View source for Biology:Hippeastrum

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Hippeastrum reginae.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Biology:Hippeastrum reginae|Hippeastrum reginae]]''
|taxon = Hippeastrum
|authority = Herb.{{sfn|WCSP|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=278065 ''Hippeastrum'' herb.]}}{{sfn|Herbert|1821|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=llNNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA31 Appendix: p. 31, nom. cons.]}}{{sfn|Meerow|Van Scheepen|Dutilh|1997}}
|subdivision_ranks = Subgenera
|subdivision = 
* ''Tocantinia'' <small>(Ravenna) Nic.García</small> 
* ''Hippeastrum'' 
|type_species = ''[[Biology:Hippeastrum reginae|Hippeastrum reginae]]''
|type_species_authority = ([[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Herb.<ref name=Tropicos-Hippeastrum/>
|synonyms_ref = {{sfn|WCSP|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=278065 Synonyms ]}} 
|synonyms =
 {{collapsible list |title=|
* ''Aschamia'' <small>Salisb.</small>{{sfn|Salisbury|Gray|1866|p=[https://archive.org/details/generaplantsafr00saligoog/page/n142 134]}}
* ''Aulica'' <small>[[Biography:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small>{{sfn|Rafinesque|1838|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32191#page/356/mode/1up vol. 4, p. 10]}}
* ''Callicore'' <small>[[Biography:Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]</small>{{sfn|Link|1829|loc=[http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-166215-p0205-4 vol. 1, p. 193]}}
* ''Carlotea'' <small>Arruda ex H.Kost.</small>{{sfn|Koster|1816|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M6LVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA493 493]}}
* ''Chonais'' <small>Salisb.</small>{{sfn|Salisbury|Gray|1866|p=[https://archive.org/details/generaplantsafr00saligoog/page/n143 135]}}
* ''Eusarcops'' <small>Raf.</small>{{sfn|Rafinesque|1838|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32191#page/357/mode/1up vol. 4, p. 11]}}
* ''Lais'' <small>Salisb.</small>{{sfn|Salisbury|Gray|1866|p=[https://archive.org/details/generaplantsafr00saligoog/page/n142 134]}}
* ''[[Biology:Leopoldia|Leopoldia]]'' <small>Herb.''nom. rej.''</small><ref name=WCLSPFLeopoldia/>{{sfn|Herbert|1819|p=5, footnote}}{{sfn|Herbert|1820|p=181}}{{efn|name=Leopoldia}}
* ''Lepidopharynx'' <small>Rusby</small>{{sfn|Rusby|1927|p=214}}
* ''Moldenkea'' <small>Traub</small><ref>{{cite journal|year=1951|journal=Plant Life|volume=7|page=41}}{{full citation needed|date=June 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Biology:Omphalissa|Omphalissa]]'' <small>Salisb.</small>{{sfn|Salisbury|Gray|1866|p=[https://archive.org/details/generaplantsafr00saligoog/page/n142 134]}}
* ''Trisacarpis'' <small>Raf.</small>{{sfn|Rafinesque|1838|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32191#page/357/mode/1up vol. 4, p. 11]}}
}}
}}
[[File:Hippeastrum miniatum Blanco2.359.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Flower, leaves and bulb of ''Hippeastrum miniatum''. Francisco Manuel Blanco, Flora de Filipinas 1880–1883]]
[[File:Amaryllisbulb.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Hippeastrum'' bulb]]
[[File:Hippeastrum flower.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Detail of ''Hippeastrum'' flower]]

'''''Hippeastrum''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɪ|p|iː|ˈ|æ|s|t|r|ə|m}}){{sfn|Brenzel|2012}} is a [[Biology:Genus|genus]] of about 90 [[Biology:Species|species]], and over 600 [[Biology:Hybrid|hybrids]] and [[Biology:Cultivar|cultivar]]s, of [[Biology:Perennial plant|perennial]], [[Biology:Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] and [[Biology:Bulb|bulb]]ous plants, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the [[Earth:Americas|Americas]], from Mexico south to {{wipe|Argentina}} and on some islands in the Caribbean. The majority have large, fleshy bulbs—usually about the size of a softball—and tall, broad, strap-like leaves that are (generally) evergreen, and large red or purple flowers. Numerous colors and cultivars have been created over the past hundred years.

''Hippeastrum'' is a genus in the family [[Biology:Amaryllidaceae|Amaryllidaceae]] (subfamily [[Biology:Amaryllidoideae|Amaryllidoideae]], [[Biology:Tribe|tribe]] [[Biology:Hippeastreae|Hippeastreae]], and [[Biology:Subtribe|subtribe]] [[Biology:Hippeastrinae|Hippeastrinae]]).{{sfn|Stevens|2016}} For many years, there has been confusion among botanists, as well as collectors and the general public, over the [[Biology:Genus|generic]] names ''Amaryllis'' and ''Hippeastrum''; the former is a [[Place:Southern Africa|South African]] genus of plants, while the latter is a new world genus. However, the common name "amaryllis" has been used for  ''Hippeastrum'' for years, especially for the ornamental cultivars (sold as indoor flowering bulbs around November and December, for Christmas, in the [[Earth:Northern Hemisphere|Northern Hemisphere]]). Within the genus ''Hippeastrum'' exist many [[Earth:Epiphyte|epiphytic]] species, as well, which may be found living in natural debris and leaf litter on the crooks of tree branches; by comparison, ''Amaryllis'' is a primarily terrestrial, southern African genus of perennial bulbs.

== Description ==
[[File:Hippeastrum-pod.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Hippeastrum'': Trivalvar Capsule]]
[[File:Ritterstern Blüte.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Hippeastrum'': Pistil and stamens]]
[[File:Amaryllis stamens aka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Hippeastrum'': Stamens with filaments (white) ending in anthers carrying pollen]]

Most ''Hippeastrum'' bulbs are [[Biology:Tunica|tunicate]] (a protective dry outer layer and fleshy concentric inner scales or leaf bases). The bulbs are generally between 5&ndash;12&nbsp;cm (2"&ndash;5") in diameter and produce two to seven long-lasting [[Biology:Evergreen|evergreen]] or [[Biology:Deciduous|deciduous]] leaves that are 30&ndash;90&nbsp;cm (12"&ndash;36") long and 2.5&ndash;5&nbsp;cm (1"&ndash;2") wide. The leaves are [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#H|hysteranthous]] (develop after flowering), [[Biology:Sessility (botany)|sessile]] (borne directly from the stem or peduncle), rarely persistent and [[Biology:Petiole (botany)|subpetiolate]].{{sfn|Holmes|2008}}

The flowers are arranged in [[Biology:Umbel|umbel]]liform inflorescences which are [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#P|pauciflor]] or [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#P|pluriflor]] (2-14 flowers), supported on an erect hollow [[Biology:Scape (botany)|scape]] (flower stem) which is 20&ndash;75&nbsp;cm (12"&ndash;30") tall and 2.5&ndash;5&nbsp;cm (1"&ndash;2") in diameter with two free bracts forming a spathe which is [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#B|bivalve]] with free [[Biology:Leaflet (botany)|leaflets]] at its base.{{sfn|Dimitri|1987}}
Depending on the species, there are two to fifteen large showy flowers, which are more or less [[Biology:Floral symmetry#Zygomorphic|zygomorphic]] and [[Biology:Hermaphrodite|hermaphrodite]]. Each flower is 13&ndash;20&nbsp;cm (5"&ndash;8") across, and the native species are usually purple or red. They are funnelform (funnel shaped)<ref name=Kew_funnelform/> and declinate (curving downwards and then upwards at the tip)<ref name=Kew_declinate/> in shape. The [[Biology:Perianth|perianth]] has six brightly colored [[Biology:Tepal|tepal]]s (three outer [[Biology:Sepal|sepal]]s and three inner [[Biology:Petal|petal]]s) that may be similar in appearance or very different. The perianth segments are subequal or unequal.<ref name=jstor/> The tepals are united at the base to form a short tube, usually with a rudimentary scaly [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#P|paraperigonium]]{{sfn|Meerow|Fay|Guy|Li|1999}} with [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#F|fimbriae]]<ref name=Kew_fimbriae/> or a [[Chemistry:Callose|callose]] ridge present at the throat.

The androecium consists of six stamens with [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#F|filiform]] (thread like) [[Biology:Stamen|filaments]], which are [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#F|fasciculate]] (in close bundles) and declinate or [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#A|ascendent]]. The anthers are dorsifixed or versatile.{{sfn|Simpson|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC&pg=PA373 373]}} In the gynaecium, the [[Biology:Ovary (botany)|ovary]] is inferior and [[Biology:Locule|trilocular]] with [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#P|pluriovulate]] [[Biology:Locule|locule]]s.<ref name=Kew_pluriovulate/> The [[Biology:Style (botany)|style]] is filiform, and the [[Biology:Stigma (botany)|stigma]] [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#T|trifid]]. The [[Biology:Fruit|fruit]] forms a [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#V|trivalve]] capsule containing seeds which are dry, flattened, obliquely winged or irregularly [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#D|discoid]], hardly ever turgid, and [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#G|globose]] (spherical) or [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#S|subglobose]], with a brown or black [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#P|phytomelanous]] testa.{{sfn|Andrade et al|2012}}

== Etymology ==
The name ''Hippeastrum'' was first given to the genus by Herbert,{{sfn|Herbert|1821}} being derived from the [[Social:Ancient Greek|Ancient Greek]],<ref name=Math99/> meaning a "knight's star" from ''ἱππεύς'' (hippeus, mounted knight) and ''ἄστρον'' (astron, [[Astronomy:Star|star]]), to describe the first recognized species, ''Hippeastrum reginae''. Herbert proposed to call the genus, which he distinguished from Linnaeus' ''Amaryllis'', ''Hippeastrum'', or "knight's-star-lily". He states; <blockquote>"I have named [them] ''Hippeastrum'' or Knights-star-lily, pursuing the idea which gave rise to the name Equestris" (p.12).{{sfn|Herbert|1821}}</blockquote>

Herbert's fourteen species included this ''Hippeastrum equestre''.<ref name=Math99/> This 'equine' connection refers to Carl Linnaeus the Younger who had named (in an unpublished manuscript) a [[Place:West Indies|West Indian]] species as ''Amaryllis equestris'', because of its similarity to the African genus ''[[Biology:Amaryllis|Amaryllis]]''. This name and attribution was first published by William Aiton in 1789, in his ''Hortus Kewensis''.<ref name=Aiton/> Which species this was is not known precisely. However, in 1795 [[Biography:William Curtis|William Curtis]], described ''Amaryllis equestris'' or the Barbados lily in his ''Botanical Magazine'', referring to Aiton:

{{Blockquote|"The spatha is composed of two leaves, which standing up at a certain period of the plant's flowering like ears, give to the whole flower a fancied resemblance of a horse's head; whether LINNÆUS derived his name of ''equestris'' from this circumstance or not, he does not condescend to inform us."{{sfn|Curtis|1795}}}}

In 1803 John Sims claimed Curtis had made a mistake in this attribution, and that; <blockquote>"this name was given from the remarkable likeness the front view of it has to a star of some of the orders of knight-hood; an appearance well expressed by [[Biography:Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|JACQUIN]]'s figure in the ''Hortus Schoenbrunnensis''"{{sfn|Sims|1803}}{{sfn|von Jacquin|1797}}</blockquote>

Despite much speculation, there is no definitive explanation of either Linnaeus ''fils'' or Herbert's thinking. For instance the 'knight's star' has been compared to Linnaeus' decoration as a Knight of the Order of the Polar Star.<ref name=amaryllidaceae-Hippeastrum/> The [[Social:Latin|Latin]] word ''equestris'' (of a knight, or horseman) may have been confused with ''equi'' (of a horse), or possibly Herbert was making a literary knight's move on the Linnaean term.<ref name=Math99/> The flower name has even been compared to the mediaeval weapon, the spoked mace or [[Engineering:Morning star (weapon)|Morning Star]] which it superficially resembles.<ref>{{citation|last=Don|date=2013}}{{full citation needed|date=June 2020}}</ref>

===Common name===

Although the 1987 decision settled the question of the scientific name of the genus, the common name "amaryllis" continues to be used. Bulbs sold as amaryllis and described as ready to bloom for the holidays belong to the genus ''Hippeastrum''.<ref name=Math99/>{{sfn|Carter|2010}} "Amaryllis" is also used in the name of some societies devoted to the genus ''Hippeastrum''.{{sfn|Houston Amaryllis Society|2015}} Separate common names are used to describe the genus ''Amaryllis'', e.g., "Naked Lady".<ref name=Wils05/>

=={{anchor|Taxonomy of Hippeastrum}}Taxonomy==

=== Separation of ''Hippeastrum'' from ''Amaryllis'' ===
The [[Biology:Taxonomy|taxonomy]] of the genus is complicated. The first issue is whether the name should more properly be ''Amaryllis'' <small>L.</small>. In 1753 [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] created the name ''[[Biology:Amaryllis belladonna|Amaryllis belladonna]]'', the [[Biology:Type species|type species]] of the genus ''[[Biology:Amaryllis|Amaryllis]]'', in his ''[[Biology:Species Plantarum|Species Plantarum]]'' along with eight other ''Amaryllis'' species.{{efn|Linnaeus' original species of ''Amaryllis'' were: ''A. lutea'', ''A. atamasco'', ''A. formossissima'', ''A. belladonna'', ''A. sarniensis,'' ''A. zeylanica'', ''A. longifolia'', ''A. orientalis'' and ''A. guttata''. All of these were subsequently assigned to different genera{{sfn|Sealy|1939}}}}{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358106#page/304/mode/1up ''Amaryllis'' pp.&nbsp;292–293]}} Linnaeus had earlier worked on the Estate of George Clifford near Haarlem between 1735 and 1737 describing the plants growing there in his ''Hortus Cliffortianus'' in 1738.{{sfn|Jarvis|2016}} It is to this work that he refers in his ''Species Plantarum''.<ref name=Linn37/> This was assumed to be the South African Cape Belladonna, although not precisely known.{{sfn|Sealy|1939}} Clifford's herbarium is now preserved at the [[Biology:Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in [[Place:London|London]].{{sfn|Jarvis|2016}}

At the time both South African and South American plants were placed in this same genus. By the early nineteenth century ''Amaryllis'' had become a [[Biology:Polymorphism|polymorphic]] (diverse) genus with about 50 species from what we would consider a dozen genera today, and attempts were made to separate it into different genera.{{sfn|Sealy|1939}} This work commenced in 1819 with the contributions of the English botanist, the Revd. William Herbert in Curtis's Botanical Magazine{{sfn|Herbert|1819}} which he expanded in 1821 in The Botanical Register, identifying 14 species of the new genus of ''Hippeastrum'', and only leaving three species in ''Amaryllis''. The rest of the ''Amaryllis'' species he transferred to other genera, several of which he created.{{sfn|Herbert|1821}} Herbert further refined his descriptions of ''Hippeastrum'' in his work on the Amaryllidaceae in 1837.{{sfn|Herbert|1837}}

=== Nomenclature debate ===
Since then a key question has been whether Linnaeus's original type was a South African plant (now ''Amaryllis'') or a South American plant (now ''Hippeastrum''). If the latter, the correct name for the genus ''Hippeastrum'' would then be ''Amaryllis'' and a new name would need to be found for the South African genus. In 1938 Johannes Cornelius Theodorus Uphof (JCT Uphof) claimed, with some evidence,{{sfn|Sealy|1939}} that the plant was in fact the South American ''Hippeastrum equestre'' <small>(Linn. fil.) Herb.</small> (syn. ''Amaryllis equestris'' (Linn. fil.) ex Aiton, accepted name ''[[Biology:Hippeastrum puniceum|H. puniceum]]''){{sfn|Uphof|1938}}{{sfn|Uphof|1939}} a plant which Carl Linnaeus' son, Linnaeus the Younger (''Linn. fil.'') had described c. 1781-3 (unpublished){{sfn|Sealy|1939}} but soon after appearing in the ''Hortus Kewensis'' of 1789. This paper sparked a debate over the next half century, that delayed the official transfer of species from ''Amaryllis'' to ''Hippeastrum''. This debate involved botanists on both sides of the Atlantic and the outcome was a decision by the 14th [[Organization:International Botanical Congress|International Botanical Congress]] in 1987 that ''Amaryllis'' <small>L.</small> should be a ''nomen conservandum'' ([[Biology:Conserved name|conserved name]], i.e., correct regardless of priority) and ultimately based on a specimen of the South African ''Amaryllis belladonna'' from the Clifford Herbarium. Thus ''Amaryllis'' <small>L.</small> is the correct name for the South African genus, not the South American genus (''Hippeastrum'').{{sfn|Meerow|Van Scheepen|Dutilh|1997}}

=== Claim for ''Leopoldia'' ===
The second issue is whether the name should be ''[[Biology:Leopoldia|Leopoldia]]''. In 1819 Herbert had proposed ''Leopoldia'' as a ''nomen provisorium'' (provisional name){{sfn|Herbert|1819|p=5, footnote}} for the same taxon as he called ''Hippeastrum'' in 1821.{{sfn|Herbert|1820|p=181}}{{sfn|Sealy|1939|p=65}} Although ''Leopoldia'' was subsequently validated (i.e., became the correct name), this was overlooked, and ''Hippeastrum'' rather than ''Leopoldia'' was used for the genus of [[Earth:New World|New World]] [[Biology:Amaryllidaceae|amaryllids]]. Following Filippo Parlatore in 1845, the name ''Leopoldia'' was used for a genus of grape hyacinth species, allied to ''[[Biology:Muscari|Muscari]]''. In order to preserve the widespread usage of both ''Hippeastrum'' and ''Leopoldia'', Fabio Garbari and Werner Greuter proposed in 1970 that Herbert's ''Hippeastrum'' and Parlatore's ''Leopoldia'' should be conserved and Herbert's ''Leopoldia'' rejected. This was accepted and ''Hippeastrum'' <small>Herb.</small> is now a ''nomen conservandum'' ([[Biology:Conserved name|conserved name]]), ''i.e.,'' the correct name regardless of the fact that it does not have priority over ''Leopoldia''.{{sfn|Traub|1959}}{{sfn|Garbari|Greuter|1970}}<ref name=usna/>

===Intergeneric hybrids===
While interspecific hybrids of ''Hippeastrum'' are relatively common, hybridization with other genera of [[Biology:Amaryllidaceae|Amaryllidaceae]] are more rare. The most conspicuous exception is the hybrid obtained through crossbreeding with the Mexican ''[[Biology:Sprekelia|Sprekelia formosissima]]'' (St James's lily, Aztec lily, Jacobean lily), another member of the tribe [[Biology:Hippeastreae|Hippeastreae]], originally called ''Amaryllis formosissima'', which is apomictic. ''× Hippeastrelia'' is the name given to this cross.<ref name=Math99/>{{sfn|Meerow|2009}}{{sfn|Manning|1974}}<ref name=PBS_XH/>

=== Subgenera ===
A number of subgenera have been proposed over the years. For instance in the 1870s and 1880s John Gilbert Baker considerably reorganised ''Hippeastrum''. In 1878 he described nine sections of the genus,{{sfn|Baker|1878}} but by 1888 he included seven subgenera, namely (number of species in parentheses) ''[[Biology:Habranthus|Habranthus]]'' (10), ''[[Biology:Phycella|Phycella]]'' (3), ''[[Biology:Rhodophiala|Rhodophiala]]'' (5), ''Macropododastrum'' (1), ''Omphalissa'' (6), ''Aschamia'' (10) and ''Lais'' (3), some of which have since been treated as separate genera (''Habranthus'', ''Rhodophiala'').{{sfn|Baker|1888}} Baker both reduced the original number of species of Herbert, but also enlarged the genus by adding in other genera such as ''[[Biology:Habranthus|Habranthus]]'', ''[[Biology:Phycella|Phycella]]'', ''[[Biology:Rhodophiala|Rhodophiala]]'' and ''Rhodolirion'' (also called ''Rhodolirium'', and subsequently moved to ''Rhodophilia''),<ref name=troprhodolirion/> which he included as separate sections of ''Hippeastrum''. In addition, he included many new species being discovered in South America, particularly {{wipe|Chile}}. His 1878 classification included 47 species, reduced to 38 by 1888. These subgenera were not widely used due to indistinct boundaries of some of the divisions.<ref name=Kubitzki/> For reference, these were:<ref name=amaryllidaceae-Hippeastrum/>{{sfn|Traub|1958}}{{sfn|Traub|1980}}{{sfn|Vargas|1984}}
* ''Aschamia'' <small>(Salisb.) Baker</small> (e.g. ''H. reginae'', ''H. andreanum'', ''H. scopulorum'', ''H. mandonii'', ''H. leopoldii'', ''H. reticulatum'', ''H. stylosum'')
* ''Cephaleon'' <small>Traub</small> (e.g. ''H. machupijchense'')
* ''Lais'' <small>(Salisb.) Baker</small> (e.g. ''H. striatum'', ''H. vittatum'', ''H. breviflorum'')
* ''Macropodastrum'' <small>Baker</small> (e.g. ''H. elegans'')
* ''[[Biology:Omphalissa|Omphalissa]]'' <small>(Salisb.) Baker</small> (e.g. ''H. aulicum'', ''H. psittacinum'', ''H. calyptratum'', ''H. cybister'', ''H. pardinum'', ''H. miniatum'', ''H. iguazuanum'')
* ''Sealyana'' <small>Traub</small> (e.g.: ''H. reticulatum'')

Following a major recircumscription of Hippeastreae, ''Hippeastrum'' was once again formally divided into two subgenera, by the inclusion of the three species of ''Tocantina'':{{sfn|Garcia et al|2019}}
* ''Tocantinia'' <small>(Ravenna) Nic.García</small> (3)
* ''Hippeastrum'' (~100)

===Selected species===
{{Main|Biology:List of Hippeastrum species}}

{{As of|2013|November}}, the ''World Checklist of Selected Plant Families'' accepts 91 species:{{sfn|WCSP|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=278065 ''Hippeastrum'' herb.]}} Garcia et al. (2019) estimate approximately 100 species in subgenus ''Hippeastrum'', together with 3 in subgenus ''Tocantinia''.{{sfn|Garcia et al|2019}}

{{Div col| colwidth=27em}}
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum angustifolium|Hippeastrum angustifolium]]'' <small>Pax</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum arboricola|Hippeastrum arboricola]]'' <small>(Ravenna) Meerow</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum aulicum|Hippeastrum aulicum]]'' <small>(Ker Gawl.) Herb.</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum aviflorum|Hippeastrum aviflorum]]'' <small>(Ravenna) Dutilh</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum calyptratum|Hippeastrum calyptratum]]'' <small>(Ker Gawl.) Herb.</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum canterai|Hippeastrum canterai]]'' <small>Arechav.</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum correiense|Hippeastrum correiense]]'' <small>(Bury) Worsley</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum cybister|Hippeastrum cybister]]'' <small>(Herb.) Benth. ex Baker</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum evansiae|Hippeastrum evansiae]]'' <small>(Traub & I.S.Nelson) H.E.Moore</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum ferreyrae|Hippeastrum ferreyrae]]'' <small>(Traub) Gereau & Brako</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum iguazuanum|Hippeastrum iguazuanum]]'' <small>(Ravenna) T.R.Dudley & M.Williams</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum leopoldii|Hippeastrum leopoldii]]'' <small>T.Moore</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum miniatum|Hippeastrum miniatum]]'' <small>(Ruiz & Pav.) Herb.</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum papilio|Hippeastrum papilio]]'' <small>(Ravenna) Van Scheepen</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum pardinum|Hippeastrum pardinum]]'' <small>(Hook.f.) Dombrain</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum petiolatum|Hippeastrum petiolatum]]'' <small>Pax</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum psittacinum|Hippeastrum psittacinum]]'' <small>(Ker Gawl.) Herb.</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum puniceum|Hippeastrum puniceum]]'' <small>(Lam.) Voss. Syn. H. equestre (Aiton)</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum reginae|Hippeastrum reginae]]'' <small>(L.) Herb. </small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum striatum|Hippeastrum striatum]]'' <small>(Lam.) H.E.Moore ''syn.'' ''H. rutilum'' (Ker Gawl.) Herb.</small>
*''[[Biology:Hippeastrum reticulatum|Hippeastrum reticulatum]]'' <small>(L'Hér.) Herb. ''syn.'' ''H. striatifolium'' (Sims)</small>
*''Hippeastrum vittatum'' <small>(L'Hér.) Herb.</small>
{{Div col end}}

Unplaced names include ''Hippeastrum ugentii'',{{sfn|Ochoa|2006}} considered in the Kew ''World Checklist of Selected Plant Families'' as probably a ''[[Biology:Crinum|Crinum]]''.

Hybrids include ''Hippeastrum ×johnsonii''.
{{gallery
|File:Hippeastrum aulicum1CURTIS.jpg|''Hippeastrum aulicum''
|File:Hippeastrum correiense.jpg|''Hippeastrum correiense''
|File:Amaryllis -- Hippeastrum correiense.jpg|''Hippeastrum correiense''
|File:Hippeastrum evansiae.jpg|''Hippeastrum evansiae''
|File:Hippeastrum papilio (1).jpg|''Hippeastrum papilio''
|File:Hippeastrum pardinum1.jpg|''Hippeastrum pardinum'' by Charles Jacques Édouard Morren 1867
|File:Hippeastrum puniceum 03840.jpg|''Hippeastrum puniceum''
|File:Hippeastrum rutilum (15) 1200.jpg|''Hippeastrum striatum''
|File:Priscilla Susan Bury c1790-c1870.jpg|''Hippeastrum ×johnsonii'' by Priscilla Susan Bury
}}

== Distribution and habitat ==
''Hippeastrum'' species are concentrated in two centres of diversity, the main one in Eastern {{wipe|Brazil}} and the other in the central southern [[Place:Andes|Andes]] of Peru, Bolivia and {{wipe|Argentina}}, on the eastern slopes and nearby [[Earth:Foothills|foothills]]. Some species are found as far north as Mexico and the West Indies.{{sfn|Meerow|2009}} The genus is thought to have originated in Brazil where at least 34 of the species have been found.{{sfn|Andrade et al|2012}} Their habitat is mainly tropical and subtropical, though those species found south of the [[Astronomy:Equator|equator]], or at sufficient [[Altitude|altitude]] may be considered temperate.{{sfn|Meerow|1999}} ''Hippeastrum'' is found in a wide range of habitats. Many are found in underbrush, while others prefer full sun. ''Hippeastrum angustifolium'' is an example of a species preferring [[Earth:Flood|flood]] areas, while other species prefer a drier habitat. There are also epiphytic species, such as ''Hippeastrum aulicum'', ''Hippeastrum calyptratum'', ''Hippeastrum papilio'' and ''Hippeastrum arboricola'', which require air circulation around their roots,<ref name=amaryllidaceae-Hippeastrum/> which are in the subgenus ''Omphalissa''.<ref name=amaryllidaceae-epiphyt/>

== Ecology ==

=== Reproduction ===
Species are generally diploid with 2n=22 chromosomes, but some species, such as ''Hippeastrum iguazuanum'', have 24.{{sfn|Williams|Dudley|1984}} The genus has a degree of interspecies intercompatibility allowing crossing.{{sfn|Darwin|1859|pp=235, 242}}{{verify source|date=June 2020}}

Some species, such as the Uruguayan ''Hippeastrum petiolatum'', are [[Biology:Sterility (physiology)|sterile]] and unable to produce seeds. ''H. petiolatum'' is a sterile triploid that reproduces asexually, producing many bulbils around the mother bulb. These are light, and easily carried on the surface of water ensuring distribution of the species during the rainy season. Other species such as ''Hippeastrum reticulatum'' are self-pollinating, reproducing by distributing seed. Although this does not guarantee [[Biology:Genetic diversity|genetic diversity]] in natural populations, it is widely used by colonising species. These two examples are not however typical of the genus, which commonly reproduces through [[Biology:Allogamy|allogamy]]. One mechanism that limits self-pollination is that of [[Biology:Self-incompatibility|self-incompatibility]] by which seeds are only produced by [[Biology:Pollination|pollination]] from other plants.<ref name=amaryllidaceae-reproSX/>{{sfn|Williams|1980}} Furthermore, the plant generally releases its pollen about two days before its stigma is receptive, making cross-pollination more likely.<ref name=amaryllidaceae-reproSX/> Pollinators include [[Biology:Hummingbird|hummingbird]]s in subtropical areas, and moths.<ref name=Math99/>

=== Pests ===
''Hippeastrum'' species are used as food plants by the [[Biology:Larva|larva]]e of some [[Biology:Lepidoptera|Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Biology:Spodoptera picta|Spodoptera picta]]'' (crinum grub)<ref name=Hippeastrum.com-pests/> as well as [[Biology:Pseudococcidae|Pseudococcidae]] (mealybugs), [[Biology:Merodon equestris|large]], and [[Biology:Eumerus strigatus|small narcissus bulb flies]] (''Eumerus strigatus'' and ''[[Biology:Eumerus funeralis|E. funeralis]]''), [[Biology:Thrips|thrips]], mites, aphids, snails and slugs.<ref name=rhs/>{{sfn|Meerow|1999a}}{{sfn|Hessayon|1995}}<ref name=MHF/> A fungal disease attacking ''Hippeastrum'' is ''Stagonospora curtisii'' (red blotch, red leaf spot or red fire).<ref name=PBS/> The leaves are also eaten by grasshoppers, and grasshoppers commonly plant egg pods in the ground near ''Hippeastrum'' bulbs, which erupt in the spring, covering the plant with nymphs.

=== Conservation ===
The following species were considered threatened or [[Biology:Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] by degradation of their natural habitat, according to the [[Organization:International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN){{sfn|IUCN|2016}} Red List of Threatened Species<ref name=iucnred/> in 1997.<ref name=iucnred97618/>

* ''Hippeastrum arboricolum'' (Argentina) 
* ''Hippeastrum aviflorum'' (Argentina) 
* ''Hippeastrum canterai'' (Uruguay) 
* ''Hippeastrum ferreyrae'' (Peru) 
* ''Hippeastrum petiolatum'' (Argentina & Brazil)

== Cultivation ==
[[File:Hippeastrum bulb 1.jpg|thumbnail|upright=0.8|''Hippeastrum'' bulb, with young shoot]]
[[File:Hippeastrum.overallview.arp.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Hippeastrum'' grown in pot]]

''Hippeastrum'' cultivars and species can be grown inside in [[Engineering:Flowerpot|pot]]s or outside in warmer climates ([[Hardiness zone|Hardiness]] 7B-11).{{sfn|Meerow|2009}} Many will bloom year after year provided they are given a [[Biology:Dormancy|dormant]] period in a cool, dark place for two months without water or [[Chemistry:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] although some bulbs will start growing before the two-month period is up.<ref name=infoam/>

The bulb is tender and should not be exposed to [[Earth:Frost|frost]], but is otherwise easy to grow with large rewards for small efforts, especially those that bloom inside during the winter months. Note too, that ''Hippeastrum'' can also be grown in the ground in temperate areas. Bulbs are usually sold in fall for early winter bloom. Bare-root bulbs do best planted in a pot only slightly larger than the [[Circumference|circumference]] of the bulb in well-drained, organic mix (such as sterilized potting soil plus [[Biology:Coir|coir]] fiber, or equal amounts of peat moss, sand and humus), with one third of the bulb visible above the surface of the soil and two thirds buried.<ref name=infoam/>

After planting, sprouting requires a warm place (about 20&nbsp;°C). Bulbs need light watering until the leaves and buds emerge, and need to be situated in a well-lit, cool place and watered as needed to maintain moderate soil moisture. Overwatering will cause bulb and root rot. Plants may be fed with common fertilizers that contain [[Chemistry:Iron|iron]] and [[Chemistry:Magnesium|magnesium]]. Blooming takes place about two months after planting. The plant's leaves should continue to grow after the flowers have faded. Summering outdoors in four or five hours of direct sunlight, plus fertilizing lightly as the season progresses, will help develop buds for the next year.<ref name=infoam/>

=== Breeding and propagation ===
Intense cultivation of a number of species, particularly from Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, has occurred because of the appearance and size of the flowers, resulting in many [[Biology:Hybrid|hybrid]]s and cultivars.{{sfn|Meerow|2009}}

=== History ===
''Hippeastrum'' breeding began in 1799 when Arthur Johnson, a watchmaker in Prescot, England, crossed ''Hippeastrum reginae'' with ''Hippeastrum vitattum'', obtaining hybrids that were later given the name ''Hippeastrum'' × 'Johnsonii' <ref name=Hippeastrum.com-johnsonii/> (Johnson's amaryllis, 'hardy amaryllis' or St. Joseph's lily). Johnson shared his work with the Liverpool Botanic Garden which was fortunate, since his greenhouse was destroyed in a fire. His hybrid was being cultivated in the US by the mid-nineteenth century.{{sfn|Read|1999}}<ref name=rhs/><ref name=smgrowers/><ref name=bulbsoc/> Many new hybrid lines followed as new species were sent to Europe from South America, the most important of which were ''Reginae'' and ''Leopoldii''.{{sfn|Meerow|2009}}

The ''Reginae'' strain hybrids were produced by Jan de Graaff and his two sons in the Netherlands in the mid-19th century by crossing ''Hippeastrum vitatum'' and ''Hippeastrum striatum'' with ''Hippeastrum psittacinum'' and some of the better hybrids available in Europe at the time. Some of the most successful hybrids were ''Graveana'' and ''Empress of India''.{{sfn|Meerow|2009}}{{sfn|Meerow|1999}}

''Leopoldii'' hybrids arose from the work of the British explorer and botanist [[Biography:Richard Pearce (botanist)|Richard Pearce]], an employee of James Veitch & Sons, a plant nursery. Pearce brought back specimens of ''Hippeastrum leopoldii'' and ''Hippeastrum pardinum'' from the Andes. These two species were notable for large flowers that were wide open and relatively symmetrical. Crossing these two species with the best of the ''Reginae'' strain produced a lineage of very large open flowered specimens, with up to 4-6 flowers on each scape. The Veitch nursery dominated the commercial development of ''Hippeastrum leopoldii'' and other varieties up to the early years of the twentieth century, the best of their hybrids setting the standard for modern commercial development.{{sfn|Meerow|2009}}{{sfn|Meerow|1999}}{{sfn|Veitch|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kDE0FjoIR0UC&pg=PA468 468]}}

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw Amaryllis breeding develop in the United States, particularly in {{wipe|Texas}}, {{wipe|California}}, and Florida in conjunction with the [[Organization:USDA|USDA]] (1910–1939). The major US contribution came from the work of Henry Nehrling and Theodore Mead, whose hybrids crossed with Dutch stock have produced some modern hybrids, although not matching the European strains.{{sfn|Meerow|2009}}

In 1946, two Dutch growers moved to {{wipe|South Africa}} and began cultivation there. Although most cultivars of ''Hippeastrum'' come from the Dutch and South African sources, bulbs are now [when?] being developed in the United States, Japan, Israel, India, Brazil and Australia. Nurseries may list Amaryllis bulbs as being 'Dutch', 'Israeli', 'Peruvian' etc., depending on the country of origin.<ref name=Math99/><ref name=rhs/>

Most modern commercial hybrids are derived from the following species:{{sfn|Meerow|1999a}}
* ''H. vittatum'' 
* ''H. leopoldii'' 
* ''H. pardinum'' 
* ''H. reginae'' 
* ''H. puniceum'' 
* ''H. aulicum''

=== Propagation ===
[[File:Hippeastrum-seeds.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Hippeastrum'' seeds]]
Three main methods are used for propagating ''Hippeastrum'': seeds, bulbils and 'twin scales'. More recently [when?], micropropagation ''in vitro'' has been used on a commercial scale.

====Seeds====
The seeds are contained in a thin dark brown/black paper like fleche, that might easily blow away with some wind. Seed multiplication may be used for the development of new cultivars or to increase the yield of native species. Seeds are generally sown in early summer in seedbeds, and then transplanted to larger containers. They require warmth, frequent watering, and should not be given a dormant period. Seeds do not breed true. Plants obtained from seeds take about six years to bloom.
<ref name=rhs/>

====Bulbils====
Home propagation is best performed by using offset bulbils. Commercially, only cultivars that produce at least three bulbils on the mother bulb are used for this form of propagation. Plants grown from this method take three to four years to bloom.<ref name=rhs/>

====Twin scales====
The most common commercial propagation method is referred to as 'twin scales'. This involves the division of the bulb into 12 sections and then separating each section into twin scales connected by the basal plate.{{sfn|Ephrath et al|2001}} The cuttings that are derived from these are grown in moist vermiculite in the dark till bulbils appear. More recently [when?] growing them in sunlight has been found to produce a better crop.{{sfn|Stancato|Mazzafera|1995}}

====In vitro====
The technique of plant tissue culture ''in vitro'' improves the propagation of ''Hippeastrum'' by decreasing the time required to reach the minimum size to start the reproductive cycle, using sections of bulbs grown in artificial media with the addition of plant hormones.{{sfn|Seabrook|Cumming|1977}}{{sfn|Vargas|Oropeza|de García|2006}}{{sfn|Sultana|Sultana|Siddique|Islam|2010}}

=== Fragrance ===
[[File:Hippeastrum vittatum flowering.jpg|thumb]]

Most modern cultivars lack any fragrance, although 'Dancing Queen' represents an exception.{{sfn|Rǎdescu|2012}} Fragrance is genetically related to flower colour (white, or pastel shades) and is a recessive characteristic, so that when fragrant and non fragrant varieties are crossed, not all progeny will be fragrant, whereas two fragrant progenitors will produce an all fragrant progeny.{{sfn|Meerow|1999}}

=== Flowering ===
[[File:Amaryllis-wiki.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Single ''Hippeastrum'']]
[[File:Hippeastrum.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Double ''Hippeastrum'']]

''Hippeastrum'' [[Biology:Hybrid|hybrids]] and cultivars are valued for their large ornamental flowers, particularly for indoor cultivation during the northern hemisphere winter. The larger the bulb, the more flowers it will produce. The largest bulbs measure 14 to 16 inches (36 to 41&nbsp;cm) in circumference and will produce three or more [[Biology:Scape (botany)|scapes]] (flower stems) with four or more blooms each. The commonest bulbs measure {{frac|10|1|2}} to {{frac|12|1|2}} inches (27 to 32&nbsp;cm) with two scapes with four to six flowers each depending on the cultivar. Some bulbs put up two flower scapes at the same time; others may wait several weeks between blooms and sometimes the second scape will have only two or three flowers rather than the usual four. A bulb needs to produce large, healthy leaves in the summer growing season before it can send up a scape the following year. Bulbs are often described by the country of origin of the bulb producers, since they may have different characteristics, e.g. 'Dutch Amaryllis', 'South African Amarylllis'. Dutch bulbs usually produce flowers first, then, after they have finished blooming (hysteranthous), the plant will begin growing leaves. Bulbs from the South African growers usually put up a scape and leaves at the same time (synanthous).<ref name=ps/>

Of the many hybrids, the best known are those producing flowers with red, pink, salmon, orange and white colors. Other flower colors include yellow and pale green with variations on these including multicoloring, with different colored mottling, stripes or edges on the petals. Some flowers have uniform colors or patterns on all six petals while others have more pronounced colors on the upper petals than on the lower ones.<ref name=ps/><ref name=infoam/>

Although many names are used to describe hybrids and cultivars, e.g., 'Large Flowering', 'Dutch', 'Royal Dutch', there are five types that are commonly sold;
* Single flower (large flowering)
* Double flower
* Miniature (dwarf, or small flowering)
* Trumpet
* Jumbo (mammoth)
'Trumpets', as the name suggests, have flared, tube-shaped flowers. Single, double, and miniature bulbs are the ones typically sold by nurseries and other stores for the holidays in December and for St. Valentine’s Day and Easter.<ref name=rhs/>

Of the commercially available ''Hippeastrum'' species, sometimes sold as 'exotic' amaryllis, ''Hippeastrum cybister'' has extremely thin petals often described as spider-like. The miniature [[Biology:Evergreen|evergreen]] ''Hippeastrum papilio'' or "butterfly amaryllis" whose petals resemble a [[Biology:Butterfly|butterfly]] (papilio) has a unique color and pattern with broad rose-burgundy center stripes and striations of pale green on the upper petals and narrow stripes on the bottom three. It has been crossed with both cybister and single flower cultivars to produce hybrids with unusual striping.<ref name=ps/>{{sfn|Fellers|1998}}

===Dormancy===
''Hippeastrum'' bulbs can be induced to rebloom yearly by mimicking the conditions in its natural environment (cool dry winters). When foliage starts to yellow, dormancy can be induced by withholding water and placing the plant in a cool {{convert|4-13|°C}} dark place for six to ten weeks or until buds start to show. Even when plants are thriving outdoors in temperate climates, dormancy can be induced by withholding water and fertilizer in the northern hemisphere autumn, and bringing indoors to a cool environment prior to the first frost. Leaves will usually wither during this period and a flower stem begin to emerge after eight to ten weeks.

Bulbs can then be brought back into light, inspected for pests or rot, and repotted in fresh soil after cutting foliage to about {{nowrap|10&nbsp;[[Centimetre|cm]]}} above the bulb. Subsequent care is as for new bulbs, as described above. Best results are obtained by transplanting every three to four years.<ref name=usna/><ref name=rhs/>{{sfn|Hessayon|1995}}{{sfn|Ockenga|2002|p={{page needed|date=June 2020}}}}

=== Cultivars ===
<!-- AGM withdrawnThe cultivars 'Bestseller'<ref name=RHS3099/>
(salmon pink), 'Belinda'<ref name=RHS3098/> (red) and 'Star of Holland'<ref name=RHS3101/> (scarlet and white) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 48 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 3 March 2018}}</ref>-->
The [[Biology:Cultivar|cultivar]] 'Clown' (Double Galaxy Group)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/153485/Hippeastrum-(Double-Galaxy-Group)-Clown/Details | title = ''Hippeastrum'' (Double Galaxy Group) 'Clown' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 25 August 2020}}</ref> (white with red stripes) has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

===Gallery===
{{gallery
|File:Hippeastrum Lemon Sorbet.1c.UME.jpg|'Lemon Sorbet'
|File:Amaryllis -- Hippeastrum ‘Pink-Diamond’.jpg|'Pink Diamond'
|File:Hippeastrum.JPG|'Candy Cane'
|File:Amaryllis hippeastrum - Candy floss.jpg|'Candy Floss'
|File:Amaryllis Hippeastrum - Merry Christmas.jpg|'Merry Christmas'
|File:Butterfly Amaryllis -- Hippeastrum “Papilio”.jpg|'Papilio'
|File:Hippeastrum-Lima3UME.jpg|'Lima'
|File:Hippeastrum 'Apple Blossom'.png|'Apple Blossom'
|File:Hippeastrum Gilmar.jpg|'Gilmar'
|File:Hippeastrum charmeur.jpg|'Charmeur'
|File:Amaryllis -- Hippeastrum 'Kolibri'.jpg|'Kolibri'
}}

== Uses ==
[[File:Amaryllis-DancingQueen.jpg|thumb|right|Hippeastrum 'Dancing Queen' flowering indoors in January]]

[[Biology:Cultivar|Cultivar]]s of ''Hippeastrum'' are popular indoor ornamental plants prized for their large brightly colored flowers (including red, pink, salmon, orange and white). As such they have a very important place in the floriculture trade for sale as cut flowers or potted plants. Although the market is dominated by the Netherlands,{{sfn|Meerow|1999a}} and South Africa,{{sfn|Meerow|2009}} other areas of production include [[Place:Israel|Israel]], {{wipe|Japan}} and the {{wipe|United States}} (Florida).{{sfn|Meerow|2009}} Brazil also produces 17 million ''Hippeastrum'' bulbs annually.<ref name=Kamenetsky/>

''Hippeastrum'' has yielded at least 64 [[Chemistry:Isoquinoline|isoquinoline]] [[Chemistry:Alkaloid|alkaloid]]s, which include anti-parasitic (e.g. candimine){{sfn|Andrade et al|2011}} and psychopharmacological activity due to their high alkaloid content.{{sfn|Andrade et al|2012}}{{sfn|Youssef|2001}} One alkaloid isolated from ''Hippeastrum vittatum'' (montanine) has demonstrated [[Chemistry:Antidepressant|antidepressant]], [[Chemistry:Anticonvulsant|anticonvulsant]] and [[Chemistry:Anxiolytic|anxiolytic]] properties.{{sfn|Da Silva et al|2006}}{{sfn|Takos|Rook|2013}} ''Hippeastrum puniceum'' may also have therapeutic properties as it has been used in folk medicine to treat swellings and wounds.{{sfn|Mitchell|Ahmad|2006}}

== Symbolism ==

A stylized flower of a ''Hippeastrum'' cultivar (under its common name of amaryllis) is used internationally as a symbol for organizations associated with [[Medicine:Huntington's disease|Huntington's disease]], a [[Biology:Genetics|genetic]] [[Medicine:Neurodegeneration|degenerative]] disease of the [[Biology:Nervous system|nervous system]].<ref name=hscam/>{{sfn|HSDA|2014}}{{sfn|HDA|2016}} The widely used logo represents a double image of a head and shoulders as the flower of a growing and vibrant plant. The reduced size of the inner head and shoulders image symbolizes the diminution in a person caused by Huntington's disease. The leaves represent the protection, purpose, growth and development of the Huntington's community worldwide in its search for a cure and treatment.{{sfn|HDANI|2013}}

== See also ==
* [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms|Glossary of botanical terms]]
* [[Biology:Glossary of plant morphology|Glossary of plant morphology]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|refs=

*{{efn|name=Leopoldia|nom. rej. rejected homonym not Parl. 1845 {{sfn|Garbari|Greuter|1970}}}}

}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

* <ref name=Aiton>{{harvnb|Aiton|1789|loc=[http://www.botanicus.org/page/852396 Hexandra Monogyna: Amaryllis I: 417]}}</ref>
* <ref name=hscam>{{harvnb|HSC|2013|loc=[http://www.huntingtonsociety.ca/amaryllis-campaign/ Amaryllis Campaign]}}</ref>
* <ref name=jstor>{{harvnb|JStor Plants|2016|loc=[http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.flora.flota013377 Hippeastrum]}}</ref>
* <ref name=Kamenetsky>{{harvnb|Kamenetsky|Okubo|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA442 442, C.&nbsp;Hippeastrum (Amaryllis)}}]</ref>
* <ref name=Kubitzki>{{harvnb|Kubitzki|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RSfrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 102, ''Hippeastrum'' Herb.]}}</ref>
* <ref name=WCLSPFLeopoldia>{{harvnb|WCSP|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=280067 ''Leopoldia'' Herb.]}}</ref>
* <ref name=infoam>{{harvnb|Infojardin|2015|loc=[http://articulos.infojardin.com/plantas/amarilis-hippeastrum-vittatum.htm Amarilis - ''Hippeastrum vittatum'']}}</ref>
* <ref name=iucnred>{{harvnb|IUCN|2016|loc=[http://www.iucnredlist.org IUCN Redlist]}}</ref>
* <ref name=iucnred97618>{{harvnb|Walter|Gillett|1998|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31085360#page/684/mode/1up Amaryllidaceae 618]}}</ref>
<!--refs checked above this line, and transferred to biblio -->

<ref name=amaryllidaceae-epiphyt>{{cite web|title=''Amaryllidaceae épiphytes''|website=Amaryllidaceae.org |url=http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/eco/epiphyt.htm|access-date=2 April 2014|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724150807/http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/eco/epiphyt.htm|archive-date=2013-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=amaryllidaceae-Hippeastrum>{{cite web|title=''Hippeastrum''|website=Amaryllidaceae.org |url=http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Hippeastrum/index.htm|access-date=2 April 2014|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724151034/http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Hippeastrum/index.htm|archive-date=2013-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=amaryllidaceae-reproSX>{{cite web|title=''Multiplication sexuée''|website=Amaryllidaceae.org |url=http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/bio/reproSX.htm|access-date=2 April 2014|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724151321/http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/bio/reproSX.htm|archive-date=2013-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* <ref name=bulbsoc>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226043609/http://www.bulbsociety.org/GALLERY_OF_THE_WORLDS_BULBS/GRAPHICS/Sprekelia/Bury_johnsoni/Bury_johnsoni.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-12-26 |url= http://www.bulbsociety.org/GALLERY_OF_THE_WORLDS_BULBS/GRAPHICS/Sprekelia/Bury_johnsoni/Bury_johnsoni.html |title=''Hippeastrum'' (?) x ''johnsoni'' |publisher=[[Organization:International Bulb Society|International Bulb Society]]}}</ref>

<ref name=Kew_declinate>{{cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/Glossary/declinate.htm?prefix=d |website=Kew Glossary |title=Declinate |access-date=2013-12-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011831/http://www.kew.org/Glossary/declinate.htm?prefix=d |archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=Kew_fimbriae>{{cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/Glossary/fimbriae.htm?prefix=f |website=Kew Glossary |title=Fimbriae |access-date=2013-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211233917/http://www.kew.org/Glossary/fimbriae.htm?prefix=f |archive-date=December 11, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=Kew_funnelform>{{cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/Glossary/funnel-shaped.htm?prefix=f |website=Kew Glossary |title=Funnel shaped |access-date=2013-12-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011844/http://www.kew.org/Glossary/funnel-shaped.htm?prefix=f |archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=Kew_pluriovulate>{{cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/Glossary/pluriovulate.htm |website=Kew Glossary |title=Pluriovulate |access-date=2013-12-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021020/http://www.kew.org/Glossary/pluriovulate.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=Linn37>{{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13838#page/185/mode/1up |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |contribution=Amaryllis |title=Hortus Cliffortianus |year=1737 |access-date=2013-11-29}} p. 135</ref>

<ref name=Math99>{{cite journal |url=http://www.kew.org/plants/springbulbs/hippeastrum.html |last=Mathew |first=Brian |title=''Hippeastrum'' - The secret of the knight's star |journal=Kew Magazine |date=Spring 1999 |access-date=2013-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520110359/http://www.kew.org/plants/springbulbs/hippeastrum.html |archive-date=2013-05-20}}</ref>

<ref name=MHF>{{cite web |url=http://www.maguireshippeastrumfarm.com/some_pests_you_need_to_watch_out.html |title=Some pests you need to watch out for |website=Maguire's Hippeastrum Farm |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref>

<ref name=PBS>{{cite web |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/StagonosporaCurtisii |publisher=Pacific Bulb Society |title=''Stagonospora curtisii'' |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref>

<ref name=Hippeastrum.com-johnsonii>{{cite web|last=Beaumont|first=Pauline|title=Johnsonii|website=Hippeastrum.com.au|url=http://www.hippeastrum.com.au/johnsonii.html|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625052448/http://www.hippeastrum.com.au/johnsonii.html|archive-date=2016-06-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=Hippeastrum.com-pests>{{cite web|last=Beaumont|first=Pauline|website=Hippeastrum.com.au|url=http://www.hippeastrum.com.au/pests.html|title=Pests|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215232321/http://hippeastrum.com.au/pests.html|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=PBS_XH>{{cite web |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/XHippeastrelia |publisher=Pacific Bulb Society |title=×''Hippeastrelia'' |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref>

<ref name=ps>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicalplantsociety.org/Article_2_10a.html |first=Paula |last=Szilard |title=Getting your Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) to Bloom |publisher=Tropical Plant Society |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref>

<ref name=rhs>{{cite web |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/advicesearch/profile.aspx?pid=118 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |title=''Hippeastrum'' |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref>

<!--Unused<ref name=RHS3098>{{cite web |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3098 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |title=''Hippeastrum'' 'Belinda' |website=RHS Plant Selector |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref>-->

<!--Unused<ref name=RHS3099>{{cite web |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3099 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |title=''Hippeastrum'' 'Bestseller' |website=RHS Plant Selector |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>-->

<!--Unused<ref name=RHS3101>{{cite web |website=RHS Plant Selector |title=''Hippeastrum'' 'Star of Holland' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3101 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>-->

<ref name=smgrowers>{{cite web |url=http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=2972 |publisher=San Marcos Growers |title=''Hippeastrum'' × ''johnsonii'' - St. Joseph's Lily |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref>

<ref name=troprhodolirion>{{cite web|title=''Rhodolirion'' Dalla Torre & Harms|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |website=Tropicos |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40024975|access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>

<ref name=Tropicos-Hippeastrum>{{cite web|title=''Hippeastrum'' Herb.|website=Tropicos|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40026205|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>

<ref name=usna>{{Cite web |title=How to Make Your Amaryllis Bloom Again |publisher=The United States National Arboretum |url=http://www.usna.usda.gov/Gardens/faqs/AmaryllisBloom.html |access-date=2013-11-26}}</ref>

<ref name=Wils05>{{cite web |url=http://clark.wsu.edu/volunteer/mg/gm_tips/Amaryllis.html |first=Yolanda |last=Wilson |title=What Do You Say to a Naked Lady? (Amaryllis belladonna) |publisher=[[Organization:Washington State University|Washington State University]] Clark County Extension |date=October 2005 |access-date=2013-12-19}}</ref>

}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}

=== Books ===

==== General ====

* {{cite book|editor-first=Kathleen Norris|editor-last=Brenzel|title=The New Sunset Western Garden Book: The Ultimate Gardening Guide|publisher=Time Home Entertainment|year=2012|edition=9th|isbn=978-0-376-03921-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Clay|first=Horace F|title=Tropical Exotics: Hippeastrum vittatum|year=1987|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1127-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGktEMHBq2sC&pg=PA132|author2=Hubbard, James C.|ref=none}} 
* {{cite book|title=The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521761475|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkxWrDqtWLQC&pg=PA201|editor-first1=James|editor-last1=Cullen|editor-first2=Sabina G.|editor-last2=Knees|editor-first3=H. Suzanne|editor-last3=Cubey|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Dimitri |first=M. |year=1987 |title=Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. Tomo I. Descripción de plantas cultivadas |publisher=Editorial ACME S.A.C.I. |location=Buenos Aires |language=es}}
* {{cite book|last=Hartmann|first=H.|title=Propagación de plantas, principios y prácticas|year=1987|publisher=Compañía Editorial Continental S.A.|location=México|isbn=978-968-26-0789-9|author2=Kester, D.|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Hessayon |first=D.G. |title=The Bulb Expert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiqwEuYyx-oC|publisher=Transworld Publishers |location=London |year=1995|isbn=9780903505420}}
* {{cite book|editor-first1=Rina| editor-last1=Kamenetsky|editor-first2=Hiroshi |editor-last2=Okubo|title=Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production|year=2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-4924-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC|access-date=14 January 2014}}
*{{cite book |last=Mabberley |first=David J |title=Mabberley's Plant-Book |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107782594 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFFgAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT861 |edition=3 |access-date=8 January 2014|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Phillips|first=R.|author2=Rix, M|title=Bulbs|year=1989|publisher=Pan Books Ltd.|location=London|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Rossi|first=Rosella|title=Guía de Bulbos|year=1990|publisher=Grijalbo|location=Barcelona|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Michael G.|title=Plant Systematics|year=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-051404-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurcharan|title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach|year=2004|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1578083510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C|access-date=23 January 2014|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=P.|title=Gardening with Bulbs|year=1996|publisher=Pavilion Books Ltd.|location=London|ref=none}} 
* {{cite book|last=Veitch|first=James Herbert|title=Hortus Veitchii: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Nurseries of Messrs James Veitch and Sons|orig-year=1906|year=2011|publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}|isbn=978-1-108-03736-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDE0FjoIR0UC}}
** see also ''Hortus Veitchii'', [[Biography:Veitch Nurseries|Messrs James Veitch and Sons]]
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Walter|editor1-first=Kerry S.|editor2-last=Gillett|editor2-first=Harriet J.|title=1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants|date=1998|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission|location=Gland, Switzerland|isbn=9782831703282|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/44833#/summary}}

==== Historical sources (chronological) ====

* {{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |title=Species Plantarum |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669| year=1753 |publisher=Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm}}
* {{cite book |last=Aiton |first=W. |title=Hortus Kewensis 3 vols|url=http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000624095|publisher=George Nicol|location=London|year=1789}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Curtis |first=W. |title=''Amaryllis equestris''|url=http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753002719521|magazine=Botanical Magazine|year=1795|volume=9|page= [http://www.botanicus.org/page/471245 305]}}
* {{cite book|first=Nikolaus Joseph|last=von Jacquin|title=Hortus Schoenbrunnensis. Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis Descriptiones et Icones|volume=I|at=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/271758 p.&nbsp;33 t.&nbsp;63 ''Amaryllis equestris'']|url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/271710|location=Vienna|date=1797|publisher=Apud C. F. Wappler}}
* {{cite magazine|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/470819|first=John|last=Sims|title=''Amaryllis reticulata''|magazine=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=18|year=1803|access-date=2013-11-29|page= [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14296#page/155/mode/1up 657]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Koster|first1=Henry|title=Travels in Brazil|date=1816|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsinbrazil00kost|access-date=11 May 2015}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Herbert|first=W.|title=''Amaryllis reticulata. β. striatifolia'' Griffin's netted-veined ''Amaryllis''. Coburgia. Herbert|url=http://botanicus.org/page/485388|magazine=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=47|year=1819|pages=[http://www.botanicus.org/page/485410 2113(1–6)]}}
* {{cite journal|last=Herbert|first=W.|title=On the culture of the Guernsey Lily, and other bulbs of the genera ''Nerine'', ''Coburgia'' and ''Brunsvigia'', heretofore united under ''Amaryllis''|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/152443#page/201/mode/1up|date=4 April 1820|journal=Trans. Hortic. Soc. Lond.|volume=4|pages=176–184}}
* {{cite book|last=Herbert|first=William|title=Amaryllidaceae: Preceded by an Attempt to Arrange the Monocotyledonous Orders, and Followed by a Treatise on Cross-bred Vegetables, and Supplement|year=1837|publisher=Ridgway|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EusCAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|last=Baker|first=J.G.|title=An enumeration and classification of the species of ''Hippeastrum''|journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign|year=1878|volume=16|pages=79–85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-ZCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA79|access-date=1 April 2014|editor1-first=Henry|editor1-last=Trimen}}
* {{cite book|last=Baker|first=John Gilbert|title=Handbook of the Amaryllideæ including the Alstrœmerieæ and Agaveæ|volume=1888|year=1888|publisher=Bell|location=London|page=41|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52710#page/59/mode/1up|access-date=31 March 2014|chapter=Hippeastrum}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955|access-date=5 February 2015}} Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
* {{cite book|last=Miller|first=Philip|title=Miller's dictionary of gardening, botany, and agriculture; revised|year=1834|publisher=Oxford University|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5z4AAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA184|chapter=Amaryllideae|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|first=C. S.|last=Rafinesque|title=Flora Telluriana|year=1838|orig-year=1836|publisher=H. Probasco|location=Philadelphia|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32191}} (4 vols.)
* {{Cite book|last1=Darwin|first1=C.|title=The Origin of Species|year=1859|location=London|publisher=John Murray|edition=1st|url= http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/nytint/docs/charles-darwin-on-the-origin-of-species/original.pdf|access-date=2020-06-22|}}
* {{cite book|last1=Salisbury|first1=Richard Anthony|last2=Gray|first2=J. E.|author-link2=John Edward Gray|title=The Genera of Plants|publisher=J. Van Voorst|date=1866|url=https://archive.org/details/generaplantsafr00saligoog|access-date=26 October 2014|type=Unpublished fragment}}
* {{cite book|last=Bentham|first=G.|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. Vol III Part II|year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|page=713|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/274/mode/1up|author2=J.D. Hooker|access-date=24 January 2014|chapter=Hippeastrum|volume=3|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Rusby|first1=Henry Hurd|title=Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Plants Collected on the Mulford Biological Exploration of the Amazon Valley, 1921–1922|journal=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden|date=March 1927|volume=7|pages=205–387|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/150963#page/247/mode/1up|access-date=16 May 2015}}

==== Specific ====

* {{cite book|last=Jamil|first=Khalid|title=Hippeastrum: Technique of Bulb and Flower Production|year=2011|publisher=LAP Lambert Academic Publishing|isbn=978-3-8454-2259-6|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/amaryllis0000ocke|last=Ockenga|first=Starr|title=Amaryllis|location=New York|year=2002|publisher=Clarkson Potter|isbn=978-0-609-60881-4|access-date=2013-12-20|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Read |first=Veronica A. |year=2004 |title=Hippeastrum: the gardener's amaryllis |location=Portland OR |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-639-2|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Traub |first=H.P. |year=1958 |title=The Amaryllis Manual |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan |url=http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Amaryllis/Traub/traub.htm}}
* {{cite book|last=Worsley|first=Arthington|title=The Genus Hippeastrum: A Monograph|year=2012|orig-year=1896|publisher=Nabu Press|isbn=978-1-277-39963-9|ref=none}}

=== Articles and theses ===

* {{cite journal |last1=de Andrade |first1=Jean Paulo |last2=Berkov |first2=Strahil |last3=Viladomat |first3=Francesc |last4=Codina |first4=Carles |last5=Zuanazzi |first5=José Angelo S. |last6=Bastida |first6=Jaume |year=2011 |title=Alkaloids from ''Hippeastrum papilio'' |journal=Molecules |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=7097–7104 |doi=10.3390/molecules16087097|pmid=21852767|pmc=6264239|ref={{harvid|Andrade et al|2011}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |first1=Jean Paulo |last1=de Andrade |first2=Natalia |last2=Belén Pigni |first3=Laura |last3=Torras-Claveria |first4=Ying |last4=Guo |first5=Strahil |last5=Berkov |first6=Ricardo |last6=Reyes-Chilpa |first7=Abdelaziz |last7=El Amrani |first8=José Angelo S. |last8=Zuanazzi |first9=Carles |last9=Codina |first10=Francesc |last10=Viladomat |first11=Jaume |last11=Bastida |year=2012 |title=Alkaloids from the ''Hippeastrum'' genus: chemistry and biological activity |journal=Rev. Latinoamer. Quím. |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=83–98 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236176380 |ref={{harvid|Andrade et al|2012}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=De Hertogh|first1=A.A.|last2=Gallitano|first2=L.B.|title=Influence of bulb packing systems on forcing of Dutch-grown Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) as flowering potted plants in North America |journal=HortTechnology|date=April–June 1998|volume=8|issue=2|pages=175–179|doi=10.21273/HORTTECH.8.2.175 |ref=none|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dutilh|first1=Julie H.A.|date=2005|title=Ornamental Bulbous Plants of Brazil |url=http://wwwlib.teiep.gr/images/stories/acta/Acta%20683/683_2.pdf|journal=Acta Hort.|issue=683 |pages=3742 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dyer|first1=R. A.|title=The Cape Belladonna Lily|journal=Taxon|date=1954|volume=3|issue=2|pages=72–74|jstor=1217368|doi=10.2307/1217368 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ephrath | first1=J.E. |first2=J. |last2=Ben-Asher |first3=F. |last3=Baruchin |first4=C. |last4=Alekperov |first5=C. |last5=Dayan |first6=M. |last6= Silberbush |year=2001 |title=Various Cutting Methods For the Propagation of ''Hippeastrum'' Bulbs |url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006175844 |journal=Biotronics |volume=30 |pages=75–83 |ref={{harvid|Ephrath et al|2001}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Fellers|first=J.D.|title=Progeny of ''Hippeastrum papilio''|journal=Herbertia|year=1998|volume=53|pages=129–144 |url=http://www.bulbsociety.org/ABOUT_IBS/Publications/HERBERTIA/vol53/PapilioProgeny.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000816/http://www.bulbsociety.org/ABOUT_IBS/Publications/HERBERTIA/vol53/PapilioProgeny.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=usurped|access-date=2 December 2013}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Flavia Schurmann Da Silva |first1=A. |last2=de Andrade |first2=Jean Paulo |last3=Bevilaqua |first3=Lia R.M. |last4=De Souza |first4=Marcia Maria |last5=Izquierdo |first5=Ivan |last6=Teresinha Henriques |first6=Amélia |last7=Silveira Zuanazzi |first7=José Angelo |year=2006 |title=Anxiolytic-, antidepressant- and anticonvulsant-like effects of the alkaloid montanine isolated from ''Hippeastrum vittatum'' |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18303063 |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=148–154 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2006.07.027|pmid=16950504 |s2cid=22973070 |ref={{harvid|Da Silva et al|2006}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=García|first1=Nicolás|last2=Meerow|first2=Alan W.|last3=Soltis|first3=Douglas E. |last4=Soltis|first4=Pamela S.|author-link3=Douglas E. Soltis|author-link4=Pamela S. Soltis |title=Testing Deep Reticulate Evolution in Amaryllidaceae Tribe Hippeastreae (Asparagales) with ITS and Chloroplast Sequence Data|journal=Systematic Botany|date=1 March 2014|volume=39|issue=1 |pages=75–89 |doi=10.1600/036364414X678099|s2cid=86117335|ref=none}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Garbari |first1=F. |last2=Greuter |first2=W. |year=1970 |title=On the Taxonomy and Typification of ''Muscari'' Miller (Liliaceae) and Allied Genera, and on the Typification of Generic Names |journal=Taxon |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.2307/1219056 |jstor=1219056}}
* {{cite journal |last1=García |first1=Nicolás |last2=Meerow |first2=Alan W. |last3=Arroyo-Leuenberger |first3=Silvia |last4=Oliveira |first4=Renata S. |last5=Dutilh |first5=Julie H.|last6=Soltis |first6=Pamela S. |last7=Judd |first7=Walter S. |author-mask1=|title=Generic classification of Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae |journal=Taxon |date=June 2019 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=481–498 |doi=10.1002/tax.12062|s2cid=202854432 |ref={{harvid|Garcia et al|2019}}}}{{link note|note=With [https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12208 corrections] published 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last=Herbert |first=William |year=1821 |title=An Appendix: ''Preliminary Treatise'' (pp.&nbsp;1–14) and ''A Treatise &c.'' (pp.&nbsp;15–52) |journal=The Botanical Register |volume=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llNNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1}} For references to ''Hippeastrum'', see pp.&nbsp;7ff, 31–34; for detailed descriptions of ''Hippeastrum splendens'', see pp.&nbsp;52–53.
* {{cite journal|last1=Holmes|first1=Walter C.|title=Hippeastrum|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=115497|volume=26|page=55|date=2008|journal=EFloras|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA |via=www.efloras.org}} 
* {{Cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Van Scheepen|first2=Johan|last3=Dutilh|first3=Julie H.A. |year=1997|title=Transfers from ''Amaryllis'' to ''Hippeastrum'' (Amaryllidaceae) |journal=Taxon|volume=46|issue=1|pages=15–19|doi=10.2307/1224287|jstor=1224287}}
* {{cite journal|last=Meerow|first=Alan W.|year=1999|title=Breeding Amaryllis |journal=Herbertia|volume=54|pages=67–83}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Fay|first2=Michael F.|last3=Guy|first3=Charles L. |last4=Li|first4=Qin-Bao|last5=Zaman|first5=Faridah Q.|last6=Chase|first6=Mark W.|title=Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data|journal=American Journal of Botany |year=1999|volume=86|issue=9|pages=1325–1345|doi=10.2307/2656780|doi-access=free|pmid=10487820 |jstor=2656780}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Guy|first2=Charles L.|last3=Li|first3=Qin-Bao|last4=Yang |first4=Si-Lin|title=Phylogeny of the American Amaryllidaceae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences|journal=Systematic Botany |date=October 2000|volume=25|issue=4|pages=708–726|doi=10.2307/2666729 |url=http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/3001/PDF|jstor=2666729|s2cid=20392462|access-date=2016-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200118/http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/3001/PDF |archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Meerow |first=Alan W. |year=2009 |title=Tilting at windmills: 20 years of Hippeastrum breeding |journal=Israel Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=303–313 |doi=10.1560/IJPS.57.4.303 |doi-broken-date=27 January 2024 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236341}}
* {{cite journal|first1=S.A.|last1=Mitchell|first2=M.H.|last2=Ahmad|title=A review of medicinal plant research at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, 1948–2001|journal=West Indian Med. J.|year=2006 |volume=55|issue=4 |pages=243–69|doi=10.1590/S0043-31442006000400008|doi-broken-date=27 January 2024 |pmid=17249314|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ochoa|first=C.M.|year=2006|title=''Hippeastrum ugentii'' (Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastreae), a new species from central Peru|journal=Phytologia|volume=88|issue=2|pages=176–178 |url=http://www.phytologia.org/Phytologia%20PDFs/88%282%29pdfFiles/88%282%29176-178Ochoa.pdf|access-date=2011-11-20|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.27428}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Oliveira|first1=Renata Souza de|last2=Semir|first2=João|last3=Dutilh|first3=Julie Henriette Antoinette|title=Four new endemic species of ''Hippeastrum'' (Amaryllidaceae) from Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais State, Brazil|journal=Phytotaxa|date=11 November 2013|volume=145|issue=1|page=38|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.145.1.4|ref=none}}
* {{cite thesis|type=Ph.D Thesis|last=Rǎdescu|first=Daniela Baltac|title=Cercetări privind caracterele morfologice ale unor soiuri de Hippeastrum vitatum şi comportarea lor în diferite variante tehnologice |language=ro|trans-title=Research on morphological characters of certain varieties of Hippeastrum vitatum and their behavior in different technological options|year=2012|publisher=Facultatea de HORTICULTURĂ, UNIVERSITATEA DE ŞTIINŢE AGRONOMICE ŞI MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ|location=BUCUREŞTI|url=http://www.usamv.ro/fisiere/file/documente-de-invatamant/Baltac%20Daniela%20Radescu/ABSTRACT-rezumat%20engleza.pdf|access-date=2013-12-20|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035210/http://www.usamv.ro/fisiere/file/documente-de-invatamant/Baltac%20Daniela%20Radescu/ABSTRACT-rezumat%20engleza.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-03}}
* {{cite journal|last=Read|first=V.|year=1999|title=Developments in ''Hippeastrum'' hybridization 1799–1999|journal=Herbertia|volume=54|pages=84–109}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Seabrook|first1=J.|last2=Cumming|first2=B.|year=1977|title=The in vitro propagation of Amaryllis (''Hippeastrum'' spp. hybrids)|journal=In Vitro|volume=13|issue=12|pages=831–836 |doi=10.1007/bf02615131 |pmid=598852|s2cid=28672953}}
* {{cite journal|first=J.R.|last=Sealy|title=''Amaryllis'' and ''Hippeastrum''|journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew)|volume=1939|issue=2|year=1939|pages=49–68|doi=10.2307/4111685|jstor=4111685}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Stancato|first1=G.C.|last2=Mazzafera|first2=P.|title=Effects of light on the propagation and growth of bulbs of ''Hippeastrum hybridum'' cv. Apple Blossom (Amaryllidaceae)|journal=Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)|year=1995|volume=52|issue=2|pages=331–334|doi=10.1590/S0103-90161995000200021 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sultana|first1=J.|last2=Sultana|first2=N.|last3=Siddique|first3=M.N.A.|last4=Islam |first4=A.K.M.A.|last5=Hossain|first5=M.M.|last6=Hossain|first6=T.|title=In vitro bulb production in ''Hippeastrum'' (''Hippeastrum hybridum'')|journal=Journal of Central European Agriculture |url= http://jcea.agr.hr/articles/867_IN_VITRO_BULB_PRODUCTION_IN_HIPPEASTRUM_%28HIPPEASTRUM_HYBRIDUM%29_en.pdf |access-date=2013-12-20 |volume=11 |year=2010 |issue=4 |pages=469–474 |doi=10.5513/jcea01/11.4.867}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Takos|first1=Adam|last2=Rook|first2=Fred|title=Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|date=31 May 2013|volume=14|issue=6|pages=11713–11741 |doi=10.3390/ijms140611713|pmid=23727937|pmc=3709753|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tjaden|first=W. L.|title=Amaryllis belladonna and the Guernsey lily: an overlooked clue|journal=Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History|date=November 1979|volume=9 |issue=3|pages=251–256 |doi=10.3366/jsbnh.1979.9.3.251|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tombolato|first=Antonio F.C.|author2=Julie H.A. Dutilh |author3=Wilson Barbosa |author4=Renato F.A. Veiga |author5=Thiago N. Lucon |title=Brazilian descriptor for ''Hippeastrum'' hybrids|journal=3rd Global Botanic Gardens Congress|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235989682|access-date=4 April 2014|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Traub|first1=Hamilton P.|title="Leopoldia Herb. 1821" Invalidly Published|journal=Taxon|date=February 1959|volume=8|issue=2|pages=67–70 |doi=10.2307/1216035 |jstor=1216035}}
* {{cite journal|last=Traub|first=H.P.|year=1980|title=The Subgenera of the Genus Amaryllis|journal=Plant Life|volume=36|pages=43–45}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Amaryllis/Uphof/uphof38.htm|last=Uphof|first=J.C.T.|year=1938 |title=The history of nomenclature - ''Amaryllis belladonna(''Linn.) Herb., and ''Hippeastrum'' (Herb.) |journal=Herbertia |volume=5|pages=100–111|access-date=2013-11-29}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Amaryllis/Uphof/uphof39.htm|last=Uphof|first=J.C.T.|year=1939 |title=Critical review of Sealy's "Amaryllis and Hippeastrum"|journal=Herbertia|volume=6|pages=163–166 |access-date=2013-11-29}}
* {{cite journal|last=Vargas|first=C.J.C.|year=1984|title=The Peruvian Species of the Genus ''Amaryllis'' (Amaryllidaceae)|journal=Herbertia|volume=40|pages=112–134}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?pid=S0002-192X2006000400021&script=sci_arttext |last1=Vargas|first1=Teresa Edith|last2=Oropeza|first2=Maira|first3=Eva|last3=de García|year=2006|title=Propagación in vitro de ''Hippeastrum'' sp.|language=es|trans-title=Micropropagation of ''Hippeastrum'' sp.|journal=Agronomía Trop.|volume=56|issue=4|pages=621–626}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Veitch|first1=Harry|title=The Hippeastrum (Amaryllis)|journal=Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society|date=11 March 1890|volume=12|pages=243–260|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2YXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA243|access-date=25 December 2014|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|editor1-last=Vijverberg|editor1-first=A.J.|date=August 1980|title=De teelt van Hippeastrum (Amaryllis)|trans-title=The production of Hippeastrum (Amaryllis)|journal=Proefstation voor Tuinbouw Onder Glas te Naaldwijk|volume=17|url=http://edepot.wur.nl/191287|access-date=25 April 2016|language=nl|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|last=Williams|first=M.|year=1980|title=Self-sterility in ''Hippeastrum'' (''Amaryllis'') species|journal=Amaryllis Bulletin|volume=1|page=20}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=M.|first2=T.R.|last2=Dudley|year=1984|title=Chromosome Count for ''Hippeastrum iguazuanum''|journal=Taxon|volume=33|issue=2|pages=271–275|doi=10.2307/1221167|jstor=1221167}}
* {{cite journal|last=Youssef|first=D.T.|title=Alkaloids of the flowers of ''Hippeastrum vittatum'' |journal=J. Nat. Prod.|year=2001|volume=64|issue=6|pages=839–841|pmid=11421761|doi=10.1021/np0005816}}
* {{cite journal |last=Manning |first=R. |year=1974 |title=''Sprekelia-Amaryllis'' cross |journal=Plant Life |volume=30 |pages=85–86}}

=== Gardening journals ===

* {{cite magazine|last1=Douglas|first1=James|title=The Hippeastrum|journal=The Gardeners' Chronicle |date=24 March 1906|url=http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Amaryllis/Hippeastrum1906.html|access-date=17 May 2015|ref=none}}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Hibberd|first1=Shirley|editor1-last=Robinson |editor1-first=William|title=Lecture on the Amaryllis|journal=The Garden |date=7 April 1883 |volume=23|issue=504|pages=313–314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEnmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313|access-date=17 May 2015|ref=none}}

=== Websites ===

* {{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Sydney Park|last2=Black|first2=Robert J.|title=Amaryllis (Cir-1243)|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP06000.pdf|website=Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|publisher=Environmental Horticulture Department, [[Organization:University of Florida|University of Florida]] Extension|access-date=16 May 2015|date=2014|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last=Carter|first=Kathie|url=http://ucanr.org/sites/urbanhort/files/80184.pdf|publisher=[[Organization:University of California|University of California]] Cooperative Extension|title=Amaryllis|year=2010|access-date=13 March 2016}}
* {{cite web|last=Constantin|first=Cornelia|title=Hippeastrum incantator in fiecare casa (Delightful Hippeastrum in every home)|url=http://www.egradini.ro/articole/hippeastrum.html|publisher=Gradini.ro|access-date=27 March 2014|language=ro|date=14 December 2007|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=De Hertogh|first1=A. A.|title=Home Forcing of Potted ''Amaryllis (Hippeastrum)'' (8529) |url=http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/hil/hil-8529.html|website=Horticulture Information Leaflet 8529|date=June 1998 |publisher=Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University|access-date=17 May 2015 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last=Johansson|first=Christer|year=2014|title=Hippeastrum|website=Wiki.Plantae.se|language=sv |url=http://wiki.plantae.se/index.php/Hippeastrum |access-date=31 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214926/http://wiki.plantae.se/index.php/Hippeastrum|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last=Meerow|first=Alan|title=Amaryllis and Alstroemeria: Old Crops, New Potential |url=http://flrec.ifas.ufl.edu/hort/environmental/tropical_bulbs/perennialsii.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202090036/http://flrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/Environmental/Tropical_bulbs/PerennialsII.PDF|year=1999a|publisher=University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center|archive-date=2 December 2012|access-date=18 January 2016}}
* {{cite web|last1=Pertuit|first1=A.J.|title=Understanding and Producing Amaryllis (Hort. L 63) |url=http://www.clemson.edu/psapublishing/pages/HORT/HORTLF63.PDF|publisher=[[Organization:Clemson University|Clemson University]] |access-date=16 May 2015|date=August 1995|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last=Reid|first=Duane|title=Amaryllis: Year-round care|website=Rochester Gardening|year=1997 |url=http://www.rochestergardening.com/bulbs/amrylcar.html|access-date=27 March 2014|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Vigneron|first1=Pascal|title=''Amaryllidaceae''|language=fr|website=Amaryllidaceae.org |url=http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/index.htm#lis|access-date=2 April 2014|ref=none|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010221757/http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/index.htm#lis|archive-date=10 October 2012|url-status=dead}}
** {{cite web|title=''Hippeastrum: Bibliographie''|website=Amaryllidaceae.org|language=fr |url=http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Hippeastrum/H-biblio.htm |access-date=2015-05-16|ref=none|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601072416/http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Hippeastrum/H-biblio.htm |archive-date=2017-06-01|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last1=Kew: RBG|title=Hippeastrum Care|website=Spring Bulbs|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://www.kew.org/plants/springbulbs/hippeastrum_care.html|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509195511/http://www.kew.org/plants/springbulbs/hippeastrum_care.html|archive-date=9 May 2012|date=2012|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|title=Welcome to the International Bulb Society Website!|publisher=[[Organization:International Bulb Society|International Bulb Society]] |url=http://bulbsociety.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217034636/http://bulbsociety.org/ |archive-date=17 December 2014}}
* {{cite web|title=Hippeastrum|url=http://www.gardenology.org/wiki/Hippeastrum|website=Gardenology|access-date=1 April 2014|date=3 December 2010}}
* {{cite web|title=Hippeastrum (Group)|website=Gardening Help: Plant Finder|publisher=[[Organization:Missouri Botanical Garden|Missouri Botanical Garden]] |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a457 |access-date=9 June 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.infojardin.com/|title=Infojardin |date=2015|access-date=7 June 2016 |language=es |ref={{harvid|Infojardin|2015}}}}

==== Databases ====

* {{cite journal|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/clifford-herbarium/|website=Natural History Museum Data Portal|title=Dataset: Clifford Herbarium|access-date=2013-11-26|doi=10.5519/0022031|date=2016-11-14|last1=Jarvis|first1=Charlie|publisher=Natural History Museum}}
* {{cite web|title=JStor Global Plants|url=http://plants.jstor.org/|access-date=14 March 2016|date=2016|ref={{harvid|JStor Plants|2016}}}}
* {{cite web|title=List of Species of the Brazilian Flora|year=2010|publisher=[[Organization:Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden|Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden]]|url=http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ConsultaPublicaUC.do|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326002311/http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ConsultaPublicaUC.do|archive-date=2014-03-26}} (Search for ''Hippeastrum'')
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Zuloaga|editor1-first=Fernando O.|editor2-last=Morrone|editor2-first=Osvaldo|editor3-last=Belgrano|editor3-first=Manuel J.|title=Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur: (Argentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay)|chapter=Hippeastrum|chapter-url=http://www2.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/Generos.asp?genus=Hippeastrum|date=2008|chapter-format=Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 107|publisher=[[Organization:Missouri Botanical Garden|Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=St. Louis, Mo.|isbn=978-1-930723-70-2|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Maia|first1=Leonor Costa|title=Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil|url=http://inct.florabrasil.net/lista-de-especies-da-flora-do-brasil-nova-versao/|website=INCT – Herbário Virtual da Flora e dos Fungos|publisher=Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Teconologia|access-date=2 May 2016|location=Recife|date=2016|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|title=Tropicos|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Home.aspx|publisher=[[Organization:Missouri Botanical Garden|Missouri Botanical Garden]]|access-date=30 December 2015|date=2015|ref=none}}
* {{cite web |last=WCSP|date=2015|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Hippeastrum |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the [[Organization:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Hippeastrum|access-date=15 February 2016}}
* {{cite web|last1=Kew: RBG|title=Kew Glossary|url=http://www.kew.org/Glossary/index.htm|publisher=[[Organization:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205103627/http://www.kew.org/Glossary/index.htm|archive-date=5 December 2013|date=2013|ref=none}}
* {{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |year=2016|orig-year=2001 |website=[[Biology:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] version 13|title= Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae |publisher=[[Organization:Missouri Botanical Garden|Missouri Botanical Garden]] |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#AllAma |access-date=6 February 2016}}

==== Organisations ====

* {{cite web|title=Houston Amaryllis Society|url=http://www.houstonamaryllissociety.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120140616/http://www.houstonamaryllissociety.com/|archive-date=20 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Houston Amaryllis Society|2015}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Amaryllis fundraising store |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112082055/http://www.hdsa.org/shop/hdsa-products/250/11169/amaryllis-full-cases.html|archive-date=12 November 2014|url=http://www.hdsa.org/shop/hdsa-products/250/11169/amaryllis-full-cases.html |publisher=Huntington's Disease Society of America |ref={{harvid|HSDA|2014}}}}
* {{cite web|title=HDA homepage |url=http://hda.org.uk |publisher=Huntington's Disease Society (England & Wales) |access-date=16 March 2016|ref={{harvid|HDA|2016}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Huntington Society of Canada |url=http://www.huntingtonsociety.ca|access-date=6 June 2016|ref={{harvid|HSC|2013}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Huntington's Disease Association Northern Ireland |url=http://www.hdani.org.uk/ |access-date=21 March 2016|ref={{harvid|HDANI|2013}}}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.iucn.org|title=IUCN |access-date=8 June 2016|publisher =[[Organization:International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |date=2016|ref={{harvid|IUCN|2016}}}}
{{Refend}}

== External images ==
{{Commons|Hippeastrum}}

* {{cite web|ref=none|title=Hippeastrum|publisher=Pacific Bulb Society|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Hippeastrum|access-date=17 May 2015}}
** {{cite web|ref=none|title=Hippeastrum Species|publisher=Pacific Bulb Society|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/HippeastrumSpeciesOne|access-date=17 May 2015}}
** {{cite web|ref=none|title=Hippeastrum Hybrids|publisher=Pacific Bulb Society|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/HippeastrumHybrids|access-date=17 May 2015}}
* {{cite web|ref=none|title=Photo Library|website=Emaryllis.com|url=http://www.emaryllis.com/photo-library/|access-date= 17 May 2015}}
* {{cite web|ref=none|title=Amaryllis Photo Gallery|publisher=U.S. National Arboretum|url= http://www.usna.usda.gov/PhotoGallery/HippeastrumGallery/|access-date=27 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160610052120/http://www.usna.usda.gov/PhotoGallery/HippeastrumGallery/|archive-date=2016-06-10}}
* {{cite web|ref=none|title=Hippeastrum Named Varieties|publisher=[[Organization:International Bulb Society|International Bulb Society]]|url= http://www.bulbsociety.org/GALLERY_OF_THE_WORLDS_BULBS/GRAPHICS/Hippeastrum/Hippeastrumcultivarlist.shtml|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234820/http://www.bulbsociety.org/GALLERY_OF_THE_WORLDS_BULBS/GRAPHICS/Hippeastrum/Hippeastrumcultivarlist.shtml|archive-date=2 December 2013}}
* {{cite web|ref=none|title=Rare Hippeastrum of South America|url=https://sites.google.com/site/hippeastrumspecies/|access-date=2020-06-22}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q757257}}

[[Category:Hippeastrum| ]]
[[Category:Amaryllidaceae genera]]
[[Category:Amaryllidoideae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Hippeastrum}}