View source for Biology:Haplogroup E-M215

{{Short description|Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup}}
{{Infobox haplogroup
|name=E-M215 (former E3b / E1b1b)
|origin-place=[[Place:East Africa|East Africa]]{{sfnp|Cruciani|La_Fratta|Santolamazza|Sellitto|2004}}{{sfn|Trombetta|2015}}
|origin-date=47,500 - 22,400 BP{{sfn|Trombetta|2015}}<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C | title = A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa | journal = Genetics | pages = 1421–1428 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31196864 | doi = 10.1534/genetics.119.302368 | doi-access = free | pmc = 6707464 | volume = 212 | issue = 4 }}</ref><ref name = Cruciani2007/>
|TMRCA=34,800 BP<ref name="YFull">{{Cite web |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-M215/ |title=E-M215 YTree}}</ref>
|ancestor=[[Biology:Haplogroup E-P2|E-P2]]
|descendants=[[Biology:Haplogroup E-M35|E-M35]], E-M281
|mutations=M215
}}

'''E-M215''', also known as '''E1b1b-M215''', is a [[Biology:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]]. E-M215 has two basal branches, [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M35|E-M35]] and E-M281. E-M35 is primarily distributed in [[Place:North Africa|North Africa]] and the [[Place:Horn of Africa|Horn of Africa]], and occurs at lower frequencies in the [[Place:Middle East|Middle East]], [[Earth:Europe|Europe]], and [[Place:Southern Africa|Southern Africa]]. E-M281 occurs at a low frequency in Ethiopia.

==Origins==

[[File:E1b1b ancestry.png|350px|E1b1b1 origins map|right]]
The origins of E-M215 were dated by Cruciani in 2007 to about 22,400 years ago in [[Place:East Africa|East Africa]].<ref name = Cruciani2007>{{Harvcoltxt | Cruciani|La Fratta | Trombetta | Santolamazza | 2007}}</ref><ref group = "Note">{{Harvcoltxt | Cruciani |La Fratta|Santolamazza| Sellitto | 2004 | ps =: "Several observations point to eastern Africa as the homeland for haplogroup E3b—that is, it had (1) the highest number of different E3b clades (table 1), (2) a high frequency of this haplogroup and a high microsatellite diversity, and, finally, (3) the exclusive presence of the undifferentiated E3b* [[Biology:Paraphyly|paragroup]]." As mentioned above, "E3b" is the old name for E-M215.}} {{Harvcoltxt |Semino |Magri |Benuzzi |Lin |2004 | ps =: "This inference is further supported by the presence of additional Hg E lineal diversification and by the highest frequency of E-P2* and E-M35* in the same region. The distribution of E-P2* appears limited to eastern African peoples. The E-M35* lineage shows its highest frequency (19.2%) in the Ethiopian Oromo but with a wider distribution range than E-P2*."}} For E-M215 {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta | Trombetta | Santolamazza | 2007}} reduced their estimate to 22,400 from 25,600 in {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta| Santolamazza | Sellitto | 2004}}, re-calibrating the same data.</ref>

==Ancient DNA==

According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), Natufian skeletal remains from the ancient [[Place:Levant|Levant]] predominantly carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b. Of the five Natufian specimens analysed for paternal lineages, three belonged to the E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b), E1b1(xE1b1a1,E1b1b1b1) and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b) subclades (60%). Haplogroup E1b1b was also found at moderate frequencies among fossils from the ensuing [[History:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B|Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] culture, with the E1b1b1 and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b) subclades observed in two of seven PPNB specimens (~29%). The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread southward into East Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and [[Biology:Basal Eurasian|Basal Eurasian]] ancestral components separate from that which would arrive later in North Africa.

Additionally, haplogroup E1b1b1 has been found in an ancient Egyptian mummy excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which dates from a period between the late [[History:New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] and the Roman era.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann, Verena J.|display-authors=0|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|pmc=5459999|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}</ref> Fossils at the Iberomaurusian site of Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, also carried haplotypes related to the E1b1b1b1a (E-M81) subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern North Africans, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area.<ref>{{cite bioRxiv|last1=Fregel|display-authors=0|year=2018|title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe|biorxiv=10.1101/191569}}</ref> The E1b1b haplogroup has likewise been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in [[Earth:Gran Canaria|Gran Canaria]] and [[Earth:Tenerife|Tenerife]] on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals that were analysed for paternal DNA were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with all of these specimens found to belong to the E1b1b1b1a1 or E-M183 subclade (3/3; 100%).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodrı́guez-Varela|display-authors=0|title=Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans|journal=Current Biology|date=2017|volume=27|issue=1–7|pages=3396–3402.e5|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059|pmid=29107554|doi-access=free|hdl=2164/13526|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Loosdrecht et al. (2018) analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient Iberomaurusian individuals from the Grotte des Pigeons near Taforalt in eastern Morocco. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that five male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation belonged to the E1b1b1a1 (M78) subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to E-V13, another male specimen belonged to E1b1b (M215*).<ref name="Taforalt">{{cite journal | doi=10.1126/science.aar8380 | title=Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations | journal=Science | date=4 May 2018 | volume=360 | issue=6388 | pages=548–552 | last1=Van De Loosdrecht | first1=Marieke | last2=Bouzouggar | first2=Abdeljalil | last3=Humphrey | first3=Louise | last4=Posth | first4=Cosimo | last5=Barton | first5=Nick | last6=Aximu-Petri | first6=Ayinuer | last7=Nickel | first7=Birgit | last8=Nagel | first8=Sarah | last9=Talbi | first9=El Hassan | last10=El Hajraoui | first10=Mohammed Abdeljalil | last11=Amzazi | first11=Saaïd | last12=Hublin | first12=Jean-Jacques | last13=Pääbo | first13=Svante | last14=Schiffels | first14=Stephan | last15=Meyer | first15=Matthias | last16=Haak | first16=Wolfgang | last17=Jeong | first17=Choongwon | last18=Krause | first18=Johannes | pmid=29545507 | bibcode=2018Sci...360..548V | s2cid=206666517 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Distribution==

In Africa, E-M215 is distributed in highest frequencies in the [[Place:Horn of Africa|Horn of Africa]] and [[Place:North Africa|North Africa]], specifically in the countries Somalia and Morocco, whence it has in recent millennia expanded as far south as {{wipe|South Africa}}, and northwards into [[Place:Western Asia|Western Asia]] and [[Earth:Europe|Europe]] (especially the [[Place:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] and the [[Place:Balkans|Balkans]]).<ref name=Cruciani2004>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Santolamazza|Sellitto|2004}}</ref><ref name=Semino2004>{{Harvcoltxt|Semino|Magri|Benuzzi|Lin|2004}}</ref><ref name=Rosser2000>{{Harvcoltxt|Rosser|Zerjal|Hurles|Adojaan|2000}}</ref><ref name=Firasat2006>{{Harvcoltxt|Firasat|Khaliq|Mohyuddin|Papaioannou|2006}}</ref> E-M281 has been found in Ethiopia.<ref name="Semino2004" />

Almost all E-M215 men are also in E-M35. In 2004, M215 was found to be older than M35 when individuals were found who have the M215 mutation, but do not have M35 mutation.<ref name=Cruciani2004/>
In 2013, Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) found one individual in Khorasan, North-East Iran to be positive for M215 but negative for M35.<ref name="Di Cristofaro">{{cite journal |last1=Di Cristofaro |first1=Julie |display-authors=0 |title=Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge |journal=PLOS ONE |date=October 18, 2013 |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=e76748 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 |pmid=24204668 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3799995 |oclc=5534533323 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...876748D |s2cid=16455960 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Geographic distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups of African and European.png|thumb|Geographic distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroups of select African, Middle Eastern and European populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Badro |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Douaihy |first2=Bouchra |last3=Haber |first3=Marc |last4=Youhanna |first4=Sonia C. |last5=Salloum |first5=Angélique |last6=Ghassibe-Sabbagh |first6=Michella |last7=Johnsrud |first7=Brian |last8=Khazen |first8=Georges |last9=Matisoo-Smith |first9=Elizabeth |last10=Soria-Hernanz |first10=David F. |last11=Wells |first11=R. Spencer |last12=Tyler-Smith |first12=Chris |last13=Platt |first13=Daniel E. |last14=Zalloua |first14=Pierre A. |last15=Consortium |first15=The Genographic |date=2013-01-30 |title=Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=e54616 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054616 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3559847 |pmid=23382925 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...854616B |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]
E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among [[Social:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic speakers]]. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the Afroasiatic Urheimat.{{sfnmp|1a1=Ehret|1a2=Keita|1a3=Newman|1y=2004|2a1=Keita|2a2=Boyce|2y=2005|3a1=Keita|3y=2008}} Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of [[Religion:Jews|Jewish]] male lineages are E-M35.<ref name="pmid13680527">{{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Thomas|Skorecki|Hammer|2003}}</ref> Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18%<ref name="Semino2004" /> to 20%<ref name="Behar2004">{{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Garrigan|Kaplan|Mobasher|2004}}</ref><ref name="Shen2004">{{Harvcoltxt|Shen|Lavi|Kivisild|Chou|2004}}</ref> of Ashkenazi and 8.6%<ref name="Adams2008">{{Harvcoltxt|Adams|Bosch|Balaresque|Ballereau|2008}}</ref> to 30%<ref name="Semino2004" /> of Sephardi Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population.<ref name=Nebel2001>{{Harvcoltxt|Nebel|Filon|Brinkmann|Majumder|2001}}</ref><ref group="Note">"Paragroup E-M35 * and haplogroup J-12f2a* fit the criteria for major AJ founding lineages because they are widespread both in AJ populations and in Near Eastern populations, and occur at much lower frequencies in European non-Jewish populations." {{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Garrigan|Kaplan|Mobasher|2004}}</ref>

===E-M215 association with endurance===

Moran et al. (2004) observed that among Y-DNA (paternal) clades borne by elite endurance athletes in Ethiopia, the haplogroup E3b1 was negatively correlated with elite athletic endurance performance,<ref name="Moran-a"/> whereas the haplogroups [[Biology:Haplogroup E-P2|E*]], [[Biology:Haplogroup E-P2|E3*]], K*(xP),<ref name="Moran-a">{{cite journal|last1=Moran, Colin N.|display-authors=0|title=Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners|journal=Human Genetics|date=2004|volume=115|issue=6|pages=492–7|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8214295|access-date=6 February 2017|doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y|pmid=15503146|s2cid=13960753}}</ref> and [[Biology:Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J*(xJ2)]] were significantly more frequent among the elite endurance athletes.<ref name="Moran-a"/>

==Subclades==

===E-M35===
{{Main|Biology:Haplogroup E-M35}}

Haplogroup E-M35 is a subclade of E-M215.

===E-M281===

Haplogroup E-M281 is a subclade of E-M215.

==Phylogenetics==

===Phylogenetic history===
{{main|Biology:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups}}

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" style="background:#c63;"|'''YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)'''
! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(α)'''
! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(β)'''
! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(γ)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(δ)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(ε)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''(ζ)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96"|'''(η)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f96"|'''YCC 2002 (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#c96;"|'''YCC 2005 (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#c96;"|'''YCC 2008 (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#c96;"|'''YCC 2010r (Longhand)'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2006'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2007'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2008'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2009'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2010'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2011'''
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2012'''
|-
| [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M96|E-P29]]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E*||E||E||E||E||E||E||E||E||E||E
|-
| E-M33||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E1*||E1||E1a||E1a||E1||E1||E1a||E1a||E1a||E1a||E1a
|-
| E-M44||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E1a||E1a||E1a1||E1a1||E1a||E1a||E1a1||E1a1||E1a1||E1a1||E1a1
|-
| [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M75|E-M75]]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E2a||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2
|-
| E-M54||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E2b||E2b||E2b||E2b1||-||-||-||-||-||-||-
|-
| [[Biology:Haplogroup E-P2|E-P2]]||25||III||4||14||Eu3||H2||B||E3*||E3||E1b||E1b1||E3||E3||E1b1||E1b1||E1b1||E1b1||E1b1
|-
| [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M2|E-M2]]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a*||E3a||E1b1||E1b1a||E3a||E3a||E1b1a||E1b1a||E1b1a||E1b1a1||E1b1a1
|-
| E-M58||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a1||E3a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1||E3a1||E3a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1a1a||E1b1a1a1a
|-
| E-M116.2||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a2||E3a2||E1b1a2||E1b1a2||E3a2||E3a2||E1b1a2||E1b1a2||E1ba12||removed||removed
|-
| E-M149||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a3||E3a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a3||E3a3||E3a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a1a1c||E1b1a1a1c
|-
| E-M154||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a4||E3a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a4||E3a4||E3a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a1a1g1c||E1b1a1a1g1c
|-
| E-M155||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a5||E3a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a5||E3a5||E3a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a1a1d||E1b1a1a1d
|-
| E-M10||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a6||E3a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a6||E3a6||E3a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a1a1e||E1b1a1a1e
|-
| [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M35|E-M35]]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b*||E3b||E1b1b1||E1b1b1||E3b1||E3b1||E1b1b1||E1b1b1||E1b1b1||removed||removed
|-
| E-M78||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b1*||E3b1||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a1||E3b1a||E3b1a||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a1||E1b1b1a1
|-
| E-M148||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b1a||E3b1a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a1c1||E3b1a3a||E3b1a3a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a1c1||E1b1b1a1c1
|-
| E-M81||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b2*||E3b2||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b1||E3b1b||E3b1b||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1a
|-
| E-M107||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b2a||E3b2a||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1a||E3b1b1||E3b1b1||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1a||E1b1b1b1a1
|-
| E-M165||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b2b||E3b2b||E1b1b1b2||E1b1b1b1b1||E3b1b2||E3b1b2||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b1a2a
|-
| [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M123|E-M123]]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b3*||E3b3||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E3b1c||E3b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1b2a
|-
| E-M34||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b3a*||E3b3a||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E3b1c1||E3b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1b2a1
|-
| E-M136||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3ba1||E3b3a1||E1b1b1c1a||E1b1b1c1a1||E3b1c1a||E3b1c1a||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1b2a1a1
|-
|}

====Research publications====

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* '''α''' {{harvp|Jobling|Tyler-Smith|2000}} and {{harvp|Kaladjieva|2001}}
* '''β''' {{harvp|Underhill|2000}}
* '''γ''' {{harvp|Hammer|2001}}
* '''δ''' {{harvp|Karafet|2001}}
* '''ε''' {{harvp|Semino|2000}}
* '''ζ''' {{harvp|Su|1999}}
* '''η''' {{harvp|Capelli|2001}}
}}

====Discussion====

'''E-M215''' and '''E1b1b1''' are the currently accepted names found in the proposals of the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC), for the clades defined by mutation M215 and M35 respectively, which can also be referred to as E-M215 and E-M35.<ref name=Karafet2008>{{Harvcoltxt|Karafet|Mendez|Meilerman|Underhill|2008}}</ref> The nomenclature ''E3b'' (E-M215) and ''E3b1'' (E-M35) respectively were the YCC defined names used to designate the same haplogroups in older literature with E-M35 branching as a separate subclade of E-M215 in 2004.<ref name=Cruciani2004/> Prior to 2002 these haplogroups were not designated in a consistent way, and nor was their relationship to other related clades within haplogroup E and [[Biology:Haplogroup DE|haplogroup DE]]. But in non-standard or older terminologies, E-M215 is for example approximately the same as "haplotype V", still used in publications such as {{Harvcoltxt|Gérard|Berriche|Aouizérate|Diéterlen|2006}}.<ref name=YCC>{{Harvcoltxt|Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC"|2002}}</ref>

====Phylogenetic trees====

Cladogram with the main subclades:

{{Clade
| label1= '''E1b1b''' ('''M215''')&nbsp;
| 1={{Clade
  | label1= [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M35|E1b1b1 (M35)]]
  | 1={{Clade
    | label1= [[Biology:Haplogroup E-V68|E1b1b1a (V68)]]
    | 1={{Clade
      | label1= E-M78
      | 1={{Clade
        | 1=[[Biology:Haplogroup E-V12|E-V12]]
        | 2=E-V65
        | 3=[[Biology:Haplogroup E-V13|E-V13]]
        | 4=E-V22}} 
      | 2=E-V2729}} 
    | label2= [[Biology:Haplogroup E-Z827|E1b1b1b (Z827)]]
    | 2={{Clade
      | 1=E-M81
      | 2=[[Biology:Haplogroup E-M123|E-M123]]}} }}
  | 2=E1b1b2 (M281)}} }}

The following [[Biology:Phylogenetic tree|phylogenetic tree]] is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG. It includes all known subclades as of June 2015 (Trombetta et al. 2015)<ref name=isogg08>{{Harvcoltxt|ISOGG|2011}}</ref><ref name=Karafet2008/><ref name="YCC"/>

* '''E-M215''' (E1b1b)
** '''E-M215*'''. Rare or non-existent.
** '''E-M35''' (E1b1b1)
*** '''[[Biology:Haplogroup E-V68|E-V68]]''' (E1b1b1a)
**** '''E-V2009'''. Found in individuals in Sardinia and Morocco.
**** '''E-M78''' (E1b1b1a1). North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Sicily. (Formerly "E1b1b1a".)
***** '''E-M78*'''
***** '''E-V1477'''. Found in Tunisian Jews.
***** '''E-V1083'''.
****** '''E-V1083*'''. Found only in Eritrea (1.1%) and Sardinia (0.3%).
****** '''E-V13'''
****** '''E-V22'''
***** '''E-V1129'''
****** '''E-V12'''
******* '''E-V12*'''
******* '''E-V32'''
****** '''E-V264'''
******* '''E-V259'''. Found in North Cameroon.
******* '''E-V65'''
******** E-CTS194
*** '''[[Biology:Haplogroup E-Z827|E-Z827]]''' (E1b1b1b)<ref name="ISOGG 2015">ISOGG 2015</ref>
**** '''E-V257/L19''' (L19, V257) – E1b1b1b1<ref name="ISOGG 2015"/>
***** '''E-PF2431'''
***** '''E-M81''' (M81)
****** E-PF2546
******* E-PF2546*
******* E-CTS12227
******** E-MZ11
********* E-MZ12
******* E-A929
******** E-Z5009
********* E-Z5009*
********* E-Z5010
********* E-Z5013
********** E-Z5013*
********** E-A1152
******** E-A2227
********* E-A428
********* E-MZ16
******** E-PF6794
********* E-PF6794*
********* E-PF6789
********** E-MZ21
********** E-MZ23
********** E-MZ80
******** E-A930
******** E-Z2198/E-MZ46
********* E-A601
********* E-L351
**** '''E-Z830''' (Z830) – E1b1b1b2<ref name="ISOGG 2015"/>
***** '''[[Biology:Haplogroup E-M123|E-M123]]''' (M123)
****** '''E-M34''' (M34)
******* '''E-M84''' (M84)
******** '''E-M136''' (M136)
******* '''E-M290''' (M290)
******* '''E-V23''' (V23)
******* '''E-L791''' (L791,L792)
***** '''E-V1515'''. E-V1515 and its subclades are mainly restricted to eastern Africa.
****** '''E-V1515*'''
****** '''E-V1486'''
******* '''E-V1486*'''
******* '''E-V2881'''
******** '''E-V2881*'''
******** '''E-V1792'''
******** '''E-V92'''
******* '''E-M293''' (M293)
******** '''E-M293*'''
******** '''E-P72''' (P72)
******** '''E-V3065*'''
****** '''E-V1700'''
******* '''E-V42''' (V42)
******* '''E-V1785'''
******** '''E-V1785*'''
******** '''E-V6''' (V6)
*** '''E-V16/E-M281''' (E1b1b2). Rare. Found in individuals in Ethiopia, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.

==See also==


===Genetics===

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*African admixture in Europe
*[[Biology:Genetic genealogy|genetic genealogy]]
*Haplogroup D
*[[Biology:Haplogroup DE|Haplogroup DE]]
*[[Biology:Haplogroup|Haplogroup]]
*[[Biology:Haplotype|Haplotype]]
*[[Biology:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]]
*[[Biology:Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetics]]
*[[Biology:Paragroup|Paragroup]]
*[[Biology:Subclade|Subclade]]
*Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
*[[Biology:Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group|Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group]]
*Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
}}

===Y-DNA E subclades===

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*Haplogroup E-L485
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M123|Haplogroup E-M123]]
* Haplogroup E-M180
* Haplogroup E-M215
* Haplogroup E-M33
* Haplogroup E-M521
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M75|Haplogroup E-M75]]
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M96|Haplogroup E-M96]]
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-P147|Haplogroup E-P147]]
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-P177|Haplogroup E-P177]]
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-P2|Haplogroup E-P2]]
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-V12|Haplogroup E-V12]]
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-V13|Haplogroup E-V13]]
* Haplogroup E-V22
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-M2|Haplogroup E-M2]]
* Haplogroup E-V65
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-V68|Haplogroup E-V68]]
* Haplogroup E-Z820
* [[Biology:Haplogroup E-Z827|Haplogroup E-Z827]]
}}

===Y-DNA backbone tree===


==Notes==

{{reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==

{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation|last1=Adams|first1=Susan M|title=The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|year=2008|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007|volume=83|url= |pages=725–36|pmid=19061982|pmc=2668061|last2=Bosch|first2=Elena|last3=Balaresque|first3=Patricia L.|last4=Ballereau|first4=Stéphane J.|last5=Lee|first5=Andrew C.|last6=Arroyo|first6=Eduardo|last7=López-Parra|first7=Ana M.|last8=Aler|first8=Mercedes|last9=Grifo|first9=Marina S. Gisbert|last10=Brion|first10=Maria|last11=Carracedo|first11=Angel|last12=Lavinha|first12=João|last13=Martínez-Jarreta|first13=Begoña|last14=Quintana-Murci|first14=Lluis|last15=Picornell|first15=Antònia|last16=Ramon|first16=Misericordia|last17=Skorecki|first17=Karl|last18=Behar|first18=Doron M.|last19=Calafell|first19=Francesc|last20=Jobling|first20=Mark A.|issue=6|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Alvarez|year=2009|title=Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: Insights into the North African contribution|doi=10.1002/ajhb.20888|volume=21|issue=3|pages=407–409|pmid=19213004|last2=Santos|first2=Cristina|last3=Montiel|first3=Rafael|last4=Caeiro|first4=Blazquez|last5=Baali|first5=Abdellatif|last6=Dugoujon|first6=Jean-Michel|last7=Aluja|first7=Maria Pilar|journal=American Journal of Human Biology|s2cid=7041905|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Arredi|last2=Poloni|first2=E|title=A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=75|issue=2|pages=338–345|year=2004|doi=10.1086/423147|pmid=15202071|pmc=1216069|first1=B|last3=Paracchini|first3=S|last4=Zerjal|first4=T|last5=Fathallah|first5=D|last6=Makrelouf|first6=M|last7=Pascali|first7=V|last8=Novelletto|first8=A|last9=Tylersmith|first9=C}}
* {{Citation|title=Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations|year=2013|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8| issue=1: e54616|pages=e54616|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054616|last1=Badro |first1=Danielle A.|last2=Douaihy |first2=Bouchra|last3=Haber |first3=Marc|last4=Youhanna |first4=Sonia C.|last5=Salloum|first5=Angélique|last6=Ghassibe-Sabbagh|first6=Michella|last7=Johnsrud|first7=Brian|last8=Khazen|first8=Georges|last9=Matisoo-Smith|first9=Elizabeth|last10=Soria-Hernanz|first10=David F.|last11=Wells|first11=R. Spencer|last12=Tyler-Smith|first12=Chris|last13=Platt|first13=Daniel E.|last14=Zalloua|first14=Pierre A. |pmid=23382925 |pmc=3559847|bibcode=2013PLoSO...854616B|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Battaglia|first1=Vincenza|year=2008|title=Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.249|pmid=19107149|pmc=2947100|volume=17|issue=6|last2=Fornarino|first2=Simona|last3=Al-Zahery|first3=Nadia|last4=Olivieri|first4=Anna|last5=Pala|first5=Maria|last6=Myres|first6=Natalie M|last7=King|first7=Roy J|last8=Rootsi|first8=Siiri|last9=Marjanovic|first9=Damir|last10=Primorac|first10=Dragan|last11=Hadziselimovic|first11=Rifat|last12=Vidovic|first12=Stojko|last13=Drobnic|first13=Katia|last14=Durmishi|first14=Naser|last15=Torroni|first15=Antonio|last16=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first16=A Silvana|last17=Underhill|first17=Peter A|last18=Semino|first18=Ornella|pages=820–830|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Behar|first1=Doron M.|date=October 2003|title=Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries|periodical=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|volume=73|pages=768–779|doi=10.1086/378506|pmid=13680527|pmc=1180600|last2=Thomas|first2=Mark G.|last3=Skorecki|first3=Karl|last4=Hammer|first4=Michael F.|last5=Bulygina|first5=Ekaterina|last6=Rosengarten|first6=Dror|last7=Jones|first7=Abigail L.|last8=Held|first8=Karen|last9=Moses|first9=Vivian|last10=Goldstein|first10=David|last11=Bradman|first11=Neil|last12=Weale|first12=Michael E.|issue=4|display-authors=8}}. Also at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Behar-AJHG-03.pdf and https://web.archive.org/web/20090304100321/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/400971.pdf
* {{Citation|last1=Behar|date=November 2004|title=Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations|periodical=Hum. Genet.|pages=354–365|url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Behar_contrasting.pdf|last2=Garrigan|last3=Kaplan|last4=Mobasher|last5=Rosengarten|doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7|pmid=14740294|volume=114|issue=4|s2cid=10310338|access-date=2009-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110093942/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Behar_contrasting.pdf|archive-date=2011-11-10|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last1=Beleza |last2=Gusmao|first2=Leonor|title=Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic History of Portuguese Male Lineages|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=70|issue=2|pages=181–194|year=2006|pmid=16626329|first1=Sandra|last3=Lopes|first3=Alexandra|last4=Alves|first4=Cintia|last5=Gomes|first5=Iva|last6=Giouzeli|first6=Maria|last7=Calafell|first7=Francesc|last8=Carracedo|first8=Angel|last9=Amorim|first9=Antonio|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x|s2cid=4652154}}
* {{Citation|last=Bird|first=Steven|title=Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|year=2007|volume=3|issue=2|url=http://www.jogg.info/32/bird.htm|access-date=2008-11-07|archive-date=2016-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422005652/http://www.jogg.info/32/bird.htm|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last1=Bortolini|title=Ribeiro's typology, genomes, and Spanish colonialism, as viewed from Gran Canaria and Colombia|year=2004|journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology|volume=27|issue=1|pages=1–8|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/gmb/v27n1/a01v27n1.pdf|doi=10.1590/S1415-47572004000100001|last2=Thomas|first2=Mark G.|last3=Chikhi|first3=Lourdes|last4=Aguilar|first4=Juan A.|last5=Castro-De-Guerra|first5=Dinorah|last6=Salzano|first6=Francisco M.|last7=Ruiz-Linares|first7=Andres|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Bosch |last2=Calafell|first2=Francesc|title=High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between north-western Africa and the Iberian Peninsula|journal=Am J Hum Genet|volume=68|issue=4|pages=1019–1029|year=2001|doi=10.1086/319521|pmid=11254456|pmc=1275654|first1=Elena|last3=Comas|first3=David|last4=Oefner|first4=Peter J.|last5=Underhill|first5=Peter A.|last6=Bertranpetit|first6=Jaume}}
* {{Citation|last1=Bosch|last2=Calafell|first2=F.|title=Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=70|issue=4|pages=459–487|year=2006|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118548826/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210100310/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118548826/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-10|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x|pmid=16759179|first1=E.|last3=Gonzalez-Neira|first3=A.|last4=Flaiz|first4=C.|last5=Mateu|first5=E.|last6=Scheil|first6=H.-G.|last7=Huckenbeck|first7=W.|last8=Efremovska|first8=L.|last9=Mikerezi|first9=I.|last10=Xirotiris|first10=N.|last11=Grasa|first11=C.|last12=Schmidt|first12=H.|last13=Comas|first13=D.|s2cid=23156886|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Cadenas|title=Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|year=2007|pages=1–13|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934|volume=16|pmid=17928816|issue=3|last2=Zhivotovsky|first2=Lev A|last3=Cavalli-Sforza|first3=Luca L|last4=Underhill|first4=Peter A|last5=Herrera|first5=Rene J|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Capelli|title=A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=11|pages=979–84|year=2003|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7|pmid=12781138|first1=Cristian|last2=Redhead|first2=Nicola|last3=Abernethy|first3=Julia K.|last4=Gratrix|first4=Fiona|last5=Wilson|first5=James F.|last6=Moen|first6=Torolf|last7=Hervig|first7=Tor|last8=Richards|first8=Martin|last9=Stumpf|first9=Michael P.H.|last10=Underhill|first10=Peter A.|last11=Bradshaw|first11=Paul|last12=Shaha|first12=Alom|last13=Thomas|first13=Mark G.|last14=Bradman|first14=Neal|last15=Goldstein|first15=David B.|display-authors=8|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11820/8acb01f3-a7c1-45f5-89de-b796266d651e|hdl-access=free}} also at [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/capelli-CB-03.pdf]
* {{Citation|last1=Caratti|year=2009|title=Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application|journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine|doi=10.1007/s00414-009-0350-y|pmid=19430804|last2=Gino|first2=S.|last3=Torre|first3=C.|last4=Robino|first4=C.|volume=123|issue=4|pages=357–360|s2cid=5657112}}
* {{Citation|last1=Capelli|first1=Cristian|year=2009|title=Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.258|pmid=19156170|pmc=2947089|volume=17|issue=6|last2=Onofri|first2=Valerio|last3=Brisighelli|first3=Francesca|last4=Boschi|first4=Ilaria|last5=Scarnicci|first5=Francesca|last6=Masullo|first6=Mara|last7=Ferri|first7=Gianmarco|last8=Tofanelli|first8=Sergio|last9=Tagliabracci|first9=Adriano|last10=Gusmao|first10=Leonor|last11=Amorim|first11=Antonio|last12=Gatto|first12=Francesco|last13=Kirin|first13=Mirna|last14=Merlitti|first14=Davide|last15=Brion|first15=Maria|last16=Verea|first16=Alejandro Blanco|last17=Romano|first17=Valentino|last18=Cali|first18=Francesco|last19=Pascali|first19=Vincenzo|pages=848–852|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Cinnioğlu|title=Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia|journal=Hum Genet|volume=114|year=2004|doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4|pages=127–48|pmid=14586639|first1=Cengiz|last2=King|first2=Roy|last3=Kivisild|first3=Toomas|last4=Kalfoglu|first4=Ersi|last5=Atasoy|first5=Sevil|last6=Cavalleri|first6=Gianpiero L.|last7=Lillie|first7=Anita S.|last8=Roseman|first8=Charles C.|last9=Lin|first9=Alice A.|last10=Prince|first10=Kristina|last11=Oefner|first11=Peter J.|last12=Shen|first12=Peidong|last13=Semino|first13=Ornella|last14=Cavalli-Sforza|first14=L. Luca|last15=Underhill|first15=Peter A.|issue=2|s2cid=10763736|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Contu|year=2008|title=Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans|first1=Daniela|last2=Morelli|first2=Daniela|last3=Santoni|first3=Federico|last4=Foster|first4=Jamie W.|last5=Francalacci|first5=Paolo|last6=Cucca|first6=Francesco|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=1|pages=e1430|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001430|pmid=18183308|pmc=2174525|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.1430C|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Cruciani |last2=Santolamazza|last3=Shen|last4=MacAulay|first1=Fulvio|first2=Piero|first3=Peidong|first4=Vincent|last5=Moral|first5=Pedro|last6=Olckers|first6=Antonel|last7=Modiano|first7=David|last8=Holmes|first8=Susan|title=A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=70|issue=5|pages=1197–1214|year=2002|doi=10.1086/340257|pmid=11910562|pmc=447595}}
* {{Citation|last1=Cruciani|last2=La Fratta|last3=Santolamazza|last4=Sellitto|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1014–1022|date=May 2004|url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/hape3b.pdf|doi=10.1086/386294|pmid=15042509|pmc=1181964|access-date=2008-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626010050/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/hape3b.pdf|archive-date=2008-06-26|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last1=Cruciani|last2=La Fratta|last3=Torroni|last4=Underhill|last5=Scozzari|title=Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): A Posteriori Evaluation of a Microsatellite-Network-Based Approach Through Six New Biallelic Markers|journal=Human Mutation|volume=27|issue=8|pages=831–2|year=2006|doi=10.1002/humu.9445|pmid=16835895|s2cid=26886757|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Cruciani|last2=La Fratta|first2=R.|title=Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1300–1311|year=2007|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/24/6/1300|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010093322/https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/24/6/1300/984002/Tracing-Past-Human-Male-Movements-in-Northern|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2017|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049|pmid=17351267|first1=F.|last3=Trombetta|first3=B.|last4=Santolamazza|first4=P.|last5=Sellitto|first5=D.|last6=Colomb|first6=E. B.|last7=Dugoujon|first7=J.-M.|last8=Crivellaro|first8=F.|last9=Benincasa|first9=T.|last10=Pascone|first10=R.|last11=Moral|first11=P.|last12=Watson|first12=E.|last13=Melegh|first13=B.|last14=Barbujani|first14=G.|last15=Fuselli|first15=S.|last16=Vona|first16=G.|last17=Zagradisnik|first17=B.|last18=Assum|first18=G.|last19=Brdicka|first19=R.|last20=Kozlov|first20=A. I.|last21=Efremov|first21=G. D.|last22=Coppa|first22=A.|last23=Novelletto|first23=A.|last24=Scozzari|first24=R.|display-authors=8|doi-access=free}} Also see [https://archive.today/20121205040152/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/msm049/DC1?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=cruciani&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Supplementary Data].
* {{Citation|last1=Di Gaetano|last2=Cerutti|first2=Francesca|last3=Crobu|first3=Carlo|last4=Robino|year=2009|title=Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=17|issue=1|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.120|pages=91–99|pmid=18685561|pmc=2985948}}
* {{Citation|last1=Dugoujon|year=2009|url=http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Errico_Becoming_Eloquent_pdf.pdf|title=The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities|journal=Becoming Eloquent Advances in the Emergence of Language, Human Cognition, and Modern Cultures|pages=123–146|last2=Coudray|last3=Torroni|last4=Cruciani|last5=Scozzari|last6=Moral|last7=Louali|last8=Kossmann|editor1-last=d'Errico|editor2-last=Hombert|doi=10.1075/z.152.05ch4|isbn=978-90-272-3269-4}}
* {{Citation|last1=Ehret|first1=C.|year=2004|title=The Origins of Afroasiatic|journal=Science|issue=5702|page=1680|doi=10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c|volume=306|pmid=15576591|last2=Keita|first2=SO|last3=Newman|first3=P|s2cid=8057990}}
* {{Citation|last1=El-Sibai|first1=Mirvat|year=2009|title=Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast|journal=Annals of Human Genetics |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x|pmid=19686289|last2=Platt|first2=Daniel E.|last3=Haber|first3=Marc|last4=Xue|first4=Yali|last5=Youhanna|first5=Sonia C.|last6=Wells|first6=R. Spencer|last7=Izaabel|first7=Hassan|last8=Sanyoura|first8=May F.|last9=Harmanani|first9=Haidar|last10=Bonab|first10=Maziar Ashrafian|last11=Behbehani|first11=Jaafar|last12=Hashwa|first12=Fuad|last13=Tyler-Smith|first13=Chris|last14=Zalloua|first14=Pierre A.|last15=Genographic|first15=Consortium|volume=73|issue=6|pages=568–581|display-authors=8|pmc=3312577}}
* {{Citation|last1=Firasat|year=2006|title=Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=15|pages=121–126|pmid=17047675|pmc=2588664|issue=1|last2=Khaliq|first2=Shagufta|last3=Mohyuddin|first3=Aisha|last4=Papaioannou|first4=Myrto|last5=Tyler-Smith|first5=Chris|last6=Underhill|first6=Peter A|last7=Ayub|first7=Qasim}}
* {{Citation|last1=Flores|first1=Carlos|title=Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography|year=2004|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=12|pages=855–863|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225|pmid=15280900|issue=10|last2=Maca-Meyer|first2=Nicole|last3=González|first3=Ana M|last4=Oefner|first4=Peter J|last5=Shen|first5=Peidong|last6=Pérez|first6=Jose A|last7=Rojas|first7=Antonio|last8=Larruga|first8=Jose M|last9=Underhill|first9=Peter A|s2cid=16765118|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Flores|year=2005|title=Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan|journal=J Hum Genet|volume=50|pages=435–441|doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4|pmid=16142507|last2=Maca-Meyer|first2=Nicole|last3=Larruga|first3=Jose M.|last4=Cabrera|first4=Vicente M.|last5=Karadsheh|first5=Naif|last6=Gonzalez|first6=Ana M.|issue=9|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Francalacci|first1=P.|year=2003|title=Peopling of Three Mediterranean Islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) Inferred by Y-Chromosome Biallelic Variability|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=121|pages=270–279|doi=10.1002/ajpa.10265|pmid=12772214|last2=Morelli|first2=L.|last3=Underhill|first3=P.A.|last4=Lillie|first4=A.S.|last5=Passarino|first5=G.|last6=Useli|first6=A.|last7=Madeddu|first7=R.|last8=Paoli|first8=G.|last9=Tofanelli|first9=S.|last10=Cal|first10=C.M.|last11=Ghiani|first11=M.E.|last12=Varesi|first12=L.|last13=Memmi|first13=M.|last14=Vona|first14=G.|last15=Lin|first15=A.A.|last16=Oefner|first16=P.|last17=Cavalli-Sforza|first17=L.L.|issue=3|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Fregel|first1=Rosa|last2=Gomes|first2=Verónica|last3=Gusmão|first3=Leonor|last4=González|first4=Ana M|last5=Cabrera|first5=Vicente M|last6=Amorim|first6=António|last7=Larruga|first7=Jose M|year=2009|title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|issue=1 |pages=181|pmc=2728732|pmid=19650893|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..181F |doi-access=free }}
* {{citation|last1=Gérard|title=North African Berber and Arab influences in the western Mediterranean revealed by Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes|year=2006|journal=Human Biology|volume=78|issue=3|pages=307–316|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18328663|doi=10.1353/hub.2006.0045|pmid=17216803|last2=Berriche|first2=S|last3=Aouizérate|first3=A|last4=Diéterlen|first4=F|last5=Lucotte|first5=G|s2cid=13347549}}
* {{Citation|last1=Hammer |title=Human population structure and its effects on sampling Y chromosome sequence variation|journal=Genetics|volume=164|issue=4|pages=1495–1509|year=2003|doi=10.1093/genetics/164.4.1495|pmc=1462677|pmid=12930755}}
* {{Citation|last1=Hassan|last2=Underhill|first2=Peter A.|title=Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=137|issue=3|pages=316–23|year=2008|url=http://dirkschweitzer.net/E3b-papers/Hassan-Sudan-2008-AJPA.pdf|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20876|pmid=18618658|first1=Hisham Y.|last3=Cavalli-Sforza|first3=Luca L.|last4=Ibrahim|first4=Muntaser E.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304100010/http://dirkschweitzer.net/E3b-papers/Hassan-Sudan-2008-AJPA.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-04}}
* {{Citation|last1=Henn|first1=B. M.|last2=Gignoux|first2=C.|first3=Alice A|last3=Lin|first4=Peter J.|last5=Shen|first5=P.|last6=Scozzari|first6=R.|last7=Cruciani|first7=F.|last8=Tishkoff|first8=S. A.|last9=Mountain|first9=J. L.|last10=Underhill|first10=P. A.|last4=Oefner|title=Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa|journal=PNAS|volume=105|issue=31|pages=10693–8|year=2008|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801184105|pmid=18678889|pmc=2504844|bibcode=2008PNAS..10510693H|doi-access=free}}. See [http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2008/08/new-y-chromosome-haplogroup-e-m293.html comment on Dienekes blog], [http://spittoon.23andme.com/2008/08/04/the-origins-of-pastoralism-in-africa-what-do-the-genes-say/ comment on the Spitoon blog] and [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-08/sumc-ssu073108.php public release].
* {{Citation|last1=Jobling|first1=M.A.|last2=Tyler-Smith|first2=C.|title=New uses for new haplotypes the human Y chromosome, disease and selection|journal=Trends Genet.|volume=16|issue=8|pages=356–362|year=2000|doi=10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6|pmid=10904265 }}
* {{Citation|last1=Karafet|last2=Mendez|first2=F. L.|title=New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree|journal=Genome Research|volume=18|issue=5|pages=830–8|date=May 2008|url=http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1|doi=10.1101/gr.7172008|pmid=18385274|pmc=2336805|first1=T. M.|last3=Meilerman|first3=M. B.|last4=Underhill|first4=P. A.|last5=Zegura|first5=S. L.|last6=Hammer|first6=M. F.}}. Published online April 2, 2008. See also [http://www.genome.org/cgi/data/gr.7172008/DC1/1 Supplementary Material.]
* {{Citation|chapter=Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y chromosome lineage variation|last1=Keita|first1=Shomarka|title=In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the Four Fields of Anthropology : In Honor of Harold Crane Fleming|year=2008|publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=978-90-272-3252-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxcdjUGfx40C&pg=PA3}}
* {{Citation|year=2005|title=Genetics, Egypt, and History: Interpreting Geographical Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation|journal=History in Africa|volume=32|pages=221–246|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_in_africa/v032/32.1keita.html|last1=Keita|first1=S. O. Y.|doi=10.1353/hia.2005.0013|last2=Boyce|first2=A. J. (Anthony J.)|s2cid=163020672}}
* {{Citation|last1=King|last2=Özcan|first2=S. S.|title=Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=72|issue=2|pages=205–214|year=2008|url=http://dirkschweitzer.net/E3b-papers/KingAHG-08-72-205.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x|pmid=18269686|first1=R. J.|last3=Carter|first3=T.|last4=Kalfoğlu|first4=E.|last5=Atasoy|first5=S.|last6=Triantaphyllidis|first6=C.|last7=Kouvatsi|first7=A.|last8=Lin|first8=A. A.|last9=Chow|first9=C-E. T.|last10=Zhivotovsky|first10=L. A.|last11=Michalodimitrakis|first11=M.|last12=Underhill|first12=P. A.|s2cid=22406638|display-authors=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305052142/http://dirkschweitzer.net/E3b-papers/KingAHG-08-72-205.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-05}}
* {{Citation|title=Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages|journal=Antiquity|year=2002|volume=76|issue=293|pages=707–14|last1=King|last2=Underhill |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00091158|s2cid=160359661 }}
* {{Citation|last1=Kujanova|last2=Pereira|last3=Fernandes|last4=Pereira|last5=Cerný|title=Near Eastern Neolithic Genetic Input in a Small Oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21078|pmid=19425100|year=2009|volume=140|issue=2|pages=336–346}}
* {{Citation|title=Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination|first1=Marie|last1=Lacan|first2=Christine|last2=Keyser|first3=François-Xavier|last3=Ricaut|first4=Nicolas|last4=Brucato|first5=Josep |last5=Tarrús|first6=Angel|last6=Bosch|first7=Jean|last7=Guilaine|first8=Eric|last8=Crubézy|first9=Bertrand|last9=Ludes|journal=PNAS|volume=108|issue=45|pages=18255–9|year=2011|doi=10.1073/pnas.1113061108|pmid=22042855|pmc=3215063|bibcode=2011PNAS..10818255L|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last=Lancaster|first=Andrew|year=2009|url=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|volume=5|issue=1|title=Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35|access-date=2009-06-26|archive-date=2016-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150956/http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last1=Luis|last2=Rowold|first2=D|title=The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|issue=3|pages=532–544|year=2004|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p000-0130.pdf|doi=10.1086/382286|pmid=14973781|pmc=1182266|first1=J|last3=Regueiro|first3=M|last4=Caeiro|first4=B|last5=Cinnioglu|first5=C|last6=Roseman|first6=C|last7=Underhill|first7=P|last8=Cavallisforza|first8=L|last9=Herrera|first9=R|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216123633/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p000-0130.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-16}}. (Also see [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216124036/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_errata.pdf Errata])
* {{Citation|last1=Maca-Meyer|first1=N.|last2=Sánchez-Velasco|first2=P.|last3=Flores|first3=C. |display-authors=0 |name-list-style=vanc|year=2003|title=Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=67|issue=Pt 4|pages=329–339|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x|pmid=12914567|last4=Larruga|first4=JM|last5=González|first5=AM|last6=Oterino|first6=A|last7=Leyva-Cobián|first7=F|postscript=. |citeseerx=10.1.1.584.4253|s2cid=40355653}}
* {{Citation|date=April 1, 2007|title=Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau|first1=Laisel|last1=Martinez|last2=Underhill|first2=Peter A|last3=Zhivotovsky|first3=Lev A|last4=Gayden|first4=Tenzin|last5=Moschonas|first5=Nicholas K|last6=Chow|first6=Cheryl-Emiliane T|last7=Conti|first7=Simon|last8=Mamolini|first8=Elisabetta|last9=Cavalli-Sforza|first9=L Luca|last10=Herrera|first10=Rene|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|issn=1018-4813|volume=15|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769|pmid=17264870|issue=4|pages=485–493|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Mendizabal|first1=Isabel|year=2008|title=Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba|journal=BMC Evol. Biol.|volume=8|page=213|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-213|pmid=18644108|pmc=2492877|last2=Sandoval|first2=Karla|last3=Berniell-Lee|first3=Gemma|last4=Calafell|first4=Francesc|last5=Salas|first5=Antonio|last6=Martinez-Fuentes|first6=Antonio|last7=Comas|first7=David |issue=1 |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..213M |doi-access=free }}
* {{Citation|last1=Nebel|first1=Almut|year=2001|title=The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=69|issue=5|pages=1095–1112|doi=10.1086/324070|pmc=1274378|pmid=11573163|last2=Filon|first2=D|last3=Brinkmann|first3=B|last4=Majumder|first4=P|last5=Faerman|first5=M|last6=Oppenheim|first6=A}}
* {{Citation|last1=Paracchini|journal=J Med Genet|year=2003|volume=40|pages=815–819|title=A Y chromosomal influence on prostate cancer risk: the multi-ethnic cohort study|doi=10.1136/jmg.40.11.815|pmid=14627670|pmc=1735314|issue=11|last2=Pearce|first2=CL|last3=Kolonel|first3=LN|last4=Altshuler|first4=D|last5=Henderson|first5=BE|last6=Tyler-Smith|first6=C}}
* {{Citation|year=2007|title=Microgeographic genetic variation of Y chromosome in a population sample of Ravenna's area in the Emilia-Romagna region (North of Italy)|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series|volume=1|pages=242–243|doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.025|last1=Pelotti|last2=Ceccardi|first2=S|last3=Lugaresi|first3=F|last4=Trane|first4=R|last5=Falconi|first5=M|last6=Bini|first6=C|last7=Willuweit|first7=S|last8=Roewer|first8=L|issue=1}}
* {{Citation|last1=Pereira|first1=Luísa|year=2010|url=http://peer.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/51/83/10/PDF/PEER_stage2_10.1038%252Fejhg.2010.21.pdf|title=Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.21|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|pmid=20234393|pmc=2987384|volume=18|issue=8|last2=Černý|first2=Viktor|last3=Cerezo|first3=María|last4=Silva|first4=Nuno M|last5=Hájek|first5=Martin|last6=Vašíková|first6=Alžběta|last7=Kujanová|first7=Martina|last8=Brdička|first8=Radim|last9=Salas|first9=Antonio|pages=915–923|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528022914/http://peer.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/51/83/10/PDF/PEER_stage2_10.1038/ejhg.2010.21.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-28}}
* {{Citation|last1=Peričic|first1=M.|year=2005|title=High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations|periodical=Mol. Biol. Evol.|volume=22|issue=10|pages=1964–75|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630020652/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 30, 2012|doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185|pmid=15944443|last2=Lauc|first2=LB|last3=Klarić|first3=IM|last4=Rootsi|first4=S|last5=Janićijevic|first5=B|last6=Rudan|first6=I|last7=Terzić|first7=R|last8=Colak|first8=I|last9=Kvesić|first9=A|last10=Popović|first10=D|last11=Sijacki|first11=A|last12=Behluli|first12=I|last13=Dordevic|first13=D|last14=Efremovska|first14=L|last15=Bajec|first15=D. D.|last16=Stefanović|first16=B. D.|last17=Villems|first17=R|last18=Rudan|first18=P|display-authors=8|doi-access=free}}.
* Pontikos D. "Phylogeographic refinement of haplogroup E" http://dienekes.blogspot.ru/2015/07/phylogeographic-refinement-of.html
* {{Citation|last1=Regueiro|title=Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration|journal=Hum Hered|volume=61|issue=3|pages=132–143|year=2006|doi=10.1159/000093774|pmid=16770078|first1=M.|last2=Cadenas|first2=A.M.|last3=Gayden|first3=T.|last4=Underhill|first4=P.A.|last5=Herrera|first5=R.J.|s2cid=7017701}}
* {{Citation|title=Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample|journal=Journal International Journal of Legal Medicine|volume=122|issue=3|year=2008|doi=10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5|last1=Robino|first1=C.|pages=251–5|pmid=17909833|last2=Crobu|first2=F.|last3=Gaetano|first3=C.|last4=Bekada|first4=A.|last5=Benhamamouch|first5=S.|last6=Cerutti|first6=N.|last7=Piazza|first7=A.|last8=Inturri|first8=S.|last9=Torre|first9=C.|s2cid=11556974}}
* {{Citation|last1=Rosa|first1=Alexandra|year=2007|title=Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective|url= |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=7|page=124|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-124|pmid=17662131|pmc=1976131|last2=Ornelas|first2=Carolina|last3=Jobling|first3=Mark A|last4=Brehm|first4=António|last5=Villems|first5=Richard |issue=1 |bibcode=2007BMCEE...7..124R |doi-access=free }}
* {{Citation|last1=Rosser|last2=Zerjal|first2=T|title=Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=67|issue=6|pages=1526–1543|year=2000|url=http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63221-2|doi=10.1086/316890|pmid=11078479|pmc=1287948|first1=Z|last3=Hurles|first3=M|last4=Adojaan|first4=M|last5=Alavantic|first5=D|last6=Amorim|first6=A|last7=Amos|first7=W|last8=Armenteros|first8=M|last9=Arroyo|first9=E|last10=Barbujani|first10=G|last11=Beckman|first11=G|last12=Beckman|first12=L|last13=Bertranpetit|first13=J|last14=Bosch|first14=E|last15=Bradley|first15=D. G.|last16=Brede|first16=G|last17=Cooper|first17=G|last18=Côrte-Real|first18=H. B.|last19=De Knijff|first19=P|last20=Decorte|first20=R|last21=Dubrova|first21=Y. E.|last22=Evgrafov|first22=O|last23=Gilissen|first23=A|last24=Glisic|first24=S|last25=Gölge|first25=M|last26=Hill|first26=E. W.|last27=Jeziorowska|first27=A|last28=Kalaydjieva|first28=L|last29=Kayser|first29=M|last30=Kivisild|first30=T|display-authors=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506041100/http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63221-2|archive-date=2008-05-06}}
* {{Citation|last1=Sanchez |last2=Hallenberg|first2=Charlotte|title=High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=7|pages=856–866|year=2005|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390|pmid=15756297|first1=Juan J|last3=Børsting|first3=Claus|last4=Hernandez|first4=Alexis|last5=Gorlin|first5=RJ|doi-access=free}}. Published online 9 March 2005
* {{Citation|last1=Scozzari|first1=Rosaria|year=2001|journal=Human Immunology|volume=62|title=Human Y-Chromosome Variation in the Western Mediterranean Area: Implications for the Peopling of the Region|url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Scozzari2001.pdf|doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5|pages=871–884|pmid=11543889|issue=9|last2=Cruciani|first2=F|last3=Pangrazio|first3=A|last4=Santolamazza|first4=P|last5=Vona|first5=G|last6=Moral|first6=P|last7=Latini|first7=V|last8=Varesi|first8=L|last9=Memmi|first9=MM|last10=Romano|first10=Valentino|last11=De Leo|first11=Giacomo|last12=Gennarelli|first12=Massimo|last13=Jaruzelska|first13=Jadwiga|last14=Villems|first14=Richard|last15=Parik|first15=Jüri|last16=MacAulay|first16=Vincent|last17=Torroni|first17=Antonio|display-authors=8|citeseerx=10.1.1.408.4857}}
* {{Citation|last1=Semino|first1=O.|year=2000|title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective|periodical=Science|volume=290|pages=1155–59|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155|pmid=11073453|issue=5494|last2=Passarino|first2=G|last3=Oefner|first3=PJ|last4=Lin|first4=AA|last5=Arbuzova|first5=S|last6=Beckman|first6=LE|last7=De Benedictis|first7=G|last8=Francalacci|first8=P|last9=Kouvatsi|first9=A|last10=Limborska|first10=S|last11=Marcikiae|first11=M|last12=Mika|first12=A|last13=Mika|first13=B|last14=Primorac|first14=D|last15=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first15=A. S.|last16=Cavalli-Sforza|first16=L. L.|last17=Underhill|first17=P. A.|display-authors=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031125151213/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf|archive-date=2003-11-25|bibcode=2000Sci...290.1155S}}.
* {{Citation|last1=Semino|year=2002|title=Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny|periodical=Am J Hum Genet|volume=70|pages=265–268|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2002_v70_p265-268.pdf|doi=10.1086/338306|pmid=11719903|pmc=384897|last2=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first2=A. Silvana|last3=Falaschi|first3=Francesco|last4=Cavalli-Sforza|first4=L. Luca|last5=Underhill|first5=Peter A.|issue=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315210510/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2002_v70_p265-268.pdf|archive-date=2006-03-15}}
* {{Citation|last1=Semino|first1=Ornella|year=2004|title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area|periodical=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|pages=1023–1034|doi=10.1086/386295|pmid=15069642|pmc=1181965|last2=Magri|first2=Chiara|last3=Benuzzi|first3=Giorgia|last4=Lin|first4=Alice A.|last5=Al-Zahery|first5=Nadia|last6=Battaglia|first6=Vincenza|last7=MacCioni|first7=Liliana|last8=Triantaphyllidis|first8=Costas|last9=Shen|first9=Peidong|last10=Oefner|first10=Peter J.|last11=Zhivotovsky|first11=Lev A.|last12=King|first12=Roy|last13=Torroni|first13=Antonio|last14=Cavalli-Sforza|first14=L. Luca|last15=Underhill|first15=Peter A.|last16=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first16=A. Silvana|issue=5|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Shen|first1=Peidong|year=2004|title=Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation|periodical=Human Mutation|volume=24|url=http://www.ebc.ee/EVOLUTSIOON/publications/Shen2004.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090305052143/http://www.ebc.ee/EVOLUTSIOON/publications/Shen2004.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-05|doi=10.1002/humu.20077|pages=248–60|pmid=15300852|last2=Lavi|first2=Tal|last3=Kivisild|first3=Toomas|last4=Chou|first4=Vivian|last5=Sengun|first5=Deniz|last6=Gefel|first6=Dov|last7=Shpirer|first7=Issac|last8=Woolf|first8=Eilon|last9=Hillel|first9=Jossi|last10=Feldman|first10=Marcus W.|last11=Oefner|first11=Peter J.|issue=3|s2cid=1571356|display-authors=8|access-date=2008-11-07}}
* {{Citation|last1=Silva|year=2006|title=Y-chromosome genetic variation in Rio de Janeiro population|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113395738/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121018023311/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113395738/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-18|journal=American Journal of Human Biology|issue=6|pages=829–837|doi=10.1002/ajhb.20567|volume=18|pmid=17039481|last2=Carvalho|first2=Elizeu|last3=Costa|first3=Guilherme|last4=Tavares|first4=Lígia|last5=Amorim|first5=António|last6=Gusmão|first6=Leonor|s2cid=23778828}}
* {{Citation|last1=Shlush|year=2008|title=The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=5|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002105|pages=e2105|pmid=18461126|pmc=2324201|editor1-last=Gemmell|editor1-first=Neil John|last2=Behar|first2=Doron M.|last3=Yudkovsky|first3=Guennady|last4=Templeton|first4=Alan|last5=Hadid|first5=Yarin|last6=Basis|first6=Fuad|last7=Hammer|first7=Michael|last8=Itzkovitz|first8=Shalev|last9=Skorecki|first9=Karl|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2105S|doi-access=free}}
* {{citation |last1=Solé-Morata |first1=Neus |last2=García-Fernández |first2=Carla |last3=Urasin |first3=Vadim |last4=Bekada |first4=Asmahan |last5=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first5=Karima |last6=Zalloua |first6=Pierre |last7=Comas |first7=David |last8=Calafell |first8=Francesc |title=Whole Y-chromosome sequences reveal an extremely recent origin of the most common North African paternal lineage E-M183 (M81) |journal=Scientific Reports |date=21 November 2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15941 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-16271-y |pmid=29162904 |pmc=5698413 |bibcode=2017NatSR...715941S |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJkyAAAACAAJ&q=%22Blood+of+the+Isles%22|title=Blood of the Isles: Exploring the Genetic Roots of Our Tribal History|first=Bryan|last=Sykes|year=2006|publisher=Bantam|isbn=978-0-593-05652-3}}
* {{Citation|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/10/2180.full|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010214107/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/10/2180.full|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-10-10|journal=Mol Biol Evol|year=2007|volume=24|issue=10|pages=2180–2195|last1=Tishkoff|last2=Gonder|last3=Henn|last4=Mortensen|last5=Knight|title=History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation|pmid=17656633|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Thomas|year=2006|title=Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|issue=1601|url=http://publishing.royalsociety.org/media/proceedings_b/papers/RSPB20063627.pdf|doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3627|pages=2651–2657|volume=273|last2=Stumpf|first2=M. P.H|last3=Harke|first3=H.|pmid=17002951|pmc=1635457|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305052141/http://publishing.royalsociety.org/media/proceedings_b/papers/RSPB20063627.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-05}}
* {{Citation|last1=Trombetta|last2=Cruciani|last3=Sellitto|last4=Scozzari|title=A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016073|year=2011|pmid=21253605|pmc=3017091|editor1-last=MacAulay|editor1-first=Vincent|first1=Beniamino|first2=Fulvio|first3=Daniele|first4=Rosaria|pages=e16073|bibcode=2011PLoSO...616073T|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Trombetta |first1=Beniamino |display-authors=0 |title=Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=July 2015 |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=1940–1950 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv118 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/7/7/1940/631621 |pmid=26108492 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=4524485 |oclc=5854174538 |s2cid=16352575}}
* {{Citation|last1=Underhill|first1=Peter A.|year=2000|title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations|periodical=Nat Genet|volume=26|pages=358–361|doi=10.1038/81685|pmid=11062480|issue=3|last2=Shen|first2=Peidong|last3=Lin|first3=Alice A.|last4=Jin|first4=Li|last5=Passarino|first5=Giuseppe|last6=Yang|first6=Wei H.|last7=Kauffman|first7=Erin|last8=Bonné-Tamir|first8=Batsheva|last9=Bertranpetit|first9=Jaume|last10=Francalacci|first10=Paolo|last11=Ibrahim|first11=Muntaser|last12=Jenkins|first12=Trefor|last13=Kidd|first13=Judith R.|last14=Mehdi|first14=S. Qasim|last15=Seielstad|first15=Mark T.|last16=Wells|first16=R. Spencer|last17=Piazza|first17=Alberto|last18=Davis|first18=Ronald W.|last19=Feldman|first19=Marcus W.|last20=Cavalli-Sforza|first20=L. Luca|last21=Oefner|first21=Peter. J.|s2cid=12893406|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Underhill|year=2001|title=The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations|periodical=Ann Hum Genet|volume=65|pages=43–62|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x|pmid=11415522|last2=Passarino|first2=G.|last3=Lin|first3=A. A.|last4=Shen|first4=P.|last5=Mirazon Lahr|first5=M.|last6=Foley|first6=R. A.|last7=Oefner|first7=P. J.|last8=Cavalli-Sforza|first8=L. L.|issue=Pt 1|s2cid=9441236|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Underhill|year=2002|chapter=Inference of Neolithic Population Histories using Y-chromosome Haplotypes|editor=Bellwood, Peter |editor2=Renfrew, A. Colin |title=Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis |isbn=978-1-902937-20-5 |publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Citation|title=Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations|journal=Annu. Rev. Genet.|year=2007|volume=41|pages=539–64|doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407|last1=Underhill|first1=Peter A.|last2=Kivisild|pmid=18076332|first2=Toomas}}
* {{Citation|last1=Weale|first1=M. E.|last2=Weiss|first2=D. A.|last3=Jager|first3=R. F.|last4=Bradman|first4=N.|last5=Thomas|first5=M. G.|year=2002|title=Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration|periodical=Mol. Biol. Evol.|volume=19|issue=7|pages=1008–1021|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029232827/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-10-29|pmid=12082121|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160|doi-access=free}}.
* {{Citation|last1=Weale|date=September 1, 2003|title=Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography|periodical=Genetics|volume=165|pages=229–234|url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/165/1/229|issue=1|pmid=14504230|last2=Shah|first2=T|last3=Jones|first3=AL|last4=Greenhalgh|first4=J|last5=Wilson|first5=JF|last6=Nymadawa|first6=P|last7=Zeitlin|first7=D|last8=Connell|first8=BA|last9=Bradman|first9=N|last10=Thomas|first10=M. G.|doi=10.1093/genetics/165.1.229|pmc=1462739|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Wood| last2=Stover| last3=Ehret |last4=Destro-Bisol|title=Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics| year=2005| volume=13| issue=7| pages=867–876|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408| pmid=15856073| doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|author=Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC"|year=2002|title=A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups|periodical=Genome Research|volume=12|pages=339–348|issue=2|doi=10.1101/gr.217602|pmid=11827954|pmc=155271}}
* {{Citation|last1=Zalloua|first1=Pierre A.|year=2008|title=Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=82|issue=4|pages=873–882|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020|pmid=18374297|pmc=2427286|last2=Xue|first2=Yali|last3=Khalife|first3=Jade|last4=Makhoul|first4=Nadine|last5=Debiane|first5=Labib|last6=Platt|first6=Daniel E.|last7=Royyuru|first7=Ajay K.|last8=Herrera|first8=Rene J.|last9=Hernanz|first9=David F. Soria|last10=Blue-Smith|first10=Jason|last11=Wells|first11=R. Spencer|last12=Comas|first12=David|last13=Bertranpetit|first13=Jaume|last14=Tyler-Smith|first14=Chris|last15=Genographic|first15=Consortium|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Zalloua|first1=Pierre A.|year=2008|title=Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|pages=633–642|volume=83|issue=5|pmid=18976729|last2=Platt|first2=Daniel E.|last3=El Sibai|first3=Mirvat|last4=Khalife|first4=Jade|last5=Makhoul|first5=Nadine|last6=Haber|first6=Marc|last7=Xue|first7=Yali|last8=Izaabel|first8=Hassan|last9=Bosch|first9=Elena|last10=Adams|first10=Susan M.|last11=Arroyo|first11=Eduardo|last12=López-Parra|first12=Ana María|last13=Aler|first13=Mercedes|last14=Picornell|first14=Antònia|last15=Ramon|first15=Misericordia|last16=Jobling|first16=Mark A.|last17=Comas|first17=David|last18=Bertranpetit|first18=Jaume|last19=Wells|first19=R. Spencer|last20=Tyler-Smith|first20=Chris|last21=Genographic|first21=Consortium|pmc=2668035|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Zerjal|year=1999|title=The use of Y-chromosomal DNA variation to investigate population history; in Papiha SS, Deka R, Chakraborty R (eds): Genomic diversity: applications in human population genetics|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers|pages=91–101}}
* {{Citation|last1=Zhao|title=Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes|journal=Annals of Human Biology|year=2009|pages=1–14|doi=10.1080/03014460802558522|volume=36|pmid=19058044|pmc=2755252|last2=Khan|first2=Faisal|last3=Borkar|first3=Minal|last4=Herrera|first4=Rene|last5=Agrawal|first5=Suraksha|issue=1}}
{{Refend}}

===Sources for conversion tables===

{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Capelli |first1=Cristian |last2=Wilson |first2=James F. |last3=Richards |first3=Martin |last4=Stumpf |first4=Michael P.H. |last5=Gratrix |first5=Fiona |display-authors=4 |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2001 |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=432–443 |doi=10.1086/318205 |pmid=11170891 |pmc=1235276 |ref={{harvid|Capelli|2001}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M. |last3=Redd |first3=Alan J. |last4=Jarjanazi |first4=Hamdi |last5=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first5=Silvana |display-authors=4 |title=Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=1 July 2001 |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |pmid=11420360 |ref={{harvid|Hammer|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kaladjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |last3=Jobling |first3=Mark A |last4=Angelicheva |first4=Dora |last5=de Knijff |first5=Peter |display-authors=4 |title=Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2001 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 |pmid=11313742 |s2cid=21432405 |ref={{harvid|Kaladjieva|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana |last2=Xu |first2=Liping |last3=Du |first3=Ruofu |last4=Wang |first4=William |last5=Feng |first5=Shi |display-authors=4 |title=Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=September 2001 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=615–628 |doi=10.1086/323299 |pmid=11481588 |pmc=1235490 |ref={{harvid|Karafet|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |last1=Semino |year=2000 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155 |title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective |first1=O. |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5494 |pages=1155–9 |pmid=11073453 |last2=Passarino |first2=G |last3=Oefner |first3=PJ |last4=Lin |first4=AA |last5=Arbuzova |first5=S |display-authors=4 |last6=Beckman |bibcode=2000Sci...290.1155S |ref={{harvid|Semino|2000}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Bing |last2=Xiao |first2=Junhua |last3=Underhill |first3=Peter |last4=Deka |first4=Ranjan |last5=Zhang |first5=Weiling |display-authors=4 |title=Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=December 1999 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1718–1724 |doi=10.1086/302680 |pmid=10577926 |pmc=1288383 |ref={{harvid|Su|1999}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Underhill |first1=Peter A. |last2=Shen |first2=Peidong |last3=Lin |first3=Alice A. |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Passarino |first5=Giuseppe |display-authors=4 |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |journal=Nature Genetics |date=November 2000 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=358–361 |doi=10.1038/81685 |pmid=11062480 |s2cid=12893406 |ref={{harvid|Underhill|2000}}}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-Dna)}}
[[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|E1b1b]]

{{Sourceattribution|Haplogroup E-M215}}