View source for Biology:HMS Astraea (1781)

{{short description|British Royal Navy frigate}}
{{other ships|HMS Astraea}}
<!-- -->
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=HMS Astraea and Gloire.jpg
|Ship caption=HMS ''Astraea'' captures the ''Gloire'', a print by Thomas Whitcombe
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=Great Britain
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Astraea''
|Ship ordered=7 May 1779
|Ship builder=Robert Fabian, East Cowes
|Ship laid down=September 1779
|Ship launched=24 July 1781
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=July 1781
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship honours=*Naval general Service Medal with clasps
*"Astraea 10 April 1795"<ref name=LG20939>{{London Gazette|issue=20939|page=237|date=26 January 1849}}</ref>
*"Egypt"<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21077|pages=791–792|date=15 March 1850}}</ref>
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Wrecked off [[Biology:Anegada|Anegada]], 23 March 1808
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Active|frigate}}
|Ship type=Fifth Rate frigate
|Ship tons burthen=703 {{small|{{frac|14|94}}}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|Ship length=*Gundeck: {{convert|126|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}
*Keel: {{convert|103|ft|7+3/8|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|35|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}} 
|Ship draught=
|Ship hold depth={{convert|12|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship sail plan=[[Engineering:Full-rigged ship|Full-rigged ship]]
|Ship propulsion=Sails
|Ship complement=250
|Ship armament=*Upper deck: 26 × 12-pounder guns
*QD: 4 × 6-pounder guns
*[[Engineering:Forecastle|Fc]]: 2 × 6-pounder guns
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''HMS ''Astraea''''' (or ''Astrea'') was a 32-gun fifth rate {{sclass|Active|frigate}} of the Royal Navy. Fabian at E. Cowes launched her in 1781, and she saw action in the American War of Independence as well as during the Napoleonic Wars. She is best known for her capture of the larger {{ship|French frigate|Gloire|1778|6}} in a battle on 10 April 1795, while under the command of Captain Lord Henry Paulet. She was wrecked on 23 March 1808 off the coast of [[Biology:Anegada|Anegada]] in the British Virgin Islands.

==Capture of ''South Carolina''==
Captain Matthew Squire commissioned ''Astraea'' in July 1781. On 7 October she sailed for North America.<ref name="NMM-WH-380295"/>
[[File:Capture of the South Carolina.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Capture of the American frigate ''South Carolina'' by the British frigates ''Diomede'', ''Quebec'' and ''Astrea'', c.1925, National Archives of Canada]]
On 20 December 1782 the British 44-gun fifth rate two-decker {{HMS|Diomede|1781|2}}, Captain Thomas L. Frederick and the sister frigates - {{HMS|Quebec|1781|2}}, Captain Christopher Mason, and ''Astraea'', captured the American frigate ''South Carolina'' in the Delaware River. ''South Carolina'' was attempting to dash out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, through the British blockade. She was in the company of the brig ''Constance'', schooner ''Seagrove'', and the ship ''Hope'', which had joined her for protection.

The British chased ''South Carolina'' for 18 hours and fired on her for two hours before she struck. She had a crew of about 466 men when captured, of whom she lost six killed or wounded. The British suffered no casualties.

''Astraea'' and ''Quebec'' also captured ''Constance'', which was carrying tobacco. Prize crews then took ''South Carolina'' and ''Constance'' to New York.

On 15 March 1783, ''Astraea'', {{HMS|Vestal|1779|2}}, and {{ship|French brig|Duc de Chartres|1780 Le Havre|2}} captured the ship ''Julius Cæsar''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12804|page=553|date=14 November 1786}}</ref> In January 1784 ''Astraea'' was paid off.<ref name="NMM-WH-380295">{{cite web|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_v.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110802041628/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_v.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2011|title=NMM, vessel ID 380295|work=Warship Histories, vol v|publisher=National Maritime Museum|access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref>

In September 1786, ''Astraea'' was commissioned under Captain Peter Rainier, Jr.<ref name="NMM-WH-380295"/> She proceeded to Ferrol, Madeira, and the West Indies, where she remained for three years. During this time she visited all the British islands and most of the French and Spanish colonies.

==French Revolutionary Wars==
From March 1793 until the spring of 1795, ''Astraea''{{'}}s captain was Robert Moorsom. After he removed to {{HMS|Hindostan|1795|2}}, Captain Lord Henry Paulet (or Powlett) replaced him.<ref name="NMM-WH-380295"/>

''Astraea'' was among the ships that shared in the prize money for the recapture of the ship {{ship||Caldicot Castle|1794 ship|2}} and the French corvette ''Jean Bart'' on 28 and 30 March. (The Navy took ''Jean Bart'' into service as {{HMS|Arab|1795|2}}.) The other ships were {{HMS|London|1766|2}}, {{HMS|Colossus|1782|2}}, {{HMS|Robust|1764|2}}, {{HMS|Hannibal|1786|2}}, {{HMS|Valiant|1759|2}}, {{HMS|Thalia|1782|2}}, {{HMS|Cerberus|1794|2}}, and {{HMS|Santa Margarita|1779|2}}.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13956|pages=1159–1160|date=29 November 1796}}</ref>

===''Astraea'' and ''Gloire''===
[[File:HMS Astraea and Gloire.jpg|thumb|left|HMS ''Astraea'' captures the ''Gloire'', a print by Thomas Whitcombe]]
On 10 April 1795, Rear-admiral Sir John Colpoys, was cruising in the English Channel with a squadron composed of five ships of the line and three frigates, when they spotted three French frigates through a break in thick fog. ''London'' got within gunshot of one of them and opened fire, causing the French frigates to separate. ''Robust'' and ''Hannibal'' pursued two.

''Astraea'' gave chase to a third. She caught up, and after foiling an attempt from the French ship to rake her, ''Astraea'' came alongside; the two ships exchanged broadsides for 58 minutes before the French ship struck.<ref name="ABO48">{{cite book|chapter=The Right Hon. Lord Henry Paulet|title=Annual Biography and Obituary|year=1832|page=48}}</ref> She was the 32-gun ''Gloire'', with 275 men aboard and armed with twenty-six 12-pounder guns on her main deck, ten 6-pounder guns and four 36-pounder [[Engineering:Carronade|carronade]]s on her quarterdeck, and two 6-pounder guns on her forecastle.<ref name=LG13770>{{London Gazette|issue=13770|page=393|date=14 April 1795}}</ref>

''Gloire'' had suffered casualties of 40 killed and wounded, including her captain, Captain Beens, because the British had fired into her hull; ''Astraea'', of 32 guns and 212 men, had only eight wounded because the French had fired high, at the mast and rigging in an attempt to cripple her.<ref name="ABO48"/> For this feat Paulet received the Naval Gold Medal.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Navy List|author=Royal Navy|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1850|ref=NavyList1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLPEY9cnmK0C|oclc=1604131|page=296}}</ref> John Talbot, first lieutenant on ''Astraea'', took ''Gloire'' to Britain where he received promotion to Commander and took over the 14-gun [[Engineering:Sloop-of-war|sloop-of-war]] {{HMS|Helena|1778|2}}. ''Astraea'' shared the prize money for ''Gloire'' with ''London'', ''Colossus'', ''Valiant'', ''Hannibal'', ''Robust'' and ''Thalia'', and shared with them in the prize money for ''Gentille'', one of the other French frigates.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13810 |page=907|date=1 September 1795}}</ref> In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Astraea 10 April 1795" to any surviving crewmen that came forward to claim it.

The French squadron had left Brest three weeks earlier but had made only one capture, a small Spanish brig.<ref name=LG13770/> The Admiralty bought in ''Gloire'' as a 36-gun frigate and retained her name. She was already a 17-year-old ship and in March 1802 the Admiralty sold her.

===Cruising===
In June 1795, Captain Richard Lane took command.<ref name="NMM-WH-380295"/> ''Astraea'' was present at the Second Battle of Groix, which took place on 23 June 1795, off the west coast of France, but did not take part in the actual, inconclusive battle. On 10 March 1796, she set sail for Jamaica.

On 27 April 1796,  ''Astraea'' brought troops to the naval squadron attacking Sainte-Lucie. The Navy contributed a force of 800 seamen under the command of Lane and Captain Ryves of {{HMS|Bulldog|1782|2}}.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13903|page=593|date=21 June 1796}}</ref> The British captured the island on 26 May 1796. ''Astraea'' was in a poor state so Rear Admiral and Commander-in-Chief of the West Indies station Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian had her carry the dispatches back to Britain.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13908|page=640|date=4 July 1796}}</ref>

On 16 February 1797, ''Astraea'' was under the command of Captain Richard Dacres when she and {{HMS|Plover|1796|2}} captured the French privateer ''Tartare''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=14077|page=1233|date=14 October 1797}}</ref>

On 1 June 1797, off The Skaw, ''Astraea'' captured the Dutch privateer ''Stuiver'', of 10 guns and with a crew of 48 men. ''Stuiver'' was from Amsterdam and had been out 18 days, but had captured nothing.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=14019|page=559|date=13 June 1797}}</ref>

In September 1797, in the North Sea, ''Astraea'' rescued Midshipman Benjamin Clement, who would one day rise to the rank of post captain, and the crew of his jolly boat. Clement had been returning from {{HMS|Monarch|1765|2}} to his ship, {{HMS|Nassau|1785|2}}, in the evening but his crew were drunk and they did not reach her. By morning, the fleet was out of sight; he and his crew ended up drifting for 40 hours without food or water. By the time ''Astraea'' rescued them they were exhausted from cold and hunger,<ref>Marshall (1828), Supplement, Part 2, p. 392.</ref> but presumably were sober.

At end-February 1798 ''Astraea'' and {{HMS|Veteran|1787|2}} towed {{ship||General Eliott|1782 EIC ship|2}} in to Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, after her crew had abandoned her.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c3049069?urlappend=%3Bseq=249 ''Lloyd's List'' No. 2984.]</ref>

On 22 April, ''Astraea'' captured the French privateer [[Engineering:Schooner|schooner]] ''Renommée''  on the Dogger Bank. ''Renommee'' had a crew of 54 men and was armed with five 9-pounder guns on slides amidships so that she could deploy the guns on either side.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15017|page=424|date=19 May 1798}}</ref> On 30 July, ''Astraea'', {{HMS|Inspector|1782|2}}, and {{HMS|Apollo|1794|2}} captured the Dutch Greenlandsmen ''Frederick'' and ''Waachzamghheer''. Then a week later they captured the Dutch Greenlandsman ''Liefde ''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15267|page=668|date=14 June 1800}}</ref>

In 1799, ''Astraea'' served in the North Sea while still under Dacres. On 29 March ''Astraea'' and several other vessels were in company with {{HMS|Latona|1781|2}} at the capture of the [[Engineering:Galiot|galiot]] ''Neptunus''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15404|page=1097|date=5 September 1801}}</ref> ''Astraea'' was some 20 miles west of the Texel on 10 April when she captured the 14-gun French privateer lugger ''Marsouin'' after a chase of three hours. ''Marsouin'' had a crew of 58 men and was armed with 14 guns. She was a day out of Dunkirk and had taken nothing.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15124|page=351|date=13 April 1799}}</ref>

Five days later, ''Astraea'' was among the vessels that captured ''Aeolus'' and ''Sex Soskendi''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16582|page=477|date=10 March 1812}}</ref>{{efn|Dacres' share of the prize money, which paid in March 1812, was [[Finance:Pound sterling|£]]58 7s {{frac|6|3|4}}d; a seaman's share was 4s {{frac|8|1|2}}d, or less than 5% of what Dacres received.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16580|page=432|date=3 March 1812}}</ref>}} The next day ''Astraea'' was in company with ''Latona'', the hired armed cutter ''Courier'', and {{HMS|Cruizer|1797|2}} when ''Cruizer'' captured the Prussian [[Engineering:Hoy (boat)|hoy]] ''Dolphin''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15427|page=1374|date=14 November 1801}}</ref>

In April 1800, Captain Peter Ribouleau commissioned ''Astraea''.{{efn|For more on Captain Peter Ribouleau see: {{Cite NBD1849|wstitle=Ribouleau, Peter}}}} Between 27 April 1800, and 2 May 1800, she was at St Lucia.<ref name="NMM-WH-380295"/>

On 30 August 1800, ''Astraea'' was in Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren's squadron when the boats of the squadron captured the French privateer ''Guêpe''. ''Astraea'' did share in the prize money, but does not seem to have qualified for the Naval General Service Medal.{{efn|Seamen and troops each received 1s {{frac|9|1|2}}d in prize money.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15434|page=1466|date=8 December 1801}}</ref>}}

In 1801, ''Astraea'' served under in the Mediterranean. ''Astraea'' was armed en flute when she took part in the landings in March at Abu Qir Bay. Fire from the French on shore wounded one seaman.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15362|pages=496–497|date=5 May 1801}}</ref> Because ''Astraea'' served in the navy's Egyptian campaign between 8 March 1801 and 2 September, her officers and crew qualified for the clasp "Egypt" to the Naval General Service Medal that the Admiralty authorised in 1850 for all surviving claimants.{{efn|A first-class share of the prize money awarded in April 1823 was worth £34 2s 4d; a fifth-class share, that of a seaman, was worth 3s {{frac|11|1|2}}d. The amount was small as the total had to be shared between 79 vessels and the entire army contingent.<ref>{{London Gazette|page=633 |issue=17915|date=3 April 1823}}</ref> Note}}

==Napoleonic Wars==
Captain James Carthew commissioned ''Astraea'' in April 1805 for the Downs.<ref name="NMM-WH-380295"/> On 21 October, ''Astraea'' was among the British vessels sharing in the capture of the ''Anna Wilhelmine''.<ref name=LG16096>{{London Gazette|issue=16096|page=1686|date=15 December 1807}}</ref> Captain James Dunbar replaced Carthew in February 1806.<ref name="NMM-WH-380295"/>

On 1 December ''Astraea'' limped into Elsinore, Denmark, with water in her hold and her masts gone. She had experienced bad weather near the Skaws and then grounded on a shoal some three miles off the island of Anholt in the Kattegat. One of ''Astraea''{{'}}s passengers, Lord Hutchinson, had gone ashore indisposed. Dunbar had to throw her guns and stores overboard and cut away her masts before she floated free. He then had a mizzen-jury mast erected, which enabled her to sail the 25 miles to Elsinore.<ref>Wilson & Randolph (1862), Vol. 1, pp. 3–6.</ref>

August 1807 was a busy month for ''Astraea''. On the 19th she and {{HMS|Agamemnon|1781|2}} captured two Danish merchant vessels: ''Two Sisters'' and ''Three Brothers''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16630|page=1509|date=4 August 1812}}</ref> One week later, ''Astraea'', {{HMS|Comus|1806|2}}, and {{HMS|Surveillante|1803|2}} captured the Danish vessel ''Fama''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16582|page=478|date=10 March 1812}}</ref> That same day ''Astraea''captured the Danish merchant vessel ''Anna Dorothea''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16600|page=862|date=5 May 1812}}</ref> Also during the month, ''Astraea'', ''Agamemnon'', and ''Cruizer'' shared in the capture of the Danish merchant vessels ''Anne and, Catherine'', ''Anne and Margaret'', and ''Three Brothers''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16720|page=753|date=13 April 1813}}</ref>

In November 1807 Captain Edmund Heywood took command of ''Astraea'' as she was fitting out at Chatham for the West Indies.<ref name="NMM-WH-380295"/> On 14 December, ''Astraea'' captured the French privateer lugger ''Providence''. At the time of the capture, the sloop-of-war {{HMS|Royalist|1807|2}} had joined the pursuit and gun-brigs {{HMS|Wrangler|1805|2}} and {{HMS|Tickler|1804|2}} were in sight.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16406|page=1470|date=18 September 1810}}</ref> ''Providence'' carried 14 guns and a crew of 52 men.<ref name=LG16096/>

==Loss==
In 1808, ''Astraea'' escorted the mail packet ship ''Prince Earnest'' past the danger of Caribbean privateers. Heywood, thinking that Anegada was Puerto Rico, wrecked upon the deadly horseshoe reef on 23 March. All but four of her crew survived, either by making it to the island or to Virgin Gorda.{{efn|Two were killed when a gun burst while firing a distress signal, and two drowned. Later, one seaman was [[Medicine:Hanging|hanged]] for mutinous conduct.{{sfnp|Hepper |1994|p=122}}}} Two days after the wreck, the 22-gun sloop-of-war and former French privateer {{HMS|St Christopher|1807|2}} (also known as the ''St Kitt{{'}}s''), arrived and rescued the crew. The two 32-gun frigates {{HMS|Jason|1804|2}} and {{HMS|Galatea|1792|2}}, and the sloop-of-war {{HMS|Fawn|1806|2}} arrived later, and engaged in salvage attempts. The British abandoned the wreck on 24 June.<ref>''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 20, p. 44.</ref> Many of the crew went on to serve aboard {{HMS|Favourite|1806|2}}.<ref>''The Annual biography and obituary'', Volume 21, p. 445.</ref>

As was usual, Captain Heywood, his officers and crew, were subject to a court martial for the loss of his ship. This took place on 11 June 1808 on {{HMS|Ramillies|1785|2}} in Carlisle Bay, Barbados. The court held that the ship foundered due to an "extraordinary weather current", and exonerated Heywood.{{sfnp|Hepper |1994|p=122}} The court martial held:"... having heard the narrative thereof by Captain Edmund Heywood, together with explanations given by himself and also by Mr. Allan McLean, the master of the said ship, and having fully completed the inquiry, and maturely and deliberately weighed and considered the whole thereof, the court is of opinion that the loss was occasioned by an extraordinary weather current having set the ship nearly two degrees to the eastwards of the reckoning of all the officers on board ... and that no blame is attributable to Captain Heywood, his officers, and ship's company."

==Wreck site==
The British Virgin Islands have honoured ''Astraea'' with a stamp. The reason is that in 1967 Bert Kilbride, Her Majesty's Receiver of Wreck in the British Virgin Islands, rediscovered her. Subsequently, some items were salvaged, but not the heavy cannon.  However, conditions at the reef remain treacherous; tourists rarely dive the wreck.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==Citations==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* {{cite book|last=Hepper|first=David J.|year=1994|title=British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859|publisher=Jean Boudriot|location=Rotherfield|isbn=0-948864-30-3 }}
* Marshall, John (2007) ''Royal Naval Biography; Or Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired Captains, Post-Captains and Commanders...'' (Kessinger). {{ISBN|1-4326-4615-X}}
* {{cite book |last =Urban |first=Sylvanus|title=The Gentleman's Magazine|title-link=The Gentleman's Magazine| publisher=F. Jefferies| year=1832 |volume=102, pt. 1}}
* Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas and Herbert Randolph (1862) ''Life of General Sir Robert Wilson ...: from autobiographical memoirs, journals, narratives, correspondence''. (J. Murray).
* {{cite book |first=Rif|last=Winfield|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates|publisher=Seaforth|year=2007|isbn=978-1844157006}}
* {{cite book |first1=Rif |last1=Winfield |title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates |publisher=Seaforth Publishing|year=2008 |isbn=978-1-86176-246-7}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.blytmann.com/astrea/astrea.htm Tage W. Blytmann's comprehensive site dedicated to HMS ''Astraea'']
* [http://www.bviwelcome.com/articles/Wreck_Diving/index.html Wreck Diving in The BVI]
* [http://www.ageofnelson.org/MichaelPhillips/liste.php?char=A#0238 Michael Phillip's Ships of the Old Navy]

{{Coord|18.6934|-64.2593|region:VG|format=dms|display=title}}

 <!-- non-breaking space to keep AWB drones from altering the space before the navbox -->

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astraea (1781)}}
[[Category:Anegada]]

{{Sourceattribution|HMS Astraea (1781)}}