View source for Biology:Iris × germanica

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Iris Germanica 2012-2.jpg
|image2 = Deutsche Schwertlilie (Iris × germanica) im Garten.jpg
|parent = Iris sect. Iris
|genus = Iris
|species = × germanica
|authority = [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO_438637-1">{{cite web |title=''Iris'' × ''germanica'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:438637-1 |access-date=2021-12-27 }}</ref>
|synonyms =
  {{Collapsible list |
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Iris'' × ''alba'' <small>Savi</small>
*''Iris'' × ''amoena'' <small>Redouté</small>
*''Iris'' × ''atroviolacea'' <small>Lange</small>
*''Iris'' × ''australis'' <small>Tod.</small>
*''Iris'' × ''belouinii'' <small>Bois & Cornuault</small>
*''Iris'' × ''biliottii'' <small>Foster</small>
*''Iris'' × ''buiana'' <small>Prodan</small>
*''Iris'' × ''croatica'' <small>Horvat & M.D.Horvat</small>
*''Iris'' × ''cypriana'' <small>Foster & Baker</small>
*''Iris'' × ''deflexa'' <small>Knowles & Westc.</small>
*''Iris'' × ''germanica'' var. ''gypsea'' <small>Rodigas</small>
*''Iris'' × ''glauca'' <small>Salisb.</small>
*''Iris'' × ''humei'' <small>G.Don</small>
*''Iris'' × ''laciniata'' <small>Berg</small>
*''Iris'' × ''latifolia'' <small>Gilib.</small>
*''Iris'' × ''macrantha'' <small>Simonet</small>
*''Iris'' × ''mesopotamica'' <small>Dykes</small>
*''Iris'' × ''murorum'' <small>Gaterau</small>
*''Iris'' × ''neglecta'' <small>Hornem.</small>
*''Iris'' × ''nepalensis'' <small>Wall. ex Lindl.</small>
*''Iris'' × ''nostras'' <small>Garsault</small>
*''Iris'' × ''nyaradyana'' <small>Prodan</small>
*''Iris'' × ''pallida'' <small>Ten.</small>
*''Iris'' × ''redouteana'' <small>Spach</small>
*''Iris'' × ''repanda'' <small>Berg</small>
*''Iris'' × ''rothschildii'' <small>Degen</small>
*''Iris'' × ''sambucina'' <small>L.</small>
*''Iris'' × ''spectabilis'' <small>Salisb.</small>
*''Iris'' × ''squalens'' <small>L.</small>
*''Iris'' × ''superba'' <small>Berg</small>
*''Iris'' × ''tardiflora'' <small>Berg</small>
*''Iris'' × ''trojana'' <small>A.Kern. ex Stapf</small>
*''Iris'' × ''varbossania'' <small>K.Malý</small>
*''Iris'' × ''venusta'' <small>J.Booth ex Berg</small>
*''Iris'' × ''violacea'' <small>Savi</small>
*''Iris'' × ''vulgaris'' <small>Pohl</small>
  }}
 }}
}}

'''''Iris'' × ''germanica''''' is the accepted name for a species of [[Biology:Flowering plant|flowering plant]]s in the family ''[[Biology:Iridaceae|Iridaceae]]'' commonly known as the '''bearded iris'''<ref name=BSBIchecklist>{{cite web |title=BSBI List of British & Irish Vascular Plants and Stoneworts |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/uk-species/species/iris_germanica.html }}</ref> or the '''German bearded iris'''.<ref>Rudy J. Favretti and Joy P. Favretti {{Googlebooks|I9LR1XuKjMIC|Landscapes and Gardens for Historic Buildings: A Handbook for Reproducing and creating authentic landscape settings|page=145}}</ref> It is one of a [[Biology:Species complex|group]] of hybrid origin.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|87}} Varieties include [[Biology:Iris florentina|''I.'' × ''g.'' var. ''florentina'']].

== Description ==
''Iris'' × ''germanica'' grows up to {{cvt|120|cm|in}} high and {{cvt|30|cm|in}} wide.<ref name="pacbulb"/> The roots can go up to {{cvt|10|cm|in}} deep and it is a rhizomatous perennial that blooms mid to late spring. Hundreds of cultivars exist representing nearly every colour from jet black to sparkling whites and red.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ashtakala |first1=S. S. |last2=Forward |first2=D. F. |title=Pigmentation in iris hybrids: Occurrence of flavonoid pigments in six cultivars of Iris germanica |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |date=January 2011 |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1975–1979 |doi=10.1139/b71-276}}</ref> Some cultivars are known to re-bloom in the autumn (fall).<ref name=gardenia>{{cite web |title=''Iris Germanica'' (Bearded Iris) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant-variety/iris-germanica-bearded-iris |website=Gardenia.net |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

===Biochemistry===
It is known to produce the isoflavone [[Chemistry:Irilone|irilone]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=21235726|title=Lipase-catalyzed regioselective protection/deprotection of hydroxyl groups of the isoflavone irilone isolated from Iris germanica|volume=27|issue=2}}</ref> and several analytical studies have been made from the rhizomes.<ref>Shahid Akbar {{google books|oJneDwAAQBAJ|Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants:  A Comprehensive Review of Their Traditional Medical Uses and Scientific Justifications|page=1047}}</ref>

===Genetics===
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of [[Biology:Chromosome|chromosome]]s, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book | first= Claire | last=Austin | title= Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia | publisher= Timber Press, Incorporated | isbn = 978-0881927306 | year = 2005 | ol = OL8176432M | page=<!-- 274–275  in diff edition-->}}</ref>
It has had its chromosome counted several times; 2n=44, Banerji & Chaudhuri, 1972; 2n=28, Mao 1986; 2n=44 Sopova 1982; 2n=44, Váchová & Feráková, 1986 and 2n=44, Lovka, 1995.<ref name="America"/>

==Taxonomy==
It is most commonly known as 'bearded iris' and in the UK occasionally as 'common German flag'.<ref name="RHS">{{cite web |title=''Iris germanica'' bearded iris |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9256/Iris-germanica/Details |website=rhs.org.uk |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>

It was first published and described as ''Iris germanica'' by [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] in his book '[[Biology:Species Plantarum|Species Plantarum]]' on page 38 in 1753.<ref name="plantlist"/><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=''Iris germanica'' L., Sp. Pl. 1: 38 (1753) | url=https://www.ipni.org/n/438637-1 | publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) | access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> Although, [[Organization:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Kew]] and many other authorities state that it is a [[Biology:Hybrid|hybrid]], so is named as ''Iris'' × ''germanica'', with the cross 'x' showing its hybrid status.<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Iris × germanica'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:438637-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=29 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Iris'' × ''germanica'' – Species Details |url=https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1850 |website=Atlas of Florida Plants |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

It is a European hybrid, rather than a true wild species.<ref name="pacbulb">{{cite web |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/GardenBeardedIrises |publisher=Pacific Bulb Society |title= Garden Bearded Irises |access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> ''Iris'' × ''germanica'' is considered to have been a natural hybrid between ''[[Biology:Iris pallida|Iris pallida]]'' and ''[[Biology:Iris variegata|Iris variegata]]'' Linnaeus, both of which also have the chromosome number 2n = 24.<ref name="efloras">{{cite web |title=FNA Vol. 26 Page 373, 375, 376 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200028171 |website=efloras.org (Flora of North America) |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>

''Iris germanica'' is an accepted name by the RHS,<ref name="RHS"/> and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture [[Organization:Agricultural Research Service|Agricultural Research Service]] on 8 May 1996. They also state it has unknown parentage.<ref name=grin/>

The named cultivars are most commonly sold in shops as ''Iris germanica'',<ref>{{cite web |title=''Iris germanica'' Collection (Bearded Iris) {{!}} J Parker Dutch Bulbs |url=https://www.jparkers.co.uk/iris-germanica-collection-bearded-iris-1017961c |website=jparkers.co.uk |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=gardenia/>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Iris'' × ''germanica'' is thought to be originated in the Mediterranean region.<ref name=grin/><ref name="RHS"/> It is widely naturalized across Europe.<ref name="America"/>

==Cultivation==
It prefers to grow in full sun, with well-drained soil. It normally retains some of its leaves over the winter period. After it has flowered and during dry conditions through the summer is best time to divide and transplant.<ref name="America">{{cite web |last1=Laurin |first1=T. |title=(SPEC) ''Iris germanica'' L. |url=https://wiki.irises.org/Spec/SpecGermanica |access-date=4 May 2020 |date=6 May 2019}}</ref>

===Propagation===
It can be propagated by seed and by division.<ref name=efloras/>

===Hybrids and cultivars===
''Iris'' × ''germanica'' has many cultivars,<ref name=gardenia/> there are thought to be about 60,000 cultivars available.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jamie |title=9 Top Types of Iris for the Flower Garden |url=https://www.thespruce.com/irises-for-flower-garden-1315808 |access-date=29 July 2021 |work=The Spruce |date=21 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> These are a few known named cultivars:<ref name="America"/>
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 'Adriatic Shores'
* 'Amas'
* 'Askabadensis'
* 'Baveilles'
* 'Belouinii'
* 'Biliotti'
* 'Black Prince'
* 'Col Du Chat'
* 'Cretan'
* 'Crimson King'
* 'Croatica'
* 'Deflexa'
* 'Dominion'
* 'Dusky Challenger'
* [[Biology:Iris florentina|'Florentina']]
* 'Fontarabie'
* 'Germanica'
* 'Germanica Alba'
* 'Germanica Caerulea'
* 'Germanica Major'
* 'Germanica Marmorata'
* 'Germanica Maxima'
* 'Germanica Violacea'
* 'Germanica Vulgaris'
* 'Gnome'
* 'Gypsy Queen'
* 'Istria'
* 'Junonia'
* 'Kharput'
* 'Kirman'
* 'Kochii'
* 'Kurdistan'
* 'Lemperg Purple'
* 'Macrantha'
* 'Nepalensis'
* 'Oriflamme'
* 'Paladin'
* 'Purple King'
* 'Seattle'
* 'Sivas'
* 'Srinagar'
* 'Thun'
* 'Titan's Glory'
* 'Turchino'
* 'Varbosiana'
* 'Varbossana'.
{{div col end}}

''I.'' × ''germanica'' var. ''amas'' was one of the most important cultivars in the creation of the modern tetraploid tall-bearded Irises.<ref name="America"/>

In Italy and Thailand, the leaves can be affected by a fungus, ''Torula masonii''.<ref name="Li2017">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jun-Fu |last2=Phookamsak |first2=Rungtiwa |last3=Jeewon |first3=Rajesh |last4=Bhat |first4=Darbhe J. |last5=Mapook |first5=Ausana |last6=Camporesi |first6=Erio |last7=Shang |first7=Qiu-Ju |last8=Chukeatirote |first8=Ekachai |last9=Bahkali |first9=Ali H. |last10=Hyde |first10=Kevin D. |title=Molecular taxonomy and morphological characterization reveal new species and new host records of ''Torula'' species (Torulaceae, Pleosporales) |journal=Mycological Progress |date=2017 |volume=16 |pages=447–461}}</ref>

==In culture==
[[File:VanGogh-Irises 3.jpg|thumb|Irises by Vincent van Gogh,1890 ]]
In Iran and Kashmir,<ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapter I Rhizomatous Iris (part 2) |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-i-les-iris-rhizomateux-partie-2-123788250.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> ''[[Biology:Iris kashmiriana|Iris kashmiriana]]'' and ''Iris'' × ''germanica''<ref name=flowers>{{cite web |first=Gurcharan |last=Singh |title= Kashmir Iris |url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Kashmir%20Iris.html |publisher=flowersofindia.net |access-date=22 October 2015}}</ref> are most commonly grown on [[Religion:Muslim|Muslim]]<ref name=stebbings>{{cite book |last=Stebbings |first=Geoff |year=1997|title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises |url=https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb|url-access=registration |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |page=[https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb/page/23 23] |isbn=0715305395 }}</ref> grave yards.<ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=british>British Iris Society (1997) {{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|page=38-39}}</ref><ref name=Trak>{{cite journal |last1=Trak |first1=Touseef Hussain |last2=Upadhayay |first2=Ravi |date=April 2015 |title=Ethnobotanical And Taxonomic Study of Members of Iridaceae Family of Kishtwar, (Jammu And Kashmir) India |url=http://www.ijpbs.net/cms/php/upload/4265_pdf.pdf |journal=International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=779–793 |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802023343/http://ijpbs.net/cms/php/upload/4265_pdf.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It has frequently been painted including 'Irises' (see right) and 'Irises' both by Vincent van Gogh in 1890.<ref>Jennifer Helvey {{google books|LUZ-dHerY3sC|Irises: Vincent van Gogh in the Garden|page=21}}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:Clonal colony of Iris germanica.jpg|[[Biology:Clonal colony|Clonal colony]]
File:Iris Fabian.jpg|''Iris'' 'Fabian' hybridized by John Salter, 1868, UK
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Biology:Orris root|Orris root]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=plantlist>{{cite web|title= Iris × germanica L. is an accepted name | date= 23 February 2012 | url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record//kew-321867 | publisher=theplantlist.org ([[Biology:The Plant List|The Plant List]]) | access-date=17 May 2016}}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
* Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press. Note: lists as Iris germanica L.
* Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. Note: lists as ''Iris germanica'' L.
* Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage Note: = species
* FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. Note: lists as ''Iris germanica'' L.
* Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = ''Iris germanica'' L.
* Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants
* Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 25–28.
* Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
* Personal Care Products Council. INCI
* Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica. Note: lists as ''Iris germanica'' L.
* Stace, C. 1995. New flora of the British Isles. Note: natzd.
* Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq. Note: = ''Iris germanica'' L.
* Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. Note: = ''Iris germanica'' L.*
* Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China
* Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–2000. European garden flora

{{Taxonbar|from=Q161734}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Iris germanica}}
[[Category:Iris (plant)|germanica]]

{{Sourceattribution|Iris × germanica}}