View source for Biology:Grapefruit

{{Short description|Citrus fruit}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Grapefruit
| image = Grapefruits - whole-halved-segments.jpg
| genus = Citrus
| species = × aurantium f. aurantium
| authority = 
| synonyms = Citrus × paradisi Macfad.
}}

The '''grapefruit''' ('''''Citrus'' × ''aurantium'' f. ''aurantium'''''<nowiki/>'', Syn: '''Citrus''''' '''× ''paradisi''''') is a subtropical [[Biology:Citrus|citrus]] tree known for its relatively large, [[Biology:Taste#Sourness|sour]] to semi-sweet, somewhat [[Biology:Taste#Bitterness|bitter]] fruit.<ref name="morton">{{cite web |author=Morton, Julia Frances |title=Grapefruit, ''Citrus paradisi'', In: Fruits of Warm Climates |pages=152–158 |publisher=NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2 |oclc=16947184 |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html |access-date=2003-03-28 |archive-date=2000-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001006072046/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The interior flesh is segmented and varies in color from pale yellow to dark pink/red.

Grapefruit is a citrus [[Biology:Hybrid|hybrid]] that originated in Barbados in the 18th century. It is an accidental cross between the [[Biology:Citrus × sinensis|sweet orange]] (''C.'' × ''sinensis'') and the [[Biology:Pomelo|pomelo]] or shaddock (''C. maxima''), both of which were introduced from Asia in the 17th century.<ref name="Carrington & Fraser">{{cite book |last1=Carrington |first1=Sean |last2=Fraser |first2=Henry C. |title=A~Z of Barbados Heritage |year=2003 |publisher=Macmillan Caribbean |isbn=978-0-333-92068-8 |pages=90–91 |chapter=Grapefruit |quote=One of many citrus species grown in Barbados. This fruit is believed to have originated in Barbados as a natural cross between sweet orange (''C. sinesis'') and pomelo (''C. grandis''), both of which originated in Asia and were introduced by Europeans in the 17th century. The grapefruit first appeared as an illustration entitled 'The Forbidden Fruit Tree' in ''The Natural History of Barbados'' (1750) by Rev. Griffith Hughes. This accords with the scientific name, which literally is 'citrus of paradise'. The fruit seems to have been fairly commonly available around that time, since George Washington in his Barbados Journal (1750-1751) mentions 'the Forbidden Fruit' as one of the local fruit available at a dinner party he attended. The plant was later described in the 1837 ''Flora of Jamaica'' as the Barbados Grapefruit. The historical arguments and experimental work on leaf enzymes and oils from possible parents all support a Barbadian origin for the fruit.}}</ref> It has also been called the ''[[Religion:Forbidden fruit|forbidden fruit]]''.<ref name=morton/> In the past it was referred to as the ''pomelo'',<ref>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1973) defines "pomelo" simply as "The grapefruit".</ref> but that term is now mostly used as the common name for ''Citrus maxima''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Li|first=Xiaomeng|author2=Xie R.|author3=Lu Z.|author4=Zhou Z.|title=The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints|journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science|date=July 2010|volume=135|issue=4|page=341|doi=10.21273/JASHS.135.4.341|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Grapefruit.ebola.jpeg|thumb|Grapefruit growing in the grape-like clusters from which their name may derive]]
The evergreen grapefruit trees usually grow to around {{convert|5|–|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, although they may reach {{convert|13|–|15|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=morton/> The leaves are long (up to {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}}), thin, glossy, and dark green. They produce {{convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} white four or five petaled flowers. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned and generally an oblate spheroid in shape; it ranges in diameter from {{convert|10|to|15|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Its flesh is segmented and acidic, varying in color depending on the [[Biology:Cultivar|cultivar]]s, which include white, pink, and red pulps of varying sweetness (generally, the redder varieties are the sweetest).<ref name=morton/> The 1929 U.S. 'Ruby Red'<ref name=morton/> (of the 'Redblush' variety) was the first grapefruit [[Social:Patent|patent]].<ref name="txsweet">[http://www.texasweet.com/About-Texas-Citrus/Texas-Grapefruit-History Texas grapefruit history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128162502/http://texasweet.com/About-Texas-Citrus/Texas-Grapefruit-History |date=2010-11-28 }}, TexaSweet. Retrieved 2 July 2008.</ref> Grapefruits are one of the most common hosts for fruit flies such as ''[[Biology:Anastrepha suspensa|A. suspensa]]'', which lay their eggs in overripe or spoiled grapefruits.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Whervin|first=L. Walter|date=March 1974|title=Some Fruitflies (Tephritidae) in Jamaica|journal=PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries|volume=20|issue=1|pages=11–19|doi=10.1080/09670877409412331|issn=0030-7793}}</ref> The larvae of these flies then consume the fruit to gain nutrients until they can proceed into the pupae stage. This parasitism has led to millions in economic costs for nations in Central America and southern North America.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fruit fly pests: a world assessment of their biology and management|vauthors=McPheron, BA, Steck GJ|date=1996|publisher=St. Lucie Press|location=St. Lucie, Florida|isbn=1574440144|oclc=34343237}}</ref>

===Varieties===
The varieties of Texas and Florida grapefruit include: 'Duncan', 'Flame', 'Henderson', 'Hudson', 'Marsh', 'Oro Blanco', 'Pink', 'Pummelo HB', 'Ray', 'Rio Star', 'Ruby Red', 'Star Ruby', 'Thompson', 'Triumph', 'Walters', 'White Marsh'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gofloridagrapefruit.com/florida-grown/ |title=Go Florida Grapefruit |publisher=Go Florida Grapefruit |access-date=2011-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910120645/http://www.gofloridagrapefruit.com/florida-grown/ |archive-date=2011-09-10 }}</ref>

[[File:Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit, pink) white bg.jpg|thumb|left|"Red" grapefruit]]

{{anchor|Ruby Red}}The 1929 'Ruby Red' (or 'Redblush') patent was associated with real commercial success, which came after the discovery of a red grapefruit growing on a pink variety.<ref name=morton/> It was a [[Biology:Sport (botany)|limb sport]] of a 'Thompson' grapefruit selected by A.E. Henninger. The 'Thompson' was a limb sport from a 'Marsh' grapefruit selected in 1913. The Texas Legislature designated this grapefruit variety the official "State Fruit of Texas" in 1993.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hatch |first1=Rosie (Ed.) |title=Texas Almanac 2022-2023 |date=2022 |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |location=Austin, Texas |isbn=9781625110664 |page=21}}</ref>

Using [[Biology:Atomic gardening|radiation to trigger mutations]], new varieties were developed to retain the red tones that typically faded to pink.<ref>{{cite news |author=William J Broad |title=Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |date=28 August 2007 |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201131515/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin |url-status=live }}</ref> The 'Rio Red' variety is a 1984 registered Texas grapefruit with registered trademarks ''Rio Star'' and ''Ruby-Sweet'', also sometimes promoted as ''Reddest'' and ''Texas Choice''. The 'Rio Red' is a [[Biology:Mutation breeding|mutation-bred]] variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide adaptation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mvgs.iaea.org/Search.aspx?ID=282|title=MVD|website=mvgs.iaea.org|access-date=2017-03-30|archive-date=2014-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319233559/http://mvgs.iaea.org/Search.aspx?ID=282|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.<ref name=morton/> Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit ('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahloowalia |first1=B.S. |last2=Maluszynski |first2=M. |last3=Nichterlein |first3=K. |date=2004 |title=Global impact of mutation-derived varieties |journal=Euphytica |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=187–204 |doi=10.1023/B:EUPH.0000014914.85465.4f |s2cid=34494057 }}</ref> it has found limited commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/grapefruit.htm|title=Home fruit Production-Grapefruit|last=Sauls|first=Julian W.|year=1998|access-date=2013-07-22|archive-date=2013-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730035626/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/grapefruit.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/starruby.html|title=Star Ruby grapefruit|author=Citrus Variety Collection|access-date=2013-07-22|archive-date=2013-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619074412/http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/starruby.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Nutrition==
{{Nutritional value
| name=Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas
| kJ=138
| protein=0.8 g
| fat=0.10 g
| water=90.48 g
| carbs=8.41 g
| fiber=1.1 g
| sugars=7.31 g
| glucose=
| fructose=
| iron_mg=0.06
| manganese_mg=0.013
| calcium_mg=12
| magnesium_mg=9
| phosphorus_mg=8
| potassium_mg=148
| zinc_mg=0.07
| vitC_mg=33.3
| pantothenic_mg=0.283
| vitB6_mg=0.043
| folate_ug=10
| choline_mg=7.7
| thiamin_mg=0.037
| riboflavin_mg=0.020
| niacin_mg=0.269
| vitE_mg=0.13
| source_usda=1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1102591/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
Raw white grapefruit is 90% water, 8% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g}}, raw grapefruit provides 33 kilocalories and is a rich source of [[Biology:Vitamin C|vitamin C]] (40% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant content. Grapefruit juice contains about half the [[Chemistry:Citric acid|citric acid]] of [[Biology:Lime (fruit)|lime]] or [[Biology:Lemon|lemon]] juice, and about 50% more citric acid than orange juice.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG | title=Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products | journal=Journal of Endourology | volume=22 | issue=3 | year=2008 | pmid=18290732 | pages = 567–570 | doi = 10.1089/end.2007.0304 | pmc=2637791}}</ref>
[[File:Caramelized Grapefruit at Palace Diner in Biddeford ME.jpg|thumb|Caramelized grapefruit served at a diner]]

==Uses==
===Culinary===
In Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering them as sweets; they are also stuffed with ''dulce de leche'', resulting in a dessert called ''toronja rellena'' (stuffed grapefruit).<ref>{{cite book|editor=Ben Box|others=Sarah Cameron, Sebastian Ballard|title=1994 Mexico & Central America Handbook|edition=4|year=1993|publisher=Trade and Travel Publications Ltd|location=Bath, England|language=en|isbn=978-0900751462|page=682|chapter=Costa Rica - The Meseta Central}}</ref> In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (''jus de Chadèque''), but also is used to make jam (''confiture de Chadèque'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memoireonline.com/03/09/2031/Standardisation-dune-formulation-de-confiture-de-chadeque-et-evaluation-des-parametres-physico-chim.html|title=Standardisation d'une formulation de confiture de chadèque et évaluation des paramètres physico-chimiques, microbiologiques et sensoriels|editor=Monrose, Gregory Salomon|publisher=Université d'Etat d'Haiti (UEH / FAMV) - Ingenieur Agronome 2009|via=Memoire Online|access-date=5 June 2017|language=fr|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607105620/http://www.memoireonline.com/03/09/2031/Standardisation-dune-formulation-de-confiture-de-chadeque-et-evaluation-des-parametres-physico-chim.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Bidault, Blandine|editor2=Gattegno, Isabelle |page=46 |year=1984 |title=Le point sur la transformation des fruits tropicaux. |publisher=Groupe de recherche et d'echanges technologiques (GRET) |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref>

Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart, resulting from composition of sugars (mainly [[Chemistry:Sucrose|sucrose]]), organic acids (mainly citric acid), and [[Chemistry:Monoterpene|monoterpene]]s and [[Chemistry:Sesquiterpene|sesquiterpene]]s providing aromas.<ref name="Zheng">{{cite journal | last1=Zheng | first1=Huiwen | last2=Zhang | first2=Qiuyun | last3=Quan | first3=Junping | last4=Zheng | first4=Qiao | last5=Xi | first5=Wanpeng | title=Determination of sugars, organic acids, aroma components, and carotenoids in grapefruit pulps | journal=Food Chemistry | volume=205 | year=2016 | issn=0308-8146 | doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.007 | pages=112–121|pmid=27006221| s2cid=41172984 }}</ref> [[Chemistry:Grapefruit mercaptan|Grapefruit mercaptan]], a [[Chemistry:Sulfur|sulfur]]-containing [[Biology:Terpene|terpene]], is one of the [[Chemistry:Aroma compound|aroma compound]]s influencing taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.<ref name="Andrea_Buettner_and_Peter_Schieberle">{{cite journal| title= Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (''Citrus paradisi Macfayden'') | author1=A. Buettner |author2=P. Schieberle |journal= J. Agric. Food Chem. | year= 1999 | volume= 47 | pages= 5189–5193 | doi= 10.1021/jf990071l | pmid= 10606593 | issue= 12}}</ref>

==Drug interactions==
{{Main|Chemistry:Grapefruit–drug interactions}}

Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to [[Medicine:Drug interaction|interact]] with numerous drugs, possibly resulting in [[Medicine:Adverse effect|adverse effect]]s.<ref name="BaileyDresser2012"/><ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Drug interactions with grapefruit juice |url=https://www.drugs.com/article/grapefruit-drug-interactions.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=24 July 2023 |date=18 May 2022}}</ref> Possible effects include abnormal heart rhythms, bleeding inside the stomach, low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and dizziness, among others.<ref name=drugs/>

One interaction occurs from grapefruit [[Chemistry:Furanocoumarin|furanocoumarin]]s, such as [[Chemistry:Bergamottin|bergamottin]] and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both flesh and peel. Furanocoumarins inhibit the [[Biology:CYP3A4|CYP3A4]] [[Biology:Enzyme|enzyme]] (among others from the P450 enzyme family responsible for metabolizing 90% of drugs). The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many medications.<ref name=drugs/> If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in the blood may become and remain high, leading to [[Medicine:Adverse effect|adverse effect]]s.<ref name="BaileyDresser2012"/><ref name=drugs/> On the other hand, some drugs must be metabolized to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced drug effects.<ref name="BaileyDresser2012"/><ref name=drugs/>

The other effect is that grapefruit compounds may inhibit the absorption of drugs in the intestine. If the drug is not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect. Each affected drug has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=How the "Don't take this medication with grapefruit juice" warning originated {{!}} Science-Based Medicine |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/how-the-dont-take-this-medication-with-grapefruit-juice-warning-originated/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=sciencebasedmedicine.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104121805/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/how-the-dont-take-this-medication-with-grapefruit-juice-warning-originated/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

One whole grapefruit or a glass of {{convert|200|ml|usoz|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose toxicity.<ref name="BaileyDresser2012">{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=D. G.|last2=Dresser|first2=G.|last3=Arnold|first3=J. M. O.|title=Grapefruit-medication interactions: Forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences?|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=185|issue=4|year=2012|pages=309–316|issn=0820-3946|doi=10.1503/cmaj.120951|pmid=23184849|pmc=3589309}}</ref> Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container or package insert.<ref name="BaileyDresser2012"/><ref name=drugs/>

==Production==
In 2021, world production of grapefruits (combined with pomelos) was 9.6 million tonnes, led by China with 54% of the world total (table). Secondary producers were Vietnam and Mexico.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Grapefruit production – 2021<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title= Grapefruit production in 2021, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2023|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
!  style="background:#ddf; | Country
!  style="background:#ddf; | Millions of [[Tonne|tonne]]s
|-
| {{CHN}} || 5.20
|-
| {{VIE}} || 1.03
|-
| {{MEX}} || 0.45
|-
| {{USA}} || 0.39
|-
| {{SAF}} || 0.35
|-
|'''World''' || 9.56
|-
| colspan="2" |<small>Source: FAOSTAT of the {{wipe|United Nations}}</small>
|}

==History==
Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Xiaomeng Li|author2=Rangjin Xie|author3=Zhenhua Lu|author4=Zhiqin Zhou|title=Genetic origin of cultivated citrus determined: Researchers find evidence of origins of orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, other citrus species|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110118101600.htm|website=Science Daily|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192729/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110118101600.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet orange (''Citrus sinensis''), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian pomelo (''C. maxima'').<ref name=morton/> Both ''C. sinensis'' and ''C. maxima'' were present in the West Indies by 1692. One story of the fruit's origin is that a certain "Captain Shaddock"<ref name=morton/> brought pomelo seeds to Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called ''shaddocks''.<ref name="culinaire">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080502135258/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JAW/is_87/ai_n25336559 Grapefruit: a fruit with a bit of a complex] in ''Art Culinaire'' (Winter, 2007)</ref> This apparently referred to a captain who traded in the West Indies in the 17th century.<ref name="Kumamoto">{{cite journal|last1=Kumamoto|first1=J.|last2=Scora|first2=R. W.|last3=Lawton|first3=H. W.|last4=Clerx|first4=W. A.|date=1987-01-01|title=Mystery of the forbidden fruit: Historical epilogue on the origin of the grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae)|journal=Economic Botany|volume=41|issue=1|pages=97–107|doi=10.1007/BF02859356|s2cid=42178548|issn=0013-0001}}</ref> The grapefruit then probably originated as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced there.<ref name=morton/><ref name="Carrington & Fraser"/>

{{Quote box
| align = right
| title = Forbidden-Fruit-Tree
| quote = <poem>
The Trunk, Leaves, and Flowers of this Tree, very much resemble
those of the Orange-tree.
The Fruit, when ripe, is something longer and larger than the largest
Orange; and exceeds, in the Delicacy of its Taste, the Fruit of every
Tree in this or any of our neighbouring Islands.
It hath somewhat of the Taste of a [[Biology:Pomelo|Shaddock]]; but far exceeds that, as
well as the best Orange, in its delicious Taste and Flavour.
</poem>
| source = —Description from Hughes' 1750 ''Natural History of Barbados''
}}
A hybrid fruit, called ''forbidden fruit'', was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens from Barbados in ''The Natural History of Barbados''.<ref name=morton/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-gra3.htm|title=World Wide Words: Grapefruit|website=World Wide Words|access-date=2017-03-30|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203019/http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-gra3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.welchmanhallgullybarbados.com/index.php |title=Welchman Hall Gully, Barbados |author=Admin |year=2010 |publisher=Barbados National Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816070727/http://www.welchmanhallgullybarbados.com/index.php |archive-date=16 August 2010 |access-date=11 July 2010 |quote=The Development of the Gully - The Gully was once part of a plantation owned by a Welshman called General William Asygell Williams over 200 years ago. Hence the name "Welchman Hall" gully. It was this man who first developed the gully with exotic trees and an orchard. Interestingly, the grapefruit is originally from Barbados and is rumoured to have started in Welchman Hall Gully. |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may have been [[Biology:Forbidden fruit (citrus)|a plant distinct from grapefruit]] although still closely related to it.<ref name=Bowman>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Kim D. |last2=Gmitter |first2=Frederick Jr. |date=April 1990 |title=Forbidden Fruit (Citrus sp., Rutaceae) Rediscovered in Saint Lucia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255226 |journal=Economic Botany |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=165–173 |doi=10.1007/BF02860484 |jstor=4255226 |s2cid=33098910 |access-date=2022-04-11 |archive-date=2022-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411235306/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255226 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Kimball C. Atwood.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Kimball C. Atwood]]
In 1814, naturalist John Lunan published the term ''grapefruit'' to describe a similar Jamaican citrus plant.<ref name=culinaire/> Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (''[[Biology:Vitis vinifera|Vitis vinifera]]'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lunan |first1=John |title=Hortus Jamaicensis |date=1814 |publisher=St. Iago de la Vega Gazette |location=Jamaica |pages=171–173 |url=https://idtools.org/id/citrus/citrusid/factsheet.php?name=Grapefruits+%28Non-pigmented%29 |access-date=24 December 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727134410/http://idtools.org/id/citrus/citrusid/factsheet.php?name=Grapefruits+(Non-pigmented) |url-status=live }}</ref> An alternative explanation offered by Tussac (1824) is that this name may allude to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.<ref name="loc.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/agriculture/item/how-did-grapefruit-get-its-name-it-doesnt-look-like-a-grape/ |title=How did the grapefruit get its name? |website=Library of Congress |at=Everyday Mysteries |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127005023/https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/agriculture/item/how-did-grapefruit-get-its-name-it-doesnt-look-like-a-grape/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After this, authors of the period used both terms ''forbidden fruit'' and ''grapefruit'' as synonyms.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name ''Citrus paradisi'' by botanist James Macfadyen.<ref>Macfadyen, J 1830. Some remarks on the species of genus ''Citrus'' which are cultivated in Jamaica. ''Bot. Misc.'' 1:295–304.</ref> Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called ''forbidden fruit'', the other called ''Barbadoes Grape Fruit''. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with the Barbados grapefruit being piriform ([[Biology:Pear|pear]] shaped) while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis." Macfadyen's and Hughes's description differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant. Kumamoto et al. (1987) suggest that Hughes's golden orange was actually a grapefruit while his forbidden fruit was a different plant that had since became extinct and frequently confused with grapefruits. Later, Kim (1990) found a different citrus called ''forbidden fruit'' or ''shaddette'' in Saint Lucia that is closely related to grapefruits and may be the plant described by Hughes and Macfadyen.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The name ''grape-fruit'' was used more and more during the 19th century to refer to pomelos, to the consternation of some.<ref>{{cite book |title=Appendix to the Journals of the Senate and Assembly of the twenty-first Session of the Legislature of the State of California|publisher=Legislature of the State of California |volume=V |chapter=Report of the Secretary–the pomelo |location=Sacramento, California |year=1895 |page=65 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SNIAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA65 |quote=The pomelo is now marketed under the name “grape-fruit,” which is a misnomer. This is confusing and misleading. The name “grape-fruit” was given to this fruit in Florida, as it hangs on trees in clusters resembling the grape, but has no relation to it whatever. Growers and shippers should drop the name “grape-fruit” and apply to it the name ''pomelo'', which is popular, and botanically correct. |author1=California |access-date=2020-10-07 |archive-date=2023-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713194320/https://books.google.com/books?id=7SNIAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA65 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was brought to Florida by Count Odet Philippe in 1823, in what is now known as Safety Harbor.<ref name=morton/> Further crosses have produced the [[Biology:Tangelo|tangelo]] (1905), the Minneola tangelo (1931), and the oroblanco (1984). Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s. This led to the official name being altered to ''Citrus'' × ''paradisi'', the '''×''' identifying its hybrid origin.<ref name="Texas_Citrus">{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125112342/http://www.texasweet.com/texascitrus/grapefruit.html |date=2007-01-25|title=Texas Citrus: Puzzling Beginnings|}}</ref><ref name="University_of_Florida">University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. {{cite web |url= http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/CH/CH06300.pdf |title= Fact Sheet |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628190748/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/CH/CH06300.pdf |archive-date= 2007-06-28 }}</ref> An early pioneer in the American citrus industry was Kimball C. Atwood<!-- {{Q|109604748}} -->, a wealthy entrepreneur who founded the Atwood Grapefruit Company in the late 19th century. The Atwood Grove became the largest grapefruit grove in the world, with a yearly output of 80,000 boxes of fruit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20040816/NEWS/408160323?tc=ar |title=Manatee County a big part of citrus history |publisher=HeraldTribune.com |date=2004-08-16 |access-date=2011-12-17 |archive-date=2012-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012003951/http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20040816/NEWS/408160323?tc=ar |url-status=live }}</ref> There, pink grapefruit was first discovered in 1906.<ref name=morton/>

==Related citruses==
{{Main|Biology:Citrus taxonomy}}
Grapefruit is a pomelo backcross, a hybrid of pomelo and sweet orange, which is in turn a pomelo × [[Biology:Mandarin orange|mandarin]] hybrid.

The grapefruit is a parent to many hybrids:
* A tangelo is any hybrid of a [[Biology:Tangerine|tangerine]] and either a pomelo or a grapefruit
** '[[Biology:Tangelo#Minneola|Minneola]]': 'Duncan' grapefruit × 'Dancy' tangerine<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=1987|title=Tangelo; In: Fruits of Warm Climates|pages=158–160|first=Julia F.|last=Morton|location=Miami, Florida|isbn=0-9610184-1-0|url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/tangelo.html|access-date=2019-09-30|archive-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009023914/https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** ''Orlando'' (formerly ''Take''): Bowen grapefruit × 'Dancy' tangerine (pollen parent)<ref name=":0"/>
*** 'Fairchild' is a [[Biology:Clementine|clementine]] × 'Orlando' hybrid
** 'Seminole': 'Bowen' grapefruit × 'Dancy' tangerine<ref name=":0"/>
** 'Thornton': tangerine × grapefruit, unspecified<ref name=":0"/>
** 'Ugli': mandarin × grapefruit, probable (wild seedling)<ref name=":0"/>
** 'Nova' is a second-generation hybrid: clementine × 'Orlando' tangelo cross<ref name=":0"/>
* The 'Oroblanco' and 'Melogold' grapefruits are hybrids between pomelo (''C. maxima'') and the grapefruit
* The 'Triumph' grapefruit is thought to be a hybrid between a grapefruit and one of either an orange, a mandarin orange, or a pomelo

Related citrus fruits include:
* Common sweet orange: pomelo × mandarin hybrid
* [[Biology:Bitter orange|Bitter orange]]: a different pomelo × mandarin hybrid
* Mandelos: pomelo × mandarin 
* [[Biology:Hyuganatsu|Hyuganatsu]] may also be a pomelo hybrid
* [[Biology:Forbidden fruit (citrus)|Forbidden fruit]]: pomelo × orange hybrid found in Saint Lucia closely related to and historically confused with grapefruits

==See also==
* {{Annotated link|Grapefruit knife}} 
* {{Annotated link|Grapefruit spoon}} 
* {{Annotated link|Grapefruit–drug interactions}} 
* {{Annotated link|Naringenin}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Citrus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q41350}}

[[Category:Citrus]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]

{{Sourceattribution|Grapefruit}}