View source for Biology:Hazara orthonairovirus

{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{Virusbox
| image = 
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = 
| parent = Orthonairovirus
| species = Hazara orthonairovirus
| subdivision_ranks = Strains
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="2016.026a,bM">{{cite web |last1=Kuhn |first1=Jens H. |display-authors=0 |title=Create five (5) new species in the genus ''Nairovirus''(proposed family ''Nairoviridae'', proposed order ''Bunyavirales''), rename the genus ''Orthonairovirus'', and rename all existing species |url=https://ictv.global/ICTV/proposals/2016.026a,bM.A.v3.Nairovirus_5sp.pdf |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |accessdate=1 April 2019 |page=11 |language=en |date=21 September 2016}}</ref>
| subdivision = 
*[[Biology:Hazara virus|Hazara virus]]
*[[Biology:Tofla virus|Tofla virus]]
}}

In 1954 the '''''Hazara orthonairovirus''''', one of the 34 tick-borne viruses of the genus ''[[Biology:Orthonairovirus|Orthonairovirus]]'', was discovered in Pakistan in the ''[[Biology:Ixodes|Ixodes]]'' tick native to that region.<ref name="oxfordjournals1">{{cite journal |last1=Begum |first1=F. |last2=Wisseman Jr. |first2=C. L. |last3=Casals |first3=J. |title=Tick-borne viruses of the West Pakistan: II. ''Hazara virus'', a new agent isolated from ''Ixodes redikorzevi'' ticks from the Kaghan Valley, W. Pakistan12 |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |year=1970 |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=192–194 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121197|pmid=5458947 }}</ref><ref name="virologyj1">{{cite journal |last1=Flusin |first1=O. |last2=Vigne |first2=S. |last3=Peyrefitte |first3=C. N. |last4=Bouloy |first4=M. |last5=Crance |first5=J.-M. |last6=Iseni |first6=F. |title=Inhibition of Hazara nairovirus replication by small interfering RNAs and their combination with ribavirin |journal=[[Biology:Virology Journal|Virology Journal]] |year=2011 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=249 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-8-249 |doi-access=free |pmc=3120786 |pmid=21600011}}</ref> Today this virus is studied in mice in an attempt to develop treatments for the highly pathogenic ''Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus''.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Dowall |first1=S. D. |last2=Findlay-Wilson |first2=S. |last3=Rayner |first3=E. |last4=Pearson |first4=G. |last5=Pickersgill |first5=J. |last6=Rule |first6=A. |last7=Merredew |first7=N. |last8=Smith |first8=H. |last9=Chamberlain |first9=J. |last10=Hewson |first10=R. |title=Hazara virus infection is lethal for adult type I interferon receptor-knockout mice and may act as a surrogate for infection with the human-pathogenic Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus |journal=Journal of General Virology |year=2011 |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=560–564 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.038455-0 |doi-access=free |pmid=22090213}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The ''Hazara orthonairovirus'' is part of the [[Biology:Genus|genus]] ''Orthonairovirus'' of the ''[[Biology:Bunyavirales|Bunyavirales]]'' order of viruses, which are an order of enveloped negative-stranded [[Biology:RNA|RNA]] viruses with a [[Biology:Genome|genome]] split into three parts—Small (S), Middle (M) and Large (L). The L RNA segment encodes an RNA-dependent [[Biology:RNA polymerase|RNA polymerase]] (L protein), the M RNA segment encodes two surface [[Chemistry:Glycoprotein|glycoprotein]]s (Gc and Gn), and the S RNA segment encodes a nucleocapsid protein (N).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crabtree |first1=Mary B. |last2=Sang |first2=Rosemary |last3=Miller |first3=Barry R. |title=Kupe Virus, a New Virus in the Family, Genus, Kenya |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/2/pdfs/08-0851.pdf |journal=[[Biology:Emerging Infectious Diseases|Emerging Infectious Diseases]] |date=2009 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=147–154 |doi=10.3201/eid1502.080851 |pmid=19193256 |pmc=2657624 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="virologyj1"/> The three genomic RNA segments are encapsidated by copies of the N protein in the form of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morikawa |first1=S. |last2=Saijo |first2=M. |last3=Kurane |first3=I. |title=Recent progress in molecular biology of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever  |journal=Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases |volume=30 |issue=5–6 |pages=375–389 |doi=10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.001 |pmid=17692916 |year=2007}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Surtees |first1=R. |last2=Ariza |first2=A. |last3=Punch |first3=E. K. |last4=Trinh |first4=C. H. |last5=Dowall |first5=S. D. |last6=Hewson |first6=R. |last7=Hiscox |first7=J. A. |last8=Barr |first8=J. N. |last9=Edwards |first9=T. A. |date=2015 |title=The crystal structure of the Hazara virus nucleocapsid protein |journal=[[Biology:BMC Structural Biology|BMC Structural Biology]] |volume=15 |pages=24 |doi=10.1186/s12900-015-0051-3 |doi-access=free |pmc=4696240 |pmid=26715309}}</ref> The N protein is the most abundant viral protein in ''Bunyaviridae'' virus particles and infected cells and, therefore, the main target in many serological and molecular diagnostics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bilk |first1=S. |last2=Schulze |first2=C. |last3=Fischer |first3=M. |last4=Beer |first4=M. |last5=Hlinak |first5=A. |last6=Hoffmann |first6=B. |date=2012 |title=Organ distribution of Schmallenberg virus RNA in malformed newborns  |journal=Veterinary Microbiology |volume=159 |issue=1–2 |pages=236–238 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.035|pmid=22516190 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bréard |first1=E.|last2=Lara |first2=E. |last3=Comtet |first3=L. |last4=Viarouge |first4=C. |last5=Doceul |first5=V. |last6=Desprat |first6=A. |last7=Vitour |first7=D. |last8=Pozzi |first8=N. |last9=Cay |first9=A. B. |date=2013 |title=Validation of a Commercially Available Indirect Elisa Using a Nucleocapside Recombinant Protein for Detection of Schmallenberg Virus Antibodies  |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=e53446 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0053446 |doi-access=free |pmc=3546048 |pmid=23335964|bibcode=2013PLoSO...853446B}}</ref>

==Transmission==
''Hazara orthonairovirus'' is spread by the ''Ixodes redikorzevi'' tick. The tick is commonly found on an alpine [[Biology:Vole|vole]] inhabiting the Hazara District of Pakistan.<ref name="oxfordjournals1"/>

==Signs and symptoms==
''Hazara orthonairovirus'' does not cause disease or symptoms in humans. In laboratory mice, symptoms can mirror those of ''Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus''.<ref name=":1"/>

==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis in [[Biology:Rodent|rodent]]s is made by detecting ''Hazara orthonairovirus'' [[Biology:Antibodies|antibodies]] in the serum.<ref name="virologyj1"/>

==Clinical importance==
'''''Hazara virus''''' is in the same Nairovirus serogroup as ''Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus'' (CCHFV), and has similar disease progression to that seen in ''Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever'' (CCHF) infections in suckling mice and in the interferon receptor [[Biology:Knockout mouse|knockout mouse]] model <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bereczky |first1=S. |last2=Lindegren |first2=G. |last3=Karlberg |first3=H. |last4=Åkerström |first4=S. |last5=Klingström |first5=J. |last6=Mirazimi |first6=A. |date=2010 |title=Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection is lethal for adult type I interferon receptor-knockout mice |journal=Journal of General Virology |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=1473–1477 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.019034-0 |pmid=20164263 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> This indicates that ''Hazara orthonairovirus'' could represent a valid model for CCHFV infection.

This finding is particularly important because using the ''Hazara orthonairovirus'' (biosafety level 2) as a model allows scientists to investigate this serogroup of viruses for the development of antivirals, without having to work in a biosafety level 4 environment, which is the highest available level of biosecurity, and is mandatory when working with intact CCHFV. While CCHFV is the most important human pathogen in this serogroup, Hazara research is potentially useful in the development of antiviral medications for all viruses in the genus ''Nairovirus''.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q29002579}}

[[Category:Nairoviridae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Hazara orthonairovirus}}