View source for Biology:List of cacao diseases

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Like other crops cocoa can be attacked by a number of pest species including fungal diseases, [[Biology:Insect|insect]]s and [[Biology:Rodent|rodent]]s - some of which (e.g. frosty pod rot and cocoa pod borer) have increased dramatically in geographical range and are sometimes described as "[[Earth:Invasive species|invasive species]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dropdata.org/cocoa/cocoa_prob.htm|title=The World's Worst Cocoa Problems|author=|date=|website=www.dropdata.org|accessdate=24 June 2018}}</ref>

==Bacterial diseases==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear:left"
! colspan=3| '''[[Biology:Bacteria|Bacteria]]l diseases'''
|-
|Crown gall
||''[[Biology:Agrobacterium tumefaciens|Agrobacterium tumefaciens]]'' (artificial inoculations)
|[[File:Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agalla de la corona (6896084714).jpg|thumb|]]
|-
|Stripe
||''[[Biology:Pectobacterium carotovorum|Pectobacterium carotovorum]]''
|[[File:Brassica oleracea with Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (03).jpg|thumb]]
|-
|}

==Fungal diseases==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
!  colspan=2| '''Fungal and Oomycete diseases'''<br />
|-
|Anthracnose
||''[[Biology:Glomerella cingulata|Glomerella cingulata]]''
|-
|Armillaria root rot 
||''[[Biology:Armillaria mellea|Armillaria mellea]]''
|-
|[[Biology:Black pod disease|Black pod disease]]
||
''[[Biology:Phytophthora capsici|Phytophthora capsici]]''<br />
''[[Biology:Phytophthora citrophthora|Phytophthora citrophthora]]''<br />
''Phytophthora heveae''<br />
''[[Biology:Phytophthora megakarya|Phytophthora megakarya]]''<br />
''[[Biology:Phytophthora palmivora|Phytophthora palmivora]]''
|-
|Black root
||
''[[Biology:Rosellinia bunodes|Rosellinia bunodes]]''<br />
''[[Biology:Rosellinia pepo|Rosellinia pepo]]''
|-
|Brown root
||''[[Biology:Phellinus noxius|Phellinus noxius]]''
|-
|[[Biology:Canker|Canker]]
||
''[[Biology:Phytophthora citrophthora|Phytophthora citrophthora]]''<br />
''[[Biology:Phytophthora palmivora|Phytophthora palmivora]]''<br />
''[[Biology:Ceratocystis fimbriata|Ceratocystis fimbriata]]''
|-
|Ceratocystis wilt
||
''[[Biology:Ceratocystis cacaofunesta|Ceratocystis cacaofunesta]]''<br />
''[[Biology:Ceratocystis moniliformis|Ceratocystis moniliformis]]''<br />
''[[Biology:Ceratocystis paradoxa|Ceratocystis paradoxa]]''
|-
|Collar crack
||
''Armillariella mellea''<br />
''Armillariella tabescens''
|-
|Collar rot
||''Ustulina deusta''
|-
|Cushion gall (green-point gall)
||
''Nectria rigidiuscula''<br />
{{=}} ''Fusarium decemcellulare''
|-
|Dieback
||Physiological, stress induced, more than 80 fungal species associated with this syndrome 
|-
|Frosty pod
||''[[Biology:Moniliophthora roreri|Moniliophthora roreri]]''
|-
|Horse hair blight
||''[[Biology:Crinipellis sarmentosa|Crinipellis sarmentosa]]''
|-
|Lasiodiplodia pod rot
||
''[[Biology:Lasiodiplodia theobromae|Lasiodiplodia theobromae]]''<br />
{{=}} ''Botryodiplodia theobromae''
|-
|Leaf anthracnose
||''[[Biology:Colletotrichum|Colletotrichum]]'' spp.
|-
|Macrophoma pod rot
||''[[Biology:Macrophoma|Macrophoma]]'' spp. 
|-
|Moniliophthora pod rot
||''[[Biology:Moniliophthora roreri|Moniliophthora roreri]]''
|-
|Phytophthora pod rot
||
''[[Biology:Phytophthora capsici|Phytophthora capsici]]''<br />
''[[Biology:Phytophthora citrophthora|Phytophthora citrophthora]]''<br />
''Phytophthora hevae''<br />
''[[Biology:Phytophthora megakarya|Phytophthora megakarya]]''<br />
''[[Biology:Phytophthora palmivora|Phytophthora palmivora]]''
|-
|Pink disease
||''[[Biology:Erythricium salmonicolor|Erythricium salmonicolor]]''
|-
|Sudden death
||
''Verticillium dahliae''<br />
''[[Biology:Mycoleptodiscus terrestris|Mycoleptodiscus terrestris]]''
|-
|Thread blight
||''Ceratobasidium koleroga''
|-
|Trachysphaera pot rot (mealy pod) 
||''[[Biology:Trachysphaera fructigena|Trachysphaera fructigena]]''
|-
|Vascular streak dieback
||''[[Biology:Oncobasidium theobromae|Oncobasidium theobromae]]''
|-
|Violet root rot
||
''Nectria mauritiicola''<br />
{{=}} ''Sphaerostilbe repens''
|-
|Wet root rot
||''[[Biology:Ganoderma philippii|Ganoderma philippii]]''
|-
|White root rot
||
''[[Biology:Rigidoporus microporus|Rigidoporus microporus]]''<br />
{{=}} ''Rigidoporus lignosus''
|-
|White thread
||''[[Biology:Marasmiellus scandens|Marasmiellus scandens]]''
|-
|[[Biology:Witch's broom|Witch's broom]]
||''[[Biology:Moniliophthora perniciosa|Moniliophthora perniciosa]]''
|-
|}

==Miscellaneous diseases==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
!  colspan=3| '''Miscellaneous diseases'''<br />
|-
|[[Biology:Algae|Algal]] disease 
||''[[Biology:Cephaleuros virescens|Cephaleuros virescens]]''
|[[File:Cephaleuros virescens (2372468252).jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Cherelle wilt
||Physiological, no specific pathogen involved
|
|-
|}

==Insect pests==
*Cocoa [[Biology:Miridae|mirids or capsids]] worldwide (but especially ''Sahlbergella singularis'' and ''Distantiella theobroma'' in [[Place:West Africa|West Africa]] and ''[[Biology:Helopeltis|Helopeltis]]'' spp. in [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]])
*''[[Biology:Bathycoelia thalassina|Bathycoelia thalassina]]'' - West Africa
*''Conopomorpha cramerella'' (cocoa pod borer – in [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]])
*''[[Biology:Carmenta theobromae|Carmenta theobromae]]'' - C. & S. America

==Nematodes, parasitic==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
!  colspan=3| '''[[Biology:Nematode|Nematode]]s, parasitic'''<br />
|-
|Awl nematode
||''[[Biology:Dolichodorus|Dolichodorus]]'' spp.
|
|-
|Cyst nematode
||''[[Biology:Heterodera|Heterodera]]'' spp.
|[[File:Heterodera avenae at Triticum aestivum (06).jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Dagger nematode
||''[[Biology:Xiphinema|Xiphinema]]'' spp.
|[[File:Xiphinema oxycaudatum (10.3897-zookeys.894.35281) Figure 2.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Lesion nematode
||''[[Biology:Pratylenchus|Pratylenchus]]'' spp.
|[[File:Pratylenchus coffeae.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Reniform nematode
||''[[Biology:Rotylenchulus|Rotylenchulus]]'' spp.
|[[File:Two reniform nematodes.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Ring nematode
||''[[Biology:Hoplolaimus|Hoplolaimus]]'' spp.
|
|-
|Root-knot nematode
||''[[Biology:Meloidogyne|Meloidogyne]]'' spp.
|[[File:Meloidogyne incognita galls (01).jpg|thumb]]
|-
|Spiral nematode
||''[[Biology:Helicotylenchus|Helicotylenchus]]'' spp.
|[[File:Helicotylenchus-dihystera-females-light-microscope-photographs-a-Infected-Ficus.png|thumb]]
|-
|Stubby root nematode
||''[[Biology:Trichodorus|Trichodorus]]'' spp.
|[[File:Trichodorus.jpg|thumb]]
|
|-
|}

==Parasitic plants==
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
! colspan=2| [[Biology:Mistletoe|Mistletoe]]s  
|-
| ''[[Biology:Dendrophthora|Dendrophthora]]'' spp. || [[File:Dendrophthora Sp.jpg|thumb]]
|-
| ''[[Biology:Loranthus|Loranthus]]'' spp. || [[File:Loranthus europaeus sl3.jpg|thumb]]
|-
| ''[[Biology:Oryctanthus|Oryctanthus]]'' spp. || [[File:Loranthus occidentalis L., Aublet s.n. MNHN P-P00662816.jpg|thumb]]
|-
| ''[[Biology:Phoradendron|Phoradendron]]'' spp. || [[File:Phoradendron juniperinum 1.jpg|thumb]]
|-
| ''[[Biology:Phthirusa|Phthirusa]]'' spp. || [[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Phthirusa ovata (2).jpg|thumb]]
|-
| ''[[Biology:Tapinanthus|Tapinanthus]]'' spp. || [[File:Tapinanthus rubromarginatus, blomme, b, Waterberg.jpg|thumb]]
|}

==Viral and viroid diseases==
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
!  colspan=3| [[Biology:Virus|Viral]] and viroid diseases
|-
| ''[[Biology:Cacao swollen shoot virus|Cacao swollen shoot virus]]'' (CSSV) || [[File:Cocoa Swollen Shoot Stem symptom.jpg|thumb]]
|-
| ''[[Biology:Cacao yellow mosaic virus|Cacao yellow mosaic virus]]'' (CYMV) ||
|-
| ''Cocoa necrosis virus'' (CNV) || 
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/Cacao.aspx Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society]
* [http://www.dropdata.org/cocoa/cocoa_prob.htm IPARC] Guide to cocoa pests and their management.

[[Category:Lists of plant diseases|Cacao]]

{{Sourceattribution|List of cacao diseases}}