content=lamella {{anchor|lamella|lamellae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''lamellae'''.'' In the genus ''[[Biology:Umbilicaria|Umbilicaria]]'', lamellae are flattened plate- or strap-like structures that project downward from the {{gli|thallus}} undersurface.{{sfn|Krzewicka|2004|page=7}} }}

{{Term|lamelloid |content=lamelloid {{anchor|lamelloid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. In this, apothecia are noticeably protruding and organized into several distinct, concentric rows of {{gli|lobulate}} {{gli|excipula}}. This morphotype is seen in species like ''Chapsa lamellifera''.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|pages=143–144}} }}

{{Term|laminal |content=laminal {{anchor|laminal}} }}
{{defn|All over the thallus surface, rather than in the center or on the margins.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=759}} ''Contrast: {{gli|marginal}}.'' }}
{{multiple image
 | total_width = 350
 | image1 = Lecanora allophana 101717259.jpg
 | image2 = Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach 271638.jpg
 | footer = Comparison of the lecanorine {{gli|apothecia}} of ''Lecanora allophana'' (left) and the lecideine apothecia of ''Lecidea fuscoatra'' (right)
}}

{{Term|Laurocerasi-brown |content=Laurocerasi-brown {{anchor|Laurocerasi-brown}} }}
{{defn|A reddish- or purplish-brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Bacidia laurocerasi''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|lax |content=lax {{anchor|lax}} }}
{{defn|Loose, loosely woven, not compact; like the {{gli|hyphae}} in the {{gli|medulla}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Lax page: Lax] }} }}

{{Term|lecanorine |content=lecanorine {{anchor|lecanorine|lecanoroid}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''lecanoroid'''.'' An {{gli|apothecium}} in which the {{gli|disk}} is surrounded by a pale thalline margin, which has both algal and fungal cells, as in the genus ''[[Biology:Lecanora|Lecanora]]''. The term is also used more generally to refer to {{gli|crustose lichen}}s of the order [[Biology:Lecanorales|Lecanorales]] that have rounded apothecia with thick, protruding margins.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=336}} }}

{{Term|lecideine |content=lecideine {{anchor|lecideine |lecideoid}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''lecideoid'''.'' An {{gli|apothecium}} in which the {{gli|disk}} lacks a thalline margin, as in the genus ''[[Biology:Lecidea|Lecidea]]''. The term is also used more generally to refer to apothecia with a blackened (''carbonaeous'') ring and a blackish {{gli|disk}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=337}} }}

{{Term|leiodisk |content=leiodisk {{anchor|leiodisc|leiodisk}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''leiodisc'''.'' A {{gli|disk}} of an {{gli|apothecia}} that is smooth and without folds or protrusions.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=367}} The term was introduced by George Llano in 1950.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|lepadinoid |content=lepadinoid {{anchor|lepadinoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. This morphotype describes lichens where apothecia are semi-embedded to prominently protruding and have a free {{gli|excipulum}} and a distinctive double margin. The {{gli|thalline margin}} bulges and remains whole, while the excipulum is prominent and wavy-lobed. ''Fibrillithecis halei'', ''Leucodecton occultum'', ''Myriotrema costaricense'', and ''[[Biology:Thelotrema|Thelotrema]]'' are examples of this morphotype.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|pages=145–146}} }}

{{Term|leprocarpoid |content=leprocarpoid {{anchor|leprocarpoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Leprocarpoid lichens have open apothecia with erect lobules and a mealy and more or less {{gli|matte}} thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Chapsa|Chapsa]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}
[[File:Lepraria harrisiana - Flickr - pellaea (2).jpg|thumb|right|The {{gli|corticolous}} species ''[[Biology:Lepraria harrisiana|Lepraria harrisiana]]'', seen here as greenish powder on the tree trunk, is an example of a {{gli|leprose lichen}} with an {{gli|effuse}} and {{gli|emarginate}} thallus.]]
{{Term|leprose lichen|content=leprose lichen {{anchor|leprose|leprose lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen made entirely of {{gli|granular}} {{gli|soredia}}, lacking a {{gli|cortex}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=339}} }}

{{Term|Leptocline-brown |content=Leptocline-brown {{anchor|Leptocline-brown}} }}
{{defn|A dark red-brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Buellia leptocline''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|Leptoclinoides-brown |content=Leptoclinoides-brown {{anchor|Leptoclinoides-brown}} }}
{{defn|A brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Hafellia leptoclinoides''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|leptotremoid |content=leptotremoid {{anchor|leptotremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Leptotremoid lichens have immersed apothecia with small pores, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Leptotrema|Leptotrema]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|leucodectonoid |content=leucodectonoid {{anchor|leucodectonoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Leucodectonoid lichens have closed apothecia with tiny pores, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Leucodecton|Leucodecton]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|lichen desert |content=lichen desert {{anchor|lichen desert|lichen deserts}} }}
{{defn|A zone around a city or [[Earth:Air pollution|air pollution]] source that is devoid of {{gli|foliose}} and {{gli|fruticose}} lichens.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=376}} }}

{{Term|Lichenes |content=Lichenes {{anchor|Lichenes}} }}
{{defn|The name of a historical [[Biology:Class|class]] that contained all of the lichen-forming fungi. This name was used when it was still erroneously believed that these fungi were quite separate from the non lichen-forming fungi; now obsolete.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=376}} }}

{{Term|lichenicolous lichen |content=lichenicolous lichen {{anchor|lichenicolous|lichenicolous lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen that grows on another lichen.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

{{Term|lichenin |content=lichenin {{anchor|lichenin|lichenan}} }}
{{Main|Chemistry:Lichenin}}
{{defn|''Also '''lichenan'''.'' A [[Chemistry:Polymer|polymer]] of [[Chemistry:Glucose|glucose]] that occurs in the [[Biology:Cell wall|cell wall]]s of the {{gli|hyphae}} of many species of lichen-forming fungi. It forms a red color when [[Staining|stained]] with [[Chemistry:Iodine|iodine]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=341}} }}

{{Term|lichenometry |content=lichenometry {{anchor|lichinometry}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Lichenometry}}
{{defn|A [[Physics:Chronological dating|dating]] technique that measures crustose lichen growth to estimate the amount of time a rock surface has been exposed.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=341}} }}

{{Term|lignicolous lichen |content=lignicolous lichen {{anchor|lignicolous|lignicolous lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen that grows on stripped wood ([[Biology:Lignin|lignin]]) – that is, on bare wood rather than bark.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

{{Term|ligulate |content=ligulate {{anchor|ligulate|liguliform|lingulate|lorate}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''liguliform''', '''lingulate''', '''lorate'''.'' Narrow and flat, with the form of a [[Engineering:Strap|strap]].{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=382}} }}

[[File:Graphis desquamescens - Flickr - pellaea.jpg|thumb|Closeup of the {{gli|lirellae}} of ''[[Biology:Graphis desquamescens|Graphis desquamescens]]''; scale bar = 0.5&nbsp;mm]]
{{Term|lirella |content=lirella {{anchor|lirella|lirellae|hysterothecia|lirelline apothecia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''lirellae'''.'' ''Also '''hysterothecia''', '''lirelline apothecia'''.'' A linear {{gli|ascocarp}}, which may be straight, curved, branched, or {{gli|flexuous}}, with a longitudinal slit; characteristic of lichens in the genus ''[[Biology:Graphis (lichen)|Graphis]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=346}} The term was first proposed by [[Biography:Michel Adanson|Michel Adanson]] in 1794.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|lirellate |content=lirellate {{anchor|lirellate|lirelliform}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''lirelliform'''.'' Having the form of {{gli|lirellae}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Lirellate page: Lirellate]}} }}

{{Term|litho- |content=litho- }}
{{defn|A prefix meaning "stone" or "rock".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=389}} }}

{{Term|lithocortex |content=lithocortex {{anchor|lithocortex}} }}
{{defn|{{gli|Cortex}} tissue made of closely compacted, agglutinated {{gli|hyphae}} that forms a dense tissue layer.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=41}} }}

{{Term|lobate |content=lobate {{anchor|lobate}} }}
{{defn|Divided into {{gli|lobes}}, such as the {{gli|thallus}} of ''[[Biology:Lobaria scrobiculata|Lobaria scrobiculata]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=347}} }}

{{Term|lobe|content=lobe {{anchor|lobes|lobes}} }}
{{defn|A rounded or elongated projection of a {{gli|thallus}} edge; in technical descriptions, it is measured from its widest point.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=759}} }}

{{Term|lobule|content=lobule {{anchor|lobule|lobules}} }}
{{defn|A small lobe originating from the edge or surface of a {{gli|foliose}} lichen, typically the same color and character as the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|pp=759–760}} }}

{{Term|lobulate |content=lobulate {{anchor|lobulate}} }}
{{defn|Having small {{gli|lobes}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=391}} }}

{{Term|locule |content=locule {{anchor|locule|locules|loculus}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''loculus'''.'' A cavity or space.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=391}} }}

{{Term|lorate |content=lorate}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|ligulate}}.''}}

{{Term|lumen |content=lumen {{anchor|lumen|lumina|lumens}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''lumina''' or '''lumens'''.'' An internal space or cavity in a structure, such as a [[Biology:Cell|cell]], {{gli|hypha}}, or {{gli|septate}} spore.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=352}} }}


==M==
{{Term|macrolichen |content=macrolichen {{anchor|macrolichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen with a {{gli|thallus}} large enough that its main characteristics can be identified without the use of viewing magnification; generally refers to {{gli|foliose}}, {{gli|squamulose}}, and {{gli|fruticose}} species.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=357}} }}

{{Term|maculate |content=maculate {{anchor|maculate|macula|maculae}} }}
{{defn|Covered with spots (maculae).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=358}} }}

{{Term|maniciform |content=maniciform {{anchor|maniciform}} }}
{{defn|Cuff-shaped; the term is used to describe {{gli|soralia}} that break open to form a central perforation revealing a duct to the {{gli|medullary|medullary}} cavity. Maniciform soralia occur in the genera ''[[Biology:Hypogymnia|Hypogymnia]]'' and ''[[Biology:Menegazzia|Menegazzia]]''.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=46}} }}

{{Term|marginal |content=marginal {{anchor|marginal}} }}
{{defn|On the {{gli|thallus}} margins.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=760}} ''Contrast: {{gli|laminal}}.'' }}
[[File:Shrub Stubble Lichen (2298099580).jpg|thumb|right|The {{gli|mazaedia|mazaediate}} ascomata of the shrub stubble lichen (''[[Biology:Allocalicium adaequatum|Allocalicium adaequatum]]'') rest atop short stalks.]]

{{Term|marginate |content=marginate {{anchor|marginate}} }}
{{defn|Having a well-defined border or edge.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=402}} ''Contrast: {{gli|emarginate}}.'' }}

{{Term|matte |content=matte {{anchor|matte|matt}} }}
{{defn|''Also: '''matt'''.'' A flat or non-reflective surface texture, lacking gloss or shine; contrast {{gli|nitid}}.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|mazaedium |content=mazaedium {{anchor|mazaedium|mazaedia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''mazaedia'''.'' A powdery mass of {{gli|ascospores}} and {{gli|paraphyses}} formed by the disintegration of the {{gli|asci}} in the {{gli|ascomata}} of some lichens; associated with the order [[Biology:Caliciales|Caliciales]].{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=760}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1817.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|medulla |content=medulla {{anchor|medulla}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Medulla (lichenology)}}
{{defn|The internal tissue of a lichen {{gli|thallus}}, located beneath the {{gli|cortex}} and the {{gli|photobiont}} layer, and usually made of loosely compacted {{gli|hyphae}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=412}} }}

{{Term|medullary excipulum |content=medullary excipulum}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|proper exciple}}.''}}

{{Term|Melaena-red |content=Melaena-red {{anchor|Melaena-red}} }}
{{defn|A purple insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Micarea melaena''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|pages=581–582}} }}

{{Term|Melaenida-red |content=Melaenida-red {{anchor|Melaenida-red}} }}
{{defn|A purple insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Micarea melaenida''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=582}} }}

{{Term|melanotopelioid |content=melanotopelioid {{anchor|melanotopelioid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens describing a type of apothecium structure resembling {{gli|topeliopsidoid}} apothecia but characterized by a minimized {{gli|thallus margin}}. The distinctive feature of melanotopelioid apothecia is the presence of "teeth" that are black and {{gli|carbonized}}, at least on the external surface.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|page=582}} }}

{{Term|melanotremoid |content=melanotremoid {{anchor|melanotremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Melanotremoid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores and a black margin; pore filled with broad "stump" (columella); black walls (viewed in microscopic [[Biology:Histology|section]]); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genera ''[[Biology:Melanotrema|Melanotrema]]'', ''[[Biology:Ocellularia|Ocellularia]]'', ''[[Biology:Clandestinotrema|Clandestinotrema]]'', and ''[[Biology:Trinathotrema|Trinathotrema]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|micareiod |content=micareiod {{anchor|micareiod}} }}
{{defn|Referring to small {{gli|chlorococcoid}} green algal {{gli|photobionts}} that often occur in pairs, as in the genus ''[[Biology:Micarea|Micarea]]''.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Micareoid page: Micareoid]
}} }}

{{Term|microcrystallization |content=microcrystallization {{anchor|microcrystallization|microcrystallisation|microcrystal test}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''microcrystal test'''.'' A method used to identify some lichen products that involves re-[[Physics:Crystallization|crystallization]] on a [[Physics:Microscope slide|microscope slide]] from a range of [[Physics:Solvent|solvent]]s and the formation of crystals with characteristic shapes; the crystals are examined microscopically for identification. Although this technique has largely been supplanted by the more reliable and sensitive technique of [[Thin-layer chromatography|thin-layer chromatography]], there are certain situations where it is still useful.{{sfn|Orange|James|White|2001|page=40}} }}

{{Term|microlichen |content=microlichen {{anchor|microlichen|microlichens}} }}
{{defn|A small lichen whose physical features cannot be distinguished without the aid of a 10X or greater viewing magnification;{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=414}} it generally refers to {{gli|crustose}} and {{gli|foliicolous}} species.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=374}} The prefix "micro-" is also used to indicate small versions of particular growth forms, e.g. microfruticose or microfoliose.}}

{{Term|microphylline |content=microphylline {{anchor|microphylline}} }}
{{defn|Having minute {{gli|lobules}}.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=371}} }}

{{Term|moniliform |content=moniliform {{anchor|moniliform|monilioid}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''monilioid'''.'' Having a form resembling a string of beads.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=435}} }}

{{Term|monophyllous |content=monophyllous {{anchor|monophyllous}} }}
{{defn|Referring to the {{gli|thallus}} of a {{gli|foliose lichen}} that has only a single lobe.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=437}} }}

{{Term|multi- |content=multi-}}
{{defn|A prefix meaning "more than one" or "many".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=389}} }}

{{Term|multiguttulate |content=multiguttulate {{anchor|multiguttulate}} }}
{{defn|Containing many oil droplets (''guttules'').{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=390}} }}

{{Term|multilocular |content=multilocular}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|plurilocular}}.'' }}

[[File:Arthothelium spectabile-4.jpg|thumb|right|A balloon-shaped {{gli|ascus}} of ''Arthothelium spectabile'' containing eight {{gli|hyaline}}, {{gli|muriform}} {{gli|ascospores}}.]]
{{Term|muriform |content=muriform {{anchor|muriform}} }}
{{Defn|Divided into compartments or {{gli|locules}} by intersecting longitudinal and transverse {{gli|septa}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=392}} The term was first used by Wilhelm Körber in 1855.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|muscicolous lichen }}
{{defn|''See {{gli|bryophilous lichen}}.''}}

{{Term|-mycetes |content=-mycetes}}
{{defn|A suffix indicating the [[Biology:Taxonomic rank|taxonomic rank]] of a fungal [[Biology:Class|class]].{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=415}} }}

{{Term|mycobiont|content=mycobiont {{anchor|mycobiont|mycobionts}} }}
{{defn|The fungal part of a lichen,{{sfn|Collins English Dictionary|2022a|ref=CED mycobiont}} which combines with one or more {{gli|phycobiont}}s.{{sfn|Nash|2008|p=1}} The term was proposed by George Scott in 1957.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|mycophycobiosis |content=mycophycobiosis {{anchor|mycophycobiosis|mycophycobiont}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Mycophycobiosis}}
{{defn|''Also defined: '''mycophycobiont'''.'' A [[Earth:Symbiosis|symbiosis]] where an [[Biology:Ascomycota|ascomycete]] fungus is housed inside multicellular algae; the algae and fungus involved in this association are called mycophycobionts.{{sfn|Hawksworth|1988|pages=4–5}} Contrary to a lichen symbiosis, the fungal partner is the inhabitant, and the algal partner dominates.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=451}} }}

{{Term|myriotremoid |content=myriotremoid {{anchor|myriotremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Myriotremoid lichens have immersed apothecia with small pores, and a smooth and more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the ''glaucopallens'' [[Biology:Species complex|group]] of genus ''[[Biology:Myriotrema|Myriotrema]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}


==N==
{{Term|necral layer |content=necral layer {{anchor|necral|necral layer}} }}
{{defn|A layer of dead {{gli|hyphae}} with indistinct {{gli|lumina}} found near or in the {{gli|cortex}} of a {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=461}} The term was first used by Alexander Elenkin in 1902.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} ''See related: {{gli|epinecral layer}}, {{gli|hyponecral layer}}.'' }}

{{Term|nitid |content=nitid {{anchor|nitid}} }}
{{defn|Shiny, glossy, or polished in appearance; contrast with {{gli|matte}}.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|nodulose |content=nodulose {{anchor|nodulose}} }}
{{defn|Having small, rounded elevations or nodules.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|nubilated |content=nubilated {{anchor|nubilated}} }}
{{defn|Cloudy or obscured, often used to describe the appearance of lichen {{gli|apothecia}} that are partially covered.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}


==O==
{{Term|ob- |content=ob-}}
{{defn|A prefix meaning "inversely" or "oppositely".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=477}} }}

{{Term|obclavate |content=obclavate {{anchor|obclavate}} }}
{{defn|Inversely {{gli|clavate}}, widest at the base.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=477}} }}

{{Term|obovate |content=obovate {{anchor|obovate}} }}
{{defn|Egg-shaped, with the narrower end at the base.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=477}} }}

{{Term|obpyriform |content=obpyriform {{anchor|obpyriform}} }}
{{defn|Shaped like an inverted pear.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=428}} ''See related: {{gli|pyriform}}.'' }}

{{Term|ocellularioid |content=ocellularioid {{anchor|ocellularioid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Ocellularioid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores; pores with a "finger" (columella); black walls (viewed in microscopic [[Biology:Histology|section]]); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Ocellularia|Ocellularia]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|-oid |content=-oid}}
{{defn|A suffix meaning "like" or "having the form of".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=479}} }}
[[File:Umbilicaria virginis - Flickr - pellaea.jpg|thumb|right|The {{gli|omphalodiscs}} of ''[[Biology:Umbilicaria virginis|Umbilicaria virginis]]'']]
{{Term|omphalodisc |content=omphalodisc {{anchor|omphalodisc|omphalodiscs}} }}
{{defn|An {{gli|apothecium|apothecial}} {{gli|disk}} with a bump in the center that gives it the appearance of a navel; found in the genus ''[[Biology:Umbilicaria|Umbilicaria]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=432}} The term was introduced by George Llano in 1950.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|orcularioid |content=orcularioid {{anchor|orcularioid}} }}
{{defn|A brown, {{gli|polarilocular}} spore, characteristic of ''[[Biology:Rinodina|Rinodina]]'' section ''Orcularia''.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|ornithocoprophilic |content=ornithocoprophilic {{anchor|ornithocoprophilic|ornithocoprophile}} }}
{{defn|Used to describe lichens that grow or proliferate in environments rich in bird [[Earth:Guano|excrement]].{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=371}} }}

{{Term|ostiole |content=ostiole {{anchor|ostiole}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Ostiole}}
{{defn|A small pore or opening; in lichens, it is used to refer to the {{gli|paraphysis}}-lined cavity in a {{gli|parathecium}} that ends in a pore, or more generally to any pore from which spores are released from an {{gli|ascus}}-bearing fruit body.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=488}} }}

{{Term|ostropalean |content=ostropalean {{anchor|ostropalean}} }}
{{defn|Referring to asci that are {{gli|unitunicate}} with a thickened apex and a narrow canal ending in a pore; associated with species in the order [[Biology:Ostropales|Ostropales]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=439}} }}

{{Term|ovate |content=ovate {{anchor|ovate}} }}
{{defn|Egg-shaped, with the wider end at the base.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=489}} }}


==P==
{{Term|pachydermatous|content=pachydermatous {{anchor|pachydermatous|pachyderm|pachydermate|pachydermous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''pachyderm''', '''pachydermate''', '''pachydermous'''.'' Referring to {{gli|hyphae}} that have an outer wall that is thicker than the internal cavity.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=442}} }}

{{Term|palisade cell |content=palisade cell {{anchor|palisade cell|palisade cells}} }}
{{defn|A terminal cell of a {{gli|hypha}} in a {{gli|fastigiate cortex}}, aligned perpendicularly to the plane of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=442}} }}

{{Term|palisade plectenchyma |content=palisade plectenchyma {{anchor|palisade plectenchyma|palisade plectenchymata|palisadoplectenchyma|palisadoplectenchymata|palisade plectenchymatous}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''palisade plectenchymata'''. Also '''palisadoplectenchyma''', plural '''palisadoplectenchymata'''.'' A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} in a {{gli|cortex}} where the {{gli|hyphae}} are arranged perpendicularly to the plane of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=442–443}} }}

{{Term|pallidostegoboloid |content=pallidostegoboloid {{anchor|pallidostegoboloid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Pallidostegoboloid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores; pore filled with irregular structures; pale walls (viewed in microscopic [[Biology:Histology|section]]); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in ''wrightii'' [[Biology:Species complex|group]] of the genus ''[[Biology:Stegobolus|Stegobolus]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}
[[File:Pycnothelia papillaria 971808.jpg|thumb|right|The {{gli|thallus}} of ''Pycnothelia papillaria'' is covered with {{gli|papillae}}.]]
{{Term|papilla |content=papilla {{anchor|papilla|papillae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''papillae'''.'' A small, conically rounded growth.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=444}} }}

{{Term|papillate |content=papillate {{anchor|papillate|papillose}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''papillose'''.'' Covered with {{gli|papillae}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=444}} }}

{{Term|papilliform |content=papilliform {{anchor|papilliform}} }}
{{defn|Having the shape of a {{gli|papilla}} or nipple.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=445}} }}

{{Term|para- |content=para-}}
{{defn|''Also '''par-'''.'' A prefix with several meanings, including "above", "beyond", "at the side", "against", "toward", and "almost".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=446}} }}

{{Term|paracephalodium |content=paracephalodium {{anchor|paracephalodium|paracephalodia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''paracephalodia'''.'' A mat of {{gli|hyphae}} covering [[Biology:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]], originating from a {{gli|squamulose lichen}} with a green algal {{gli|photobiont}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=419}} The term was introduced by Josef Poelt and Helmut Mayrhofer in 1988.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=16}} }}

{{Term|paraphysoid |content=paraphysoid {{anchor|paraphysiod|paraphysiods}} }}
{{defn|A threadlike, sterile, {{gli|hypha}}l structure similar to a paraphysis, but typically branched and often forming a network.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=448}} }}

{{Term|paraplectenchyma |content=paraplectenchyma {{anchor|paraplectenchyma |paraplectenchymata|paraplectenchymatous}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''paraplectenchymata'''.'' A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} comprising {{gli|hyphae}} that are oriented in all directions; found in the {{gli|cortex}} of many lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=448–449}} }}

{{Term|parasoredium |content=parasoredium {{anchor|parasoredium|parasoredia}} }}
{{defn|A [[Biology:Propagule|propagule]], similar to a {{gli|soredium}}, that starts as a budlike structure with {{gli|hyphae}} on an upper side and [[Biology:Algae|algae]] on a lower side, then develops into {{gli|blastidia}}. Originally used to describe a structure found on the upper {{gli|thallus}} of ''Umbilicaria hirsuta''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=449}} }}

{{Term|parasymbiont |content=parasymbiont {{anchor|parasymbiont|parasymbiotic|parasymbiosis}} }}
{{defn|An organism that lives in close association with a [[Biology:Host|host]] species, deriving benefits at the host's expense but not causing immediate harm; an intermediate state between [[Earth:Symbiosis|symbiosis]] and [[Earth:Parasitism|parasitism]].{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=371}} }}

{{Term|parathecium |content=parathecium {{anchor|parathecium|parathecia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''parathecia'''.'' The outside layer of {{gli|hyphae}} in an {{gli|apothecium}}, curved upward along the margin of the {{gli|hymenium}};{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=449}} the term is now obsolete, and equivalent to {{gli|ectal excipulum}} or {{gli|proper exciple}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=497}} Otto Darbishire coined the term parathecium in an 1898 [[Monograph|monograph]] on the genus ''[[Biology:Roccella (lichen)|Roccella]]''.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|parmelioid lichen |content=parmelioid lichen {{anchor|parmelioid|parmelioid lichen}} }}
{{defn|An informal growth form category used for lichens that are mostly {{gli|foliose}}, often closely attached to the substrate, and have {{gli|laminal}} {{gli|apothecia}} and pycnidia; this group of features is characteristic of lichens previously classified in the genus ''[[Biology:Parmelia (fungus)|Parmelia]]'' (in the broad sense).{{sfn|Thell|Crespo|Divakar|Kärnefelt|2012|page=645}} }}

{{Term|PD test |content=PD test {{anchor|P test|PD test|PD |PD–|PD+}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''P test'''.'' A {{gli|spot test}} that uses a 1–5% [[Chemistry:Ethanol|ethanol]]ic solution of [[Chemistry:P-Phenylenediamine|''p''-phenylenediamine]] as a [[Biology:Reagent|reagent]] to check for the presence of certain lichen products.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=637}} }}

{{Term|pedicel |content=pedicel {{anchor|pedicel|pedicle|stalk}} }}
{{defn|A small stalk used to support other structures, such as spores, {{gli|asci}}, etc.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=452}} }}

{{Term|pedicellate |content=pedicellate {{anchor|pedicellate}} }}
{{defn|Having a {{gli|pedicel}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=503}} }}

{{Term|peltate |content=peltate {{anchor|peltate|clypeate|scutiform}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''clypeate''', '''scutiform'''.'' Referring to a rounded structure attached on the lower side at a single central point (often on a short stalk), with free edges.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=455}} }}

{{Term|peltidiangium |content=peltidiangium {{anchor|peltidiangium|peltidiangia}} }}
{{defn|A basket-like structure in which {{gli|peltidia}} are produced.{{sfn|Sérusiaux|Lücking|2007|page=}} }}

{{Term|peltidium |content=peltidium {{anchor|peltidium|peltidia}} }}
{{defn|A reproductive propagule found in the {{gli|foliicolous}} lichen genus ''[[Biology:Gallaicolichen|Gallaicolichen]]'' that is similar in form to a {{gli|goniocystangium}}, but is unique in that the {{gli|photobiont}} partner organizes the propagule and envelops (or nearly so) its {{gli|mycobiont partner}}. The term is derived from the name of the involved green algal genus, ''[[Biology:Phycopeltis|Phycopeltis]]''.{{sfn|Sérusiaux|Lücking|2007|page=}} }}

{{Term|pendant|content=pendant {{anchor|pendant|pendent|pendulous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''pendent''', '''pendulous'''.'' Hanging down, as in the {{gli|fruticose}} {{gli|thalli}} of genus ''[[Biology:Usnea|Usnea]]'', the beard lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=454}} }}
[[File:Menegazzia pertransita - 2008 - BC Myles.jpg|thumb|right|A {{gli|perforate}} thallus is a {{gli|character}} of the {{gli|hypogymnioid}} genus ''Menegazzia'' (''M.&nbsp;pertransita'' shown)]]
{{Term|perforate|content=perforate {{anchor|perforate}} }}
{{defn|With splits or holes in the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=457}} }}

{{Term|periclinal |content=periclinal {{anchor|periclinal}} }}
{{defn|Parallel to a surface;{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=508}} used to refer to hyphal alignment.}}

{{Term|perifulcrum |content=perifulcrum {{anchor|perifulcrum}} }}
{{defn|The protective wall surrounding a {{gli|pycnidium}}.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|periphysis|content=periphysis {{anchor||periphysis|periphyses}} }}
{{defn|A short, sterile {{gli|hypha}} that develops from above the ascus and grows down a short distance, typically lining the internal walls of the [[Biology:Ostiole|ostiole]] in a {{gli|perithecium}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=459}} }}

{{Term|periphysoid|content=periphysoid {{anchor|periphysoid|periphysoids}} }}
{{defn|{{gli|Periphysis}}-like structures that grow laterally; found in some crustose {{gli|pyrenolichen}}s.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=459}} }}

{{Term|perispore |content=perispore {{anchor|perispore|exospore|epispore|mesospore|endospore}} }}
{{defn|''Also defined: '''exospore''', '''epispore''', '''mesospore''', '''endospore'''.'' The colorless and usually gelatinous outermost layer of a spore.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=460}} This transparent layer determines the spore's shape.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|p=30}} The other four layers of a spore, going inward, are the exospore, epispore, mesospore, and endospore.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=460}} }} 

[[File:Perithecium no text.PNG|thumb|right|Schematic illustration of a {{gli|perithecium}} with an {{gli|apical}} ostiole]]
{{Term|perithecium |content=perithecium {{anchor|perithecium|perithecia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''perithecia'''.'' A spherical or flask-shaped {{gli|ascocarp}} that is [[Biology:Sessility (botany)|sessile]] or partly immersed in the {{gli|thallus}}, with a single opening ([[Biology:Ostiole|ostiole]]) and enclosed by a distinct wall; a characteristic of {{gli|pyrenolichens}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=463}} Although it was in 1831 that Elias Fries first applied the term perithecium to lichen fruit bodies, the word was originally coined by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1794.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=17}} }}

{{Term|petricolous|content=petricolous}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|epilithic}}.''}}

{{Term|phaeolichen |content=phaeolichen {{anchor|phaeolichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen in which the {{gli|photobiont}} partner is [[Biology:Brown algae|brown algae]] (class Phaeophyceae); an example is lichen formed by the fungus ''[[Biology:Wahlenbergiella tavaresiae|Wahlenbergiella tavaresiae]]'' and the brown alga ''Petroderma maculiforme''.{{sfn|Sanders|2004|page=269}} }}

{{Term|phenocortex |content=phenocortex {{anchor|phenocortex|phenocortices|phenocortexes}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''phenocortices''', '''phenocortexes'''.'' A structure, similar to a {{gli|cortex}}, containing {{gli|hypha|hyphal}} fragments and dead, collapsed algal cells sloughed off from the {{gli|algal layer}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Phenocortex page: Phenocortex] }} }}

{{Term|photobiont|content=photobiont {{anchor|photobiont|phycobiont|cyanobiont}} }}
{{defn|''Also defined: '''phycobiont''', '''cyanobiont'''''. The photosynthetic component of a lichen. This can be either a green alga (known as a phycobiont) or a [[Biology:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] (known as a cyanobiont).{{sfn|Collins English Dictionary|2022b|ref=CED phycobiont}} The term "phycobiont" was proposed by George Scott in 1957.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|photobiont layer |content=photobiont layer}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|algal layer}}.'' }}

{{Term|photomorph |content=photomorph {{anchor|photomorph|photomorphs}} }}
{{defn|An organism whose [[Biology:Morphology|morphology]] is determined by the nature of its [[Earth:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]]; applied to lichen-forming fungi whose {{gli|thalli}} have different forms with green algal versus cyanobacterial {{gli|photobionts}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=471}} The term was introduced by Jack Laundon in 1995 to address what he believed were deficiencies in related terms such as [[Biology:Polymorphism|morph]], morphotype, and {{gli|photosymbiodeme}}.{{sfn|Laundon|1995}} }}

{{Term|photosymbiodeme |content=photosymbiodeme {{anchor|photosymbiodeme}} }}
{{defn|[[Biology:Morphology|Morphologically]] different structures formed by the interaction of a single {{gli|mycobiont}} with two different {{gli|photobionts}}. Examples occur in the genera ''[[Biology:Pseudocyphellaria|Pseudocyphellaria]]'' and ''[[Biology:Sticta|Sticta]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=470}} }}

{{Term|phycobiont |content=phycobiont}}
{{defn|''See: {{gli|photobiont}}''}}

{{Term|phyllidium |content=phyllidium {{anchor|phyllidium|phyllidia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''phyllidia'''.'' A small leaf-like or scale-like [[Biology:Propagule|propagule]] that is {{gli|corticate}} and has distinct upper and lower sides (i.e., it is [[Biology:Dorsiventral|dorsiventral]]); it originates from the margins or on the upper surface of {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=527}} Phyllidia occur in some species of the [[Biology:Lecanorales|Lecanorales]] and the [[Biology:Peltigerales|Peltigerales]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=475}} }}
[[File:Stereocaulon paschale 177713.jpg|thumb|right|A closeup of ''[[Biology:Stereocaulon paschale|Stereocaulon paschale]]'' shows that its {{gli|phyllocladia}} have a {{gli|granular}} or {{gli|dactyliform}} shape, and are gathered in clusters along {{gli|branches}} of the {{gli|pseudopodetia}}.]]
{{Term|phyllocladium |content=phyllocladium {{anchor|phyllocladium|phyllocladia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''phyllocladia'''.'' A {{gli|photobiont}}-containing, {{gli|corticate}} outgrowth of {{gli|pseudopodetia}}; common in the genus ''[[Biology:Stereocaulon|Stereocaulon]]''. Their [[Biology:Morphology|morphology]] can be characterised with various descriptors: {{gli|coralloid}}, {{gli|digitate}}, {{gli|granular}}, {{gli|peltate}}, {{gli|foliose}}, {{gli|squamulose}}, and {{gli|verrucose}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=475}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=528}} The term was introduced by Theodor Fries in 1858.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|phyllopsoroid |content=phyllopsoroid {{anchor|phyllopsoroid}} }}
{{defn|A lichen growth form characterized by mostly {{gli|squamulose}} thalli with {{gli|areoles}} or {{gli|squamules}} often overgrowing a thick {{gli|prothallus}}; this morphology occurs in the largely tropical genera ''[[Biology:Bacidiopsora|Bacidiopsora]]'', ''Eschatogonia'', ''[[Biology:Phyllopsora|Phyllopsora]]'', and ''[[Biology:Physcidia|Physcidia]]''.{{sfn|Kistenich|Timdal|Bendiksby|Ekman|2018|page=872}} }}

{{Term|piriform |content=piriform}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|pyriform}}.''}}

{{Term|placodioid lichen |content=placodioid lichen {{anchor|placodioid|placoid|placoid lichen|placodiomorph|placodioid lichen}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''placoid''', '''placodiomorph'''.'' A {{gli|crustose lichen}} with an {{gli|areolate}} center and radiating {{gli|lobes}} on the circumference.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=482}} }}

{{Term|plasticolous lichen |content=plasticolous lichen {{anchor|plasticolous|plasticolous lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen that grows on [[Chemistry:Plastic|plastic]].{{sfn|Jagtap|Tripathi|Joshi|2013|p=342}} }}

{{Term|platycarpoid |content=platycarpoid {{anchor|platycarpoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. Similar to {{gli|chroodiscoid}} or {{gli|leprocarpoid}}, but the difference lies in the presence of a free {{gli|excipulum}} that forms a distinct double margin. It is exemplified in species such as ''Chapsa platycarpa'' and ''C.&nbsp;neei''.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|page=143}} }}

{{Term|platygonidium |content=platygonidium {{anchor|platygonidium|platygonidia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''platygonidia'''.'' {{gli|Photobionts}} that occur in star-shaped or circular colonies; now obsolete.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=544}}}}

{{Term|plectenchyma |content=plectenchyma {{anchor|plectenchyma|plectenchymata|plectenchymatous}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Plectenchyma}}
{{defn|''Plural '''plectenchymata'''.'' Fungal tissue made of twisted, intertwined {{gli|hyphae}}; used as a general term to refer to all types of fungal tissue.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=487}} The term (and the use of the prefixes "para-" and "proso-" to modify it) was proposed by Gustav Lindau in 1899.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} ''See related: {{gli|paraplectenchyma}}, {{gli|prosenchyma}}, {{gli|prosoplectenchyma}}, {{gli|pseudoparenchyma}}.'' }}

{{Term|plicate |content=plicate {{anchor|plicate}} }}
{{defn|Characterised by longitudinal folds forming pleats, often used to describe closely adjacent, markedly convex thallus {{gli|lobes}} or elongated {{gli|areoles}} that display a "folded" appearance.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Plicate page: Plicate] }} }}

{{Term|plurilocular |content=plurilocular {{anchor|plurilocular|multilocular}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''multilocular'''.'' Having many cavities or {{gli|locules}}; used to describe spore structure.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=490}} }}

{{Term|podetium |content=podetium {{anchor|podetium|podetia}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Podetium}}
{{defn|''Plural '''podetia'''.'' An upright, hollow, stem-like structure bearing {{gli|apothecia}} and sometime [[Biology:Conidiomata|conidiomata]]; typically associated with the [[Biology:Cladoniaceae|Cladoniaceae]], particularly the genus ''[[Biology:Cladonia|Cladonia]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=490}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|POL test |content=POL test {{anchor|POL|POL test|POL+|POL−}} }}
{{defn|A lichen test performed by shining a [[Physics:Polarizer|polarized light]] at a lichen structure in microscopic view; in the genus ''[[Biology:Hypogymnia|Hypogymnia]]'', the presence (POL+) or absence (POL−) of POL-sensitive crystals in the {{gli|hypothecium}} is a useful {{gli|character}} to help distinguish species.{{sfn|McCune|Wang|2014|page=28}} }}

{{Term|polarilocular |content=polarilocular {{anchor|placodiomorphic|polarilocular|polar-diblastic|polaribilocular|polocellate}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''placodiomorphic''',{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} '''polar-diblastic''', '''polaribilocular''', '''polocellate'''.'' A spore divided into two components (locules) separated by a central [[Biology:Septum|septum]] with a perforation or {{gli|isthmus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=492}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=553}} The term was first used by Wilhelm Körber in 1855 (as "polari-dyblastae") to describe the spores of ''[[Biology:Rhizocarpon|Rhizocarpon]]'' and ''[[Biology:Umbilicaria|Umbilicaria]]''. It was [[Social:Anglicisation|anglicized]] to "polari-bilocular" by William Mudd in 1861, and finally shortened to polarilocular by the Henri Olivier in 1882.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|Polychroa-brown |content=Polychroa-brown {{anchor|Polychroa-brown}} }}
{{defn|An orange-brown to [[Ochre|ochre]] insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Bacidia polychroa''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|poriform |content=poriform {{anchor|poriform}} }}
{{defn|Shaped like or resembling a pore.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=372}} }}

{{Term|porinoid |content=porinoid {{anchor|porinoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. This morphotype is similar to {{gli|ocellularioid}}, but with a very narrow pore that resembles the opening of a true {{gli|perithecium}}. Despite this, the [[Biology:Hymenium|hymenium]] remains organized in a distinct, compact layer with {{gli|paraphyses}} and {{gli|asci}} of similar height. Examples include ''Leucodecton bisporum'', ''L.&nbsp;compunctellum'', and ''T.&nbsp;patwardhanii''.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|pages=148–149}} }}

{{Term|praestantoid |content=praestantoid {{anchor|praestantoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Praestantoid lichens have large and prominent apothecia with small pores; pores with "finger" (columella); black walls (viewed in microscopic [[Biology:Histology|section]]); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the ''praestans'' [[Biology:Species complex|group]] of the genus ''[[Biology:Ocellularia|Ocellularia]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|primary species |content=primary species {{anchor|primary species}} }}
{{defn|The sexually fertile member of a {{gli|species pair}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=646}} }}

{{Term|primary thallus |content=primary thallus}}
{{defn|''See '''{{gli|cladoniiform lichen}}'''.''}}

{{Term|prominent |content=prominent {{anchor|prominent}} }}
{{defn|Sticking out from the surface of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Prominent page: Prominent]}} A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to {{gli|ascomata}} and {{gli|pseudostromata}} that are more than 1/2 above the level of the {{gli|thallus}}, and have a base that is expanded outwards.{{sfn|Aptroot|Lücking|2016|page=774}} }}

{{Term|proper margin |content=proper margin {{anchor|proper margin|proper exciple|ectal excipulum|medullary excipulum|proprium}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''proper exciple''', '''ectal excipulum''', '''medullary excipulum''', '''proprium'''.'' A ring of tissue around the {{gli|disk}} of a {{gli|lecanorine}} {{gli|apothecium}}; this tissue, which originates from the {{gli|medulla}}, is not lichenized, and is internal to the {{gli|thalline margin}} (if present).{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|pages=250, 562}} The term "proper margin" was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803; in 1825 Elias Fries changed the noun and called it "proper exciple".{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|proprium |content=proprium}}

{{defn|''See {{gli|proper exciple}}.''}}
{{Term|prosenchyma |content=prosenchyma {{anchor|prosenchyma|prosenchymata|prosenchymatous}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''prosenchymata'''.'' A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} in which the constituent fungal {{gli|hyphae}} are arranged parallel to each other, such that individual hyphae can be clearly distinguished using microscopy.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=506}} }}

{{Term|prosoplectenchyma |content=prosoplectenchyma {{anchor|prosoplectenchyma|prosoplectenchymata|prosoplectenchymatous}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''prosoplectenchymata'''.'' A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}}, common in the {{gli|thallus}} {{gli|cortex}} of lichens, in which the constituent fungal {{gli|hyphae}} are aligned in a particular direction.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=506}} }}
[[File:Coenogonium sp. - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|A fibrous white {{gli|prothallus}} bordering the {{gli|thallus}} is evident in this crustose ''[[Biology:Coenogonium|Coenogonium]]''.]]
{{Term|prothallus |content=prothallus {{anchor|prothallus|prothalli}} }}
{{defn|A fungal layer upon which an algae-containing {{gli|thallus}} may develop, lacking {{gli|photobiont}}; usually white, brown, or black, and found between the {{gli|areole}}s and at the growing margins of {{gli|crustose lichen}}s.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=507}} The term was first used by Georg Meyer in 1825.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|prototunicate |content=prototunicate {{anchor|prototunicate}} }}
{{defn|A form of {{gli|unitunicate}} {{gli|ascus}} in which the wall breaks down before maturity (thus releasing its {{gli|ascospores}}), and which lacks differentiated apical structures.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=510}} }}

{{Term|proximal |content=proximal {{anchor|proximal}} }}
{{Defn|Positioned close to a point of origin or near the center of a body.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=511}} }}

{{Term|pruina |content=pruina {{anchor|pruina}} }}
{{defn|A powdery, frost-like or flour-like deposit on a surface. In lichens, pruina is often the result of the accumulation of crystalline [[Chemistry:Hydrate|hydrate]]s of [[Chemistry:Calcium oxalate|calcium oxalate]], of lichen products, or sometimes of the dead or dying cells of the {{gli|epinecral layer}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Pruina page: Pruina]
}} }}

{{Term|Pruinose |content=pruinose {{anchor|pruinose|pruinate}} }}
{{Defn|''Also '''pruinate'''.'' Covered with {{gli|pruina}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=511}} }}

{{Term|pseudo- |content=pseudo- }}
{{defn|''Also '''pseud-'''.'' A prefix meaning "false";{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=566}} used in terminology to denote something is false, or that one structure resembles something else, such as the {{gli|pseudocyphella}} resembling the {{gli|cyphella}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=511}} }}

{{Term|pseudoamyloid |content=pseudoamyloid {{anchor|pseudoamyloid|pseudoamyloidity}} }}
{{defn|''See {{gli|dextrinoid}}.''}}

{{Term|pseudocortex |content=pseudocortex {{anchor|pseudocortex|pseudocortices|pseudocortexes}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''pseudocortices''', '''pseudocortexes'''.'' A boundary layer of the {{gli|thallus}} containing distinct {{gli|hyphae}} that are not organized into a regular tissue structure;{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Pseudocortex page: Pseudocortex]}} sometimes used to refer to the false {{gli|cortex}} present on the outer layer of {{gli|pseudopodetia}}, such as those found in the lichen ''Pycnothelia papillaria''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=513}} }}
[[File:Punctelia caseana - Flickr - pellaea.jpg|right|thumb|Both white {{gli|pseudocyphellae}} and larger, coarse {{gli|soredia}} are apparent on the {{gli|thallus}} of this ''[[Biology:Punctelia caseana|Punctelia caseana]]''.]]
{{Term|pseudocyphella |content=pseudocyphella {{anchor|pseudocyphella|pseudocyphellae}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Pseudocyphella}}
{{defn|''Plural '''pseudocyphellae'''.'' Small openings in the {{gli|cortex}} of a lichen, where the {{gli|medulla}} is exposed to air, and there are no specialized cells surrounding the cavity.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=568}} The term was first used by William Nylander in 1858.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|pseudoisidium |content=pseudoisidium {{anchor|pseudoisidium|pseudoisidia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''pseudoisidia'''.'' An outgrowth on the surface of a lichen {{gli|thallus}} that somewhat resembles an {{gli|isidium}}, but lacks [[Earth:Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] cells; pseudoisidia are common in the genus ''[[Biology:Pseudocyphellaria|Pseudocyphellaria]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=514}} }}

{{Term|pseudoparaphysis |content=pseudoparaphysis {{anchor|pseudoparaphysis|pseudoparaphyses|cataphysis| cataphyses}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''cataphysis'''.'' A {{gli|paraphysis}}-like {{gli|hypha}} that forms in the locule or perithecial cavity before the formation of the [[Biology:Ascus|ascus]]; it grows downward from the top of the cavity to the base of the ascomata.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=515}} }}

{{Term|pseudoparenchyma |content=pseudoparenchyma {{anchor|pseudoparenchyma|pseudoparenchymata|pseudoparenchymatous}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''pseudoparenchymata'''.'' A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} made of tightly packed, angular or [[Polyhedron|polyhedral]] cells.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=515}} }}

[[File:Pilophorus acicularis (4495554457).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Biology:Pilophorus acicularis|Pilophorus acicularis]]'' features rounded black {{gli|apothecia}} at the end of {{gli|pseudopodetia}}.]]
{{Term|pseudopodetium |content=pseudopodetium {{anchor|pseudopodetium|pseudopodetia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''pseudopodetia'''.''  Solid, upright stalks originating from the {{gli|thallus}}. They are similar to {{gli|podetia}}, but are made of {{gli|vegetative}} (rather than generative) tissue.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=517}} They are associated with the genera ''[[Biology:Baeomyces|Baeomyces]]'', ''[[Biology:Dibaeis|Dibaeis]]'', ''[[Biology:Leprocaulon|Leprocaulon]]'', ''[[Biology:Pilophorus (fungus)|Pilophorus]]'', and ''[[Biology:Stereocaulon|Stereocaulon]]''.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=36}} The term was introduced by Gustav Krabbe in 1882.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|pseudostroma |content=pseudostroma {{anchor|pseudostroma|pseudostromata}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''pseudostromata'''.'' A {{gli|stroma}} made of both {{gli|thallus}} tissue and bits of [[Biology:Host|host]] tissue.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=573}} The term was used first for lichenized fungi [[Biography:Edvard August Vainio|Edvard August Vainio]] in 1890.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|pubescent |content=pubescent {{anchor|pubescent|pubescence}} }}
{{defn|Covered with short, soft, fine hairs or down.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=372}} }}

{{Term|pulverulent |content=pulverulent {{anchor|pulverulent}} }}
{{defn|Characterised by a fine, powdery surface or consistency; resembling or appearing as dust or powder.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=581}} }}

{{Term|punctate |content=punctate {{anchor|punctate}} }}
{{defn|Having a pattern of minute spots or tiny holes (also known as ''puncta'').{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=582}} }}

{{Term|punctiform |content=punctiform {{anchor|punctiform}} }}
{{defn|Very small or tiny, appearing as a point or dot.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=522}} }}

{{Term|pustulate |content=pustulate {{anchor|pustulate|pustolose}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''pustulose'''.'' Covered with {{gli|pustules}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=523}} }}

{{Term|pustule |content=pustule {{anchor|pustule|pustules}} }}
{{defn|A [[Medicine:Blister|blister]]- or [[Medicine:Wart|wart]]-like structure, usually hollow.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=762}} }}

{{Term|pycnidium |content=pycnidium {{anchor|pycnidium|pycnidia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''pycnidia'''.'' An asexual fruiting body, or {{gli|conidium}}, that is typically round, {{gli|obpyriform}}, or {{gli|lageniform}}. It has a circular or elongated {{gli|ostiole}} that has an inner surface lined with {{gli|conidiophores}}. Pycnidia are common in anamorphic fungi, including many lichenicolous species.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=525}} {{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=582}} }}

{{Term|pycnoascocarp |content=pycnoascocarp {{anchor|pycnoascocarp|pycnoascocarps}} }}
{{defn|A type of {{gli|apothecium}} that originates from a {{gli|pycnidium}}; characteristic of the family [[Biology:Lichinaceae|Lichinaceae]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=525}} The term was first used by Aino Henssen in 1963.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|pyrenolichen |content=pyrenolichen {{anchor|pyrenolichen|Pyrenolichens}} }}
{{defn|A lichen that produces {{gli|perithecia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=526}} }}

{{Term|pyriform |content=pyriform {{anchor|pyriform|pririform}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''piriform'''.'' Shaped like a pear.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=527}} ''See related: {{gli|obpyriform}}.'' }}


==R==
{{Term|radial |content=radial {{anchor|radial|radiate}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''radiate'''.''{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=533}} Referring to lichen {{gli|thalli}}, symmetrical around a central axis in transverse section, such as in the genera ''[[Biology:Alectoria (fungus)|Alectoria]]'', ''[[Biology:Bryoria|Bryoria]]'', and ''[[Biology:Usnea|Usnea]]''.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=588}} }}

{{Term|radiate |content=radiate {{anchor|radiate}} }}
{{defn|Spreading from a central point.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=588}} }}

{{Term|recurved |content=recurved {{anchor|recurved|recurvate|reflexed}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''recurvate''', '''reflexed'''.''{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=541}} Curved or bent back; in lichens, these terms are used to describe the tips of {{gli|branches}} or {{gli|lobes}} that are curved up or down, or back onto themselves.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Recurved page: Recurved]}} }}

{{Term|redingerioid |content=redingerioid {{anchor|redingerioid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Redingerioid lichens have immersed apothecia with linear slit; slit filled with irregular structures; black walls (viewed in microscopic [[Biology:Histology|section]]); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genera ''[[Biology:Redingeria|Redingeria]]'' and ''[[Biology:Stegobolus|Stegobolus]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|reimnitzioid |content=reimnitzioid {{anchor|reimnitzioid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Reimnitzioid lichens have open apothecia with erect {{gli|lobules}}, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Reimnitzia|Reimnitzia]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|reniform |content=reniform {{anchor|reniform}} }}
{{defn|Shaped like a kidney.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=372}} }}

{{Term|reticulate |content=reticulate {{anchor|reticulate}} }}
{{defn|Marked like a net or network.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=595}} }}
[[File:Peltigera neopolydactyla (4504606324).jpg|thumb|right|Black, fibrous, and tufted {{gli|rhizines}} are on the {{gli|thallus}} underside of ''Peltigera neopolydactyla''.]]
{{Term|rhizine |content=rhizine {{anchor|rhizine|rhizines|rhizina|rhizinae}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Rhizine}}
{{defn|''Also '''rhizina''', plural '''rhizinae'''.'' A root-like structure that serves as an attachment structure in many foliose lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=548}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=597}} }}

{{Term|rhizinomorph |content=rhizinomorph {{anchor|rhizinomorph}} }}
{{defn|A root-like structure similar to a {{gli|rhizine}} that is not involved as an attachment organ; associated with {{gli|umbilicate lichens}}.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=38}} }}

{{Term|Rhizinose strand |content=rhizinose strand {{anchor|rhizinose strand}} }}
{{defn|An attachment organ, similar to a {{gli|rhizine}}, comprising tough and irregularly branched {{gli|hyphae}}; found in some {{gli|squamulose lichens}}, such as in the genera ''[[Biology:Catolechia|Catolechia]]'' and ''[[Biology:Toninia|Toninia]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=549}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=597}} }}

{{Term|Rhizohypha |content=rhizohypha {{anchor|rhizohypha|rhizohyphae}} }}
{{defn|A single {{gli|hyphal}} strand on the {{gli|thallus}} underside that serves as an attachment organ.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=38}} }}

{{Term|rhodostromoid |content=rhodostromoid {{anchor|rhodostromoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Rhodostromoid lichens have large and prominent apothecia with small pores; pore with “finger” (columella); black walls and pigment (viewed in microscopic [[Biology:Histology|section]]); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the ''rhodostroma'' [[Biology:Species complex|group]] of the genus ''[[Biology:Ocellularia|Ocellularia]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|Rimose |content=rimose {{anchor|rimose|rimous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''rimous'''.'' Having cracks or splits.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=552}} }}

{{Term|Rimula |content=rimula {{anchor|rimulae|rimulae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''rimulae'''.'' Small, rim-like structures or cracks.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=553}} }}

{{Term|Rimulose |content=rimulose {{anchor|rimulose|rimulous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''rimulous'''.'' Having minute cracks or splits.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=553}} }}

{{Term|Rivose |content=rivose {{anchor|rivose}} }}
{{defn|Marked with curvy and irregular furrows, like the {{gli|thallus}} of some {{gli|crustose lichen}}s.}}

{{Term|Rivulose |content=rivulose {{anchor|rivulose}} }}
{{defn|Marked with thin, winding or crooked lines.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=553–554}} }}

{{Term|Rostrate |content=rostrate {{anchor|rostrate}} }}
{{defn|Having a {{gli|rostrum}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=555}} }}

{{Term|Rostrum |content=rostrum {{anchor|rostrum|rostra}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''rostra'''.'' A beak-like projection.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=607}} }}

{{Term|Ruginosa-brown |content=Ruginosa-brown {{anchor|Ruginosa-brown}} }}
{{defn|A dark red to almost black insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Toninia ruginosa''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|pages=579–580}} }}

{{Term|Rugose |content=rugose {{anchor|rugose|rugous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''rugous'''.'' Having a rough texture; wrinkled and creased.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=558}} }}

{{Term|Rugulose |content=rugulose {{anchor|rugulose|rugulate}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''rugulate'''.'' Having a slightly rough texture; with slight wrinkles and creases.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=558}} }}

{{Term|Rupicolous |content=rupicolous}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|saxicolous}}.''}}


==S==
{{Term|saccate |content=saccate {{anchor|saccate}} }}
{{defn|Sac- or bag-like in form.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=610}} }}

{{Term|saxicolous lichen |content=saxicolous lichen {{anchor|saxicolous|saxicolous lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen that grows on stone.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

{{Term|scabioid |content=scabioid {{anchor|scabioid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. This morphotype resembles the {{gli|leprocarpoid}} but features recurring [[Biology:Hymenium|hymenia]] that produce layered {{gli|excipula}}, which eventually cover the {{gli|disk}}; examples include ''Chapsa aggregata'' and ''C.&nbsp;albomaculata''.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|page=144}} }}

{{Term|scabrous |content=scabrous {{anchor|scabrous|scabrose|scabrid|scabridous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''scabrose''', '''scabrid''', '''scabridous'''.'' With a crusty, rough surface often resulting from the accumulation of dead cortical material.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=565}}{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=762}} }}

{{Term|schizidium |content=schizidium {{anchor|schizidium|schizidia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''schizidia'''.'' A scale-like [[Biology:Propagule|propagule]] originating from the upper layers of a lichen {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=567}} The term was proposed by Josef Poelt in 1965.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|schizobiont |content=schizobiont {{anchor|schizobiont}} }}
{{defn|A [[Biology:Bacterium|bacterium]] that lives in or is associated with a lichen {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Scott|1957|page=487}} }}

{{Term|schizotremoid |content=schizotremoid {{anchor|schizotremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Schizotremoid lichens lack apothecia and have {{gli|schizidia}}, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Stegobolus|Stegobolus]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|Schweinitzii-red |content=Schweinitzii-red {{anchor|Schweinitzii-red}} }}
{{defn|A dark red insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Bacidia schweinitzii''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=582}} }}

{{Term|scleroplectenchyma |content=scleroplectenchyma {{anchor|scleroplectenchyma|scleroplectenchymata|scleroplectenchymatous}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''scleroplectenchymata'''.'' A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} comprising thick-walled {{gli|hyphae}} that are stuck closely together; present as a component of the {{gli|stereoma}} tissue supporting the {{gli|thallus}} in the genera ''[[Biology:Cladonia|Cladonia]]'' and ''[[Biology:Alectoria (fungus)|Alectoria]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=567}} }}

{{Term|scrobiculate |content=scrobiculate {{anchor|scrobiculate}} }}
{{defn|Having large, shallow depressions that are narrowly separated by rounded ridges.{{sfn|Moncada|Lücking|Betancourt-Macuase|2013|page=2015}} ''Compare: {{gli|faveolate}}, {{gli|foveolate}}.'' }}

[[File:Cladonia fimbriata 1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.4|Cup-shaped {{gli|scyphi}} atop the {{gli|podetia}} of ''[[Biology:Cladonia fimbriata|Cladonia fimbriata]]'']]
{{Term|scyphus |content=scyphus {{anchor|scyphus|scyphi}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''scyphi'''.'' The cup-shaped part at the tip of a lichenized {{gli|podetium}}, common in the genus ''[[Biology:Cladonia|Cladonia]]''.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=627}} The term was first used by [[Biography:Johann Jacob Dillenius|Johann Dillenius]] in 1742, and later adopted by [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|scutiform |content=scutiform}}
{{defn|''See {{gli|peltate}}.''}}

{{Term|secondary species |content=secondary species {{anchor|secondary species}} }}
{{defn|The sexually infertile member of a {{gli|species pair}} that only reproduces {{gli|vegetative reproduction|vegetatively}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=646}} }}

{{Term|secondary thallus |content=secondary thallus}}
{{defn|''See '''{{gli|cladoniiform lichen}}'''.''}}

{{Term|Sedifolia-gray |content=Sedifolia-gray {{anchor|Sedifolia-gray|Sedifolia-grey}} }}
{{defn|A blackish-gray to gray-green insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Toninia sedifolia''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=581}} }}

{{Term|segment |content=segment {{anchor|segment|segments}} }}
{{defn|A section of a {{gli|branch}} that is demarcated by an annular (ring-like) crack.{{sfn|Randlane|Tõrra|Saag|Saag|2009|page=423}} }}

{{Term|septum |content=septum {{anchor|septum|septa}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Septum}}
{{defn|A wall or partition in a {{gli|hypha}}, cell, or [[Biology:Spore|spore]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=574}} }}

{{Term|seriate |content=seriate {{anchor|seriate}} }}
{{defn|Arranged in rows.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Seriate page: Seriate]}} }}

{{Term|sessile |content=sessile {{anchor|sessile|sessility}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Sessility (botany)}}
{{defn|Lacking a stem.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=632}} A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to {{gli|ascomata}} and {{gli|pseudostromata}} that are more than 3/4 above the level of the {{gli|thallus}}, with a constricted base.{{sfn|Aptroot|Lücking|2016|page=774}} }}

{{Term|sigmoid |content=sigmoid {{anchor|sigmoid}} }}
{{defn|Curved upon itself twice, like the letter "S".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=580}} }}

{{Term|simple |content=simple {{anchor|simple}} }}
{{defn|Lacking branches or divisions; in lichenology, it is used to describe structures such as {{gli|thalli}} or {{gli|rhizines}}, or {{gli|spores}} without {{gli|septa}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=581}} }}

{{Term|siphuloid |content=siphuloid {{anchor|siphuloid}} }}
{{defn|An informal growth form category applied to lichen genera with a superficially similar {{gli|foliose}} to {{gli|fruticose}} morphology, notably ''[[Biology:Siphula|Siphula]]'', ''[[Biology:Siphulella|Siphulella]]'', ''Siphulopsis'', ''[[Biology:Parasiphula|Parasiphula]]'', and ''Knightiellastrum''.{{sfn|Kantvilas|2023|page=}} }}

{{Term|soleiform |content=soleiform {{anchor|soleiform}} }}
{{defn|Shaped like the sole of a shoe, with a flat, elongated, and slightly curved appearance.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=373}} }}

[[File:Flavoparmelia caperata (40545603852).jpg|thumb|right|An accumulation of granular {{gli|soredia}} is evident on the inner lobe margin {{gli|soralia}} of this ''[[Biology:Flavoparmelia caperata|Flavoparmelia caperata]]''.]]
{{Term|soralium |content=soralium {{anchor|soralium|soralia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''soralia'''.'' A part of the {{gli|thallus}} where the {{gli|cortex}} has cracked or broken down and {{gli|soredia}} are produced. Soralia can be further characterized as ''diffuse'' if they are spread out on the upper thallus surface as a continuous layer, or ''delimited'' if they are confined to a more restricted area. If soralia originate in tubercules they are ''tuberculate'', while they are ''fissural'' if they are created in fissures.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=586}} The term was proposed by [[Biography:Johannes Reinke|Johannes Reinke]] in 1895.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|sorediate |content=sorediate {{anchor|sorediate}} }}
{{defn|Having {{gli|soredia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=586}} }}

{{Term|sorediotremoid |content=sorediotremoid {{anchor|sorediotremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Sorediotremoid lichens lack apothecia and have {{gli|soralia}}, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera ''[[Biology:Myriotrema|Myriotrema]]'' and ''[[Biology:Ocellularia|Ocellularia]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|soredium |content=soredium {{anchor|soredium|soredia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''soredia'''.'' A powdery to granular reproductive [[Biology:Propagule|propagule]] that is not covered with a well-defined {{gli|cortex}} (in contrast to {{gli|isidia}}, and contains both algal ({{gli|photobiont}}) and fungal ({{gli|mycobiont}}) components.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=586}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|spathulate |content=spathulate {{anchor|spathulate}} }}
{{defn|Spoon-shaped.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=645}} }}

{{Term|species pair |content=species pair {{anchor|species pair}} }}
{{defn|Two lichen species that are identical [[Biology:Morphology|morphologically]], anatomically, and chemically, but can be distinguished by their [[Biology:Sexual reproduction|sexual]] versus asexual reproductive strategies; the fertile taxon is known as the primary species, while the {{gli|vegetative reproduction|vegetatively reproducing}} taxon is known as the secondary species.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=646}} The use of [[Biology:Molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] methods to analyze putative species pairs has shown that the underlying phylogenetic situation is more complex than had been assumed, and not necessarily correlated with reproductive strategy.{{sfn|Lücking|Leavitt|Hawksworth|2021}} }}

{{Term|spermogonium |content=spermogonium {{anchor|spermagone|spermagonium|spermogonium}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''spermagone''', '''spermagonium'''.'' In lichenology, an obsolete term for {{gli|pycnidium}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=647}} }}

{{Term|sphaeridium |content=sphaeridium}}
{{defn|''Plural '''sphaeridia''';'' ''see {{gli|capitulum}}.''}}

{{Term|spinule |content=spinule {{anchor|spinule|spinules}} }}
{{defn|A small spine; in some {{gli|fruticose}} lichens of the [[Biology:Lecanoromycetes|Lecanoromycetes]], it refers to a small cylindrical outgrowth, with a narrow base, in which the {{gli|central axis}} is not connected with the {{gli|central axis}} of the main branch.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=596}} }}

{{Term|spinulose |content=spinulose {{anchor|spinulose|spinulous}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''spinulous'''.'' Covered with or having small spines ({{gli|spinules}}) or spiny projections.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=596}} }}
[[File:Anzia colpodes - Flickr - pellaea (6).jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of the {{gli|spongiostratum}} on the {{gli|lobe}} undersides of ''[[Biology:Anzia colpodes|Anzia colpodes]]'']]
{{Term|spongiostratum |content=spongiostratum {{anchor|spongiostratum}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''spongiostrata'''.'' A spongy {{gli|hypothallus}} found on the lower {{gli|thallus}} surface of the genera ''[[Biology:Anzia|Anzia]]'' and ''[[Biology:Pannoparmelia|Pannoparmelia]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=598}}{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Spongiostratum page: Spongiostratum]}} }}

{{Term|sporodochium |content=sporodochium {{anchor|sporodochium|sporodochia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''sporodochia'''.'' A cushion-shaped {{gli|stroma}} consisting of short {{gli|conidiophores}} and {{gli|pseudoparenchyma}} that supports a spore mass.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=657}} }}

{{Term|sporomorph |content=sporomorph {{anchor|sporomorph|sporomorphs}} }}
{{defn|A lichen species that is extremely similar (or identical) in external morphology, anatomy, chemistry, and spore size to another, but that is placed in a different genus solely based on differences in spore septation and/or spore colour. The term was introduced by Michael Wirth and Mason Hale in their 1978 [[Monograph|monograph]] about the [[Biology:Graphidaceae|Graphidaceae]], a family in which sporomorphs are common.{{sfn|Wirth|Hale Jr.|1978|page=2|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53552188]}} }}
[[File:Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata (Müll. Arg.) Taylor 455890.jpg|thumb|right|In this {{gli|spot test}}, a red color resulting from the application of {{gli|C}} on ''Dirina massiliensis'' f. ''sorediata'' indicates the presence of erythrin.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|pages=383–384}}]]
{{Term|spot test |content=spot test {{anchor|spot test}} }}
{{Main|Chemistry:Spot test (lichen)}}
{{defn|A [[Chemistry:Spot analysis|spot analysis]] used to help identify lichens; it is performed by placing a drop of a [[Biology:Reagent|reagent]] on different parts of the lichen and noting any color change associated with application of the reagent. The four most common tests are {{gli|C}}, {{gli|K}}, {{gli|KC}}, and {{gli|PD}}.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|pages=633–634}} }}

{{Term|squamulose lichen |content=squamulose lichen {{anchor|squamulose|squamulose lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen with a {{gli|thallus}} made of numerous small scales or {{gli|lobes}}; intermediate in form between {{gli|crustose}} and {{gli|foliose}} lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=610}} }}

{{Term|squarrose |content=squarrose {{anchor|squarrose}} }}
{{defn|Brush-like, with many short, more or less perpendicular lateral branches. In lichenology, used to refer to {{gli|rhizine}} structure.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=763}} }}

{{Term|stegoboloid |content=stegoboloid {{anchor|stegoboloid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Stegoboloid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores; pore filled with irregular structures; black walls (viewed in microscopic [[Biology:Histology|section]]); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Stegobolus|Stegobolus]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|stereoma |content=stereoma {{anchor|stereoma|stereomata}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''stereomata'''.'' Tissue that provides support for the {{gli|thallus}} in some species of [[Biology:Lecanorales|Lecanorales]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=610}} ''See related: {{gli|scleroplectenchyma}}.'' }}

{{Term|stratified thallus |content=stratified thallus {{anchor|stratified|stratified thallus}} }}
{{defn|A {{gli|thallus}} that is divided into distinct layers (''strata'').{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=621}} ''See related: {{gli|heteromerous}}.'' }}

{{Term|stroma |content=stroma {{anchor|stroma|stromata}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Stroma (tissue)}}
{{defn|''Plural '''stromata'''.'' A dense mass of {{gli|vegetative}} {{gli|hyphae}} that supports spore-bearing structures.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=670}} In lichens, the stroma is often hard and carbonaceous.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=38}} }}

{{Term|sub- |content=sub-}}
{{defn|A prefix meaning "below", "under", "somewhat, or "almost".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=671}} Also used in front of names of [[Biology:Taxonomic rank|taxonomic rank]]s to indicate intermediate categories, e.g. [[Biology:Subspecies|subspecies]] or [[Biology:Subgenus|subgenus]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=625}} }}

{{Term|subhymenium |content=subhymenium {{anchor|subhymenium|subhymenial}} }}
{{defn|The tissue immediately below the {{gli|hymenium}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=671}} The term was first used by Gustaf Einar Du Rietz in 1945.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}}}}

{{Term|subiculum |content=subiculum {{anchor|subiculum|subicule|subicula}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''subicule'''.'' ''Plural '''subicula'''.'' A layer of loosely-compacted mycelia that covers the {{gli|substrate}} and cushions fruiting bodies such as {{gli|apothecia}} and {{gli|perithecia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=627}} The texture of the subiculum can be described as net-like, wool-like, or crust-like.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=671}} }}

{{Term|substrate |content=substrate {{anchor|substrate|substrates|substratum|substrata}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Substrate}}
{{Defn|''Also '''substratum'''; plural '''substrata'''.'' The surface or base upon which a lichen grows or is attached. Although the terms substratum and substrate are often used equivalently in lichenology, the latter term has different meanings in [[Biology:Microbiology|microbiology]] and in [[Biology:Enzymology|enzymology]].{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=672}} }}

{{Term|subulate |content=subulate {{anchor|subulate}} }}
{{defn|Slender and narrowing to a fine point; awl-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=629}} }}

{{Term|sulcate |content=sulcate {{anchor|sulcate}} }}
{{defn|With grooves or furrows.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=629}} }}

{{Term|Superba-brown |content=Superba-brown {{anchor|Superba-brown}} }}
{{defn|An orange-brown to ochre insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Porpidia superba''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=580}} }}

{{Term|superficial |content=superficial {{anchor|superficial}} }}
{{defn|On the surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=629}} }}


==T==
[[File:Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) A. Massal 409112.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Biology:Botanical name|species name]] of ''Ochrolechia tartarea'' refers to its coarse and fragmented surface.]]
{{Term|tartareous |content=tartareous {{anchor|tartareous|tartarean}} }}
{{Defn|''Also '''tartarean'''.'' Having a thick, rough, and crumbly surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=639}} }}

{{Term|taxon |content=taxon {{anchor|taxon|taxa}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Taxon}}
{{Defn|''Plural '''taxa'''.'' A [[Biology:Taxonomy|taxonomic]] group of any [[Biology:Taxonomic rank|rank]]; this includes [[Biology:Species|species]], [[Biology:Genus|genera]], families, etc., up to [[Biology:Kingdom|kingdom]] and even higher.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=639}} }}

{{Term|tenuitremoid |content=tenuitremoid {{anchor|tenuitremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Tenuitremoid lichens have immersed apothecia with small pores and a black margin; pore with “finger” (columella); black walls (viewed in microscopic [[Biology:Histology|section]]); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genus ''[[Biology:Clandestinotrema|Clandestinotrema]]''.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|tegulicolous lichen |content=tegulicolous lichen {{anchor|tegulicolous lichen}} }}
{{Defn|A lichen that lives on [[Engineering:Tile|tile]]s.{{sfn|Smith|1921|page=xxii}} In general, these are {{gli|calcicolous lichens}} or lichens that are indifferent as to their substrate.{{sfn|Smith|1921|page=24}} }}

{{Term|terebrate |content=terebrate {{anchor|terebrate}} }}
{{defn|A {{gli|thallus}} with widely spaced perforations.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=642}} }}

{{Term|terete |content=terete {{anchor|terete}} }}
{{defn|Describing a cylindrical or rod-like structure that is round in cross-section.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=373}} }}

{{Term|teretiform |content=teretiform {{anchor|teretiform}} }}
{{defn|Describing a shape that is nearly cylindrical or rod-like, similar to but not exactly {{gli|terete}}; circular in cross-section, gradually tapering towards one end.{{sfn|Thüs|Schultz|2009|page=21}} }}

{{Term|terricolous lichen |content=terricolous lichen {{anchor|terricolous|terricolous lichen}} }}
{{Defn|A lichen that grows on soil.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

[[File:Map Lichen - Rhizocarpon geographicum (22412165189).jpg|thumb|right|The {{gli|tessellated}} thallus of the map lichen, ''Rhizocarpon geographicum'']]
{{Term|tessellate |content=tessellate {{anchor|tessellate|tessellated}} }}
{{Main|Tessellation}}
{{Defn|As if formed of small squares or mosaics, like the {{gli|thallus}} of ''[[Biology:Rhizocarpon geographicum|Rhizocarpon geographicum]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=644}} }}

{{Term|thalline margin |content=thalline margin {{anchor|thalline margin|thalline margins|thalline exciple|excipulum thallinum}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''thalline exciple''', '''excipulum thallinum'''.'' A rim of tissue around the {{gli|disk}} of a {{gli|lecanorine}} {{gli|apothecium}}; this tissue, external to the inner {{gli|proper margin}}, is made of tissue with a structure similar to that of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|pages=250, 684}} The term "thalline margin" was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803; in 1825 Elias Fries changed the noun and called it "thalline exciple".{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|thallinocarp |content=thallinocarp {{anchor|thallinocarp}} }}
{{Defn|A type of {{gli|ascocarp}} characteristic of the genus ''[[Biology:Lichinella|Lichinella]]'' (family [[Biology:Lichinaceae|Lichinaceae]]); they form from indistinct swellings of the {{gli|thallus}}, with a [[Biology:Hymenium|hymenium]] covered by groups of algal cells.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=646}} }}

{{Term|thalloconidium |content=thalloconidium {{anchor|thalloconidium|thalloconidia}} }}
{{Defn|''Plural '''thalloconidia'''.'' A dark brown, smooth to wrinkled [[Biology:Propagule|propagule]] arising directly from a {{gli|thallus}}, particularly the lower {{gli|cortex}} and/or the {{gli|rhizines}}. They are found in some species of ''[[Biology:Umbilicaria|Umbilicaria]]'', and similar structures arise from the {{gli|prothallus}} of some species in the genera ''[[Biology:Protoparmelia|Protoparmelia]]'', ''[[Biology:Rhizoplaca|Rhizoplaca]]'', and ''[[Biology:Sporastatia|Sporastatia]]''. Thalloconidia have distinct cell layers in their walls, and comprise between 1 and about 2500 cells.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=647}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=684}} }}

{{Term|thalloid |content=thalloid {{anchor|thalloid}} }}
{{Defn|Similar to a {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=647}} }}

{{Term|thallospore |content=thallospore {{anchor|thallospore}} }}
{{Defn|An asexual spore produced directly in the {{gli|thallus}} or in [[Biology:Mycelium|mycelium]].{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=647}} In lichens, they are primarily associated with the genus ''[[Biology:Umbilicaria|Umbilicaria]]'', although they also occur in some {{gli|crustose lichens}}.{{sfn|Poelt|Obermayer|1990}} }}

{{Term|thallus |content=thallus {{anchor|thallus|thalli}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Thallus}}
{{Defn|''Plural '''thalli'''.'' The body of a lichen,{{sfn|Kantvilas|Jarman|1999|p=206}} made up of both fungal and algal or cyanobacterial cells.{{sfn|Dobson|2011|p=482}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|thallyle |content=thallyle {{anchor|thallyle}} }}
{{defn|A small thallus that originates from {{gli|rhizomorphs}}; typically associated with the genus ''[[Biology:Umbilicaria|Umbilicaria]]''.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=373}} }}

{{Term|thecium |content=thecium {{anchor|thecium|thecia}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''thecia'''.'' The part of an {{gli|apothecium}} that contains the {{gli|asci}} and is situated between the {{gli|epithecium}} and the {{gli|hypothecium}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=685}} The term is alternatively used more generally to refer to any fruit body that is delimited by a proper wall (i.e., containing only fungal cells), or, as equivalent to {{gli|hymenium}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=647}} This last usage was first employed by William Nylander in 1853.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} ''See related: {{gli|apothecium}}, {{gli|amphithecium}}, {{gli|hamathecium}}, {{gli|parathecium}}, {{gli|perithecium}}.'' }}

[[File:Thelotrema lepadinum 127609729.jpg|thumb|right|''Thelotrema lepadinum'' is a {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichen.]]

{{Term|thelotremoid |content=thelotremoid {{anchor|thelotremoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphological group of lichens within the [[Biology:Graphidaceae|Graphidaceae]], the largest family of {{gli|crustose lichens}}.{{sfn|Papong|Boonpragob|Mangold|Divakar|2010|page=131}} Thelotremoid lichens are characterized by immersed-{{gli|erumpent}}, rounded {{gli|ascomata}}, non-branched to slightly branched {{gli|paraphyses}}, mostly {{gli|distoseptate}} ascospores, and mostly a {{gli|prosoplectenchymatous}} {{gli|excipulum}}. Thelotremataceae, a traditional family of lichens, has been included in Graphidaceae, and its species are now informally accepted as thelotremoid lichens.{{sfn|Papong|Boonpragob|Mangold|Divakar|2010|page=131}} }}

{{Term|tholus |content=tholus {{anchor|tholus|tholi|dome|domes}} }}
{{Defn|''Plural '''tholi'''.'' ''Also '''dome'''.'' The apical, often thickened part of the inner wall in a {{gli|bitunicate|bitunicate ascus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=171}} }}

{{Term|tomentum |tomentum {{anchor|tomentum|tomenta|tomentose}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''tomenta'''. Also defined: '''tomentose'''.'' A layer of short interwoven or coiled fungal {{gli|hyphae}} with a texture similar to velvet. In lichens, the tomentum projects from the lower {{gli|cortex}} and serves to help it attach to its {{gli|substrate}}. Structures with this type of hyphae are called tomentose.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=653}} Tomentose surfaces are found in {{gli|foliose}} genera such as ''[[Biology:Lobaria|Lobaria]]'', ''[[Biology:Pseudocyphellaria|Pseudocyphellaria]]'', and ''[[Biology:Sticta|Sticta]]''.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=54}} }}

{{Term|topeliopsidoid |content=topeliopsidoid {{anchor|topeliopsidoid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. It pertains to lichens where the apothecia are either prominent or {{gli|sessile}}, often hidden between the {{gli|substratum}}, and they open with multiple, typically regular "teeth" that stay relatively curved over the hardly visible {{gli|disk}}. The margins tend to peel off, meaning the overlaying thallus cortex separates from the underlying marginal thallus tissue, but no distinct, clean split between thallus margin and {{gli|excipulum}} is formed. This morphotype is seen in species like ''Chapsa meridensis'' and ''[[Biology:Topeliopsis|Topeliopsis]]''.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|pages=146–147}} }}

{{Term|trabecula |content=trabecula {{anchor|teabecula|trabeculae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''trabeculae'''.'' In the genus ''[[Biology:Umbilicaria|Umbilicaria]]'', they are rib- or strap-shaped structures radiating outward from the {{gli|umbilicus}} that merge towards the mid-zone of the {{gli|thallus}} undersurface.{{sfn|Krzewicka|2004|page=7}} }}

{{Term|trentepohlioid |content=trentepohlioid {{anchor|trentepohlioid}} }}
{{Defn|Resembling or belonging to the green algal genus ''[[Biology:Trentepohlia (alga)|Trentepohlia]]''; trentepohlioid cells are filamentous (elongated and cylindrical), multicellular, and have a yellow to orange colour.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[https://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Trentepohlioid page: Trentepohlioid]}} }}

{{Term|trebouxioid |content=trebouxioid {{anchor|trebouxioid}} }}
{{Defn|Resembling or belonging to the green algal genus ''[[Biology:Trebouxia|Trebouxia]]''; trebouxioid cells are {{gli|globose}} with a single central [[Biology:Chloroplast|chloroplast]].{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[https://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Trebouxioid page: Trebouxioid]}} }}

{{Term|triguttulate |content=triguttulate {{anchor|biguttulate}} }}
{{Defn|Containing three oil droplets (''guttules'').{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=262}} }}

{{Term|tripartite lichen |content=tripartite lichen {{anchor|tripartite|tripartite lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen with a three-partner symbiotic association of {{gli|mycobiont}}, {{gli|photobiont}}, and {{gli|cyanobiont}}.{{sfn|Nelsen|Lücking|Boyce|Lumbsch|2020|page=21496}}  ''See related: {{gli|bipartite lichen}}.'' }}

{{Term|tuberculate |content=tuberculate {{anchor|tuberculate|tubercular}} }}
{{Defn|''Also '''tubercular'''.'' Covered with {{gli|tubercules}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=663}} }}

{{Term|tubercule |content=tubercule {{anchor|tubercule|tubercle}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''tubercle'''.'' A small rounded wart-like projection on a surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=663}} }}


==U==
[[File:Umbilicaria phaea - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Biology:Umbilicaria phaea|Umbilicaria phaea]]'' is a {{gli|saxicolous}}, {{gli|umbilicate}} lichen.]]
{{Term|umbilicate lichen |content=umbilicate lichen {{anchor|umbilicate|umbilicate lichen}} }}
{{defn|''Also defined: '''funiculus''', '''umbilicus''', '''umbilical cord'''.'' A lichen with a concave, circular, leafy {{gli|thallus}} that is joined to its {{gli|substrate}} only by its central part, called an umbilicus, umbilical cord or funiculus.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=43}}{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=669}} }}

{{Term|unciform |content=unciform {{anchor|unciform}} }}
{{defn|Hook-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=670}} }}

{{Term|undulate |content=undulate {{anchor|undulate}} }}
{{defn|Having a wavy form, margin, or surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=671}} }}

{{Term|uni- |content=uni-}}
{{defn|A prefix meaning "one"; equivalent to the prefix "mono-".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=673}} }}

{{Term|uniguttulate |content=uniguttulate {{anchor|uniguttulate}} }}
{{defn|Containing a single oil droplet (''guttule'').{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=673}} }}

{{Term|unilocular |content=unilocular}}
{{defn|Containing a single cavity or {{gli|locule}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=673}} }}

{{Term|uniseriate |content=uniseriate {{anchor|uniseriate}} }}
{{defn|Lined up in a single row.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=674}} }}

{{Term|unitunicate |content=unitunicate {{anchor|unitunicate}} }}
{{defn|A type of {{gli|ascus}} with a single functional layer; the rigid internal and external wall layers do not separate during release of the {{gli|ascospores}}. Most ascomycetes have unitunicate asci.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=674}} }}

{{Term|urceolarioid |content=urceolarioid {{anchor|urceolarioid}} }}
{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. In this, the fruiting bodies are noticeable to {{gli|sessile}} and have a narrow pore with a smooth margin, through which the {{gli|disk}} and {{gli|excipulum}} are not visible. This morphotype can be observed in ''Thelotrema isidiophorum'', ''T.&nbsp;subweberi'', and ''T. weberi''.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|page=147}} }}

[[File:Conotrema urceolatum-2.jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of the {{gli|urceolate}} apothecia of ''Stictis urceolata'']]
{{Term|urceolate |content=urceolate {{anchor|urceolate}} }}
{{defn|Deeply cup-shaped or [[Engineering:Urn|urn]]-shaped; in lichens, the term is used to describe some {{gli|apothecia}} with a sunken {{gli|hymenium}} and elevated {{gli|parathecium}} that forms a narrow mouth.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=675}} }}

{{Term|usneoid lichen |content=usneoid lichen {{anchor|usneoid|usneoid lichen|usneoid lichens}} }}
{{defn|An informal growth form category used for {{gli|fruticose}} lichens with an elastic {{gli|central axis}} in the {{gli|medulla}}; these features are characteristic of lichens in the genera ''[[Biology:Dolichousnea|Dolichousnea]]'' and ''[[Biology:Usnea|Usnea]]''.{{sfn|Thell|Crespo|Divakar|Kärnefelt|2012|page=655}} }}

{{Term|UV test |convent=UV test {{anchor|UV test|UV|UV+|UV−}} }}
{{defn|A lichen test performed by shining a long-wavelength [[Physics:Ultraviolet|ultraviolet]] light (350&nbsp;[[Nanometre|nm]]) at a lichen structure to check if it fluoresces; a positive test (abbreviated as UV+) indicates the presence of certain lichen products. [[Chemistry:Xanthone|Xanthone]] compounds in the {{gli|cortex}} tend to fluoresce yellow, orange, or red, while [[Chemistry:Depside|depside]]s and [[Biology:Depsidone|depsidone]]s in the {{gli|medulla}} fluoresce blue to white.{{sfn|Orange|James|White|2001|pages=10, 47}} }}


==V==
[[File:Peltigera membranacea 834191.jpg|upright=0.7|thumb|right|{{gli|Veins}} on the underside of ''[[Biology:Peltigera membranacea|Peltigera membranacea]]'']]
{{Term|vagrant |content=vagrant {{anchor|vagrant|vagrant lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen not attached to a {{gli|substrate}}, typically able to be blown around by wind.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=46}} }}

{{Term|vegetative |content=vegetative {{anchor|vegetative|assimilative}} }}
{{defn|''Also '''assimilative'''.'' Having to do with the growth phase of an organism before reproduction, including spore germination, growth, development and asexual multiplication.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=682}} }}

{{Term|vegetative reproduction |content=vegetative reproduction {{anchor|vegetative reproduction|vegetative multiplication}} }}
{{Main|Biology:Vegetative reproduction}}

{{defn|''Also '''vegetative multiplication'''.'' Any form of asexual reproduction;{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=682}} in lichens, this can involve just the {{gli|mycobiont}} (as with {{gli|thalloconidia}}), or both the {{gli|mycobiont}} and {{gli|photobiont}}, as with {{gli|blastidia}}, {{gli|isidia}}, and {{gli|soredia}}. }}

{{Term|vein |content=vein {{anchor|vein|veins}} }}
{{defn|A cord of tissue on the underside of a {{gli|foliose}} {{gli|thallus}}, common in the genus ''[[Biology:Peltigera|Peltigera]]''.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=683}} }}

{{Term|verruca |content=verruca {{anchor|verruca|verrucae}} }}
{{defn|''Plural '''verrucae'''.'' A small, cone-shaped protuberance, like a small wart.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=687}} }}

{{Term|Verrucarioides-brown |content=Verrucarioides-brown {{anchor|Verrucarioides-brown}} }}
{{defn|A dull brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species ''Toninia verrucarioides''.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=580}} }}

{{Term|verruciform |content=verruciform {{anchor|verruciform}} }}
{{defn|Having a wart-like shape.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Verruciform page: Verruciform]}} }}

{{Term|verrucose |content=verrucose {{anchor|verrucose}} }}
{{defn|A rough surface covered with {{gli|verrucae}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=687}} }}

{{Term|verruculose |content=verruculose {{anchor|verruculose}} }}
{{defn|A surface covered with tiny {{gli|verrucae}}; delicately {{gli|verrucose}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=724}} }}

{{Term|vitricolous lichen|content=vitricolous lichen {{anchor|vitricolous|vitricolous lichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen that grows on glass.{{sfn|Australian National Herbarium|ref=Vitricolous}} }}

{{Term|voucher |content=voucher {{anchor|voucher}} }}
{{defn|A museum specimen that corresponds to a [[Scientific collection|field collection]].{{sfn|Tripp|2017|page=152}} }}


==X==
{{Term|xantho- |content=xantho-}}
{{defn|''Also '''xanth-'''.'' A prefix used to indicate the color yellow.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=700}} }}
[[File:Verrucaria funckii 603249.jpg|thumb|right|The {{gli|saxicolous}}, {{gli|crustose}} species ''Verrucaria funckii'' is a {{gli|xantholichen}}.]]
{{Term|xantholichen |content=xantholichen {{anchor|xantholichen}} }}
{{defn|A lichen in which the {{gli|photobiont}} partner is [[Biology:Yellow-green algae|yellow-green algae]] (class Xanthophyceae); an example is the lichen formed by the fungus ''[[Biology:Verrucaria funckii|Verrucaria funckii]]'' and the yellow-green alga ''Heterococcus caespitosus''.{{sfn|Sanders|2004|page=269}} }}


==Z==
{{Term|zeorine |content=zeorine {{anchor|zeorine}} }}
{{defn|An {{gli|apothecium}} with both a {{gli|thalline exciple}} and a {{gli|proper exciple}}. The term refers to apothecia characteristic of ''Zeora'',{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=742}} a defunct genus that is now [[Biology:Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with ''[[Biology:Lecanora|Lecanora]]'';<ref>{{cite web |title=Record Details: ''Zeora'' Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 244 (1825) |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=5865 |publisher=[[Biology:Index Fungorum|Index Fungorum]] |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> consequently, the term is more or less obsolete and is equivalent to {{gli|lecanorine}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Zeorine page: Zeorine]
}} }}

{{Term|zonate |content=zonate {{anchor|zonate}} }}
{{defn|Having concentric lines that form alternating light and dark zones near the {{gli|thallus}} margin of a {{gli|crustose lichen}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=437}} }}


==See also==
{{Main|Biology:Outline of lichens}}

* Glossary of biology
* [[Biology:Glossary of mycology|Glossary of mycology]]
* [[Biology:Glossary of scientific naming|Glossary of scientific naming]]
* [[Biology:List of common names of lichen genera|List of common names of lichen genera]]
* List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
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* {{cite web |title=Definition of phycobiont |year=2022b |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/phycobiont |publisher=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=23 July 2022 |ref=CED phycobiont}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Wirth |first1=M. |first2=M.E. |last2=Hale Jr. |year=1978 |title=Morden-Smithsonian Expedition to Dominica: The Lichens (Graphidaceae) |series=Smithsonian Contributions to Botany |volume=40 |pages=1–64 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53552184}} 

{{refend}}

[[Category:Lichens]]

{{Sourceattribution|Glossary of lichen terms}}