View source for Biology:List of genetically modified crops

{{Short description|none}}
'''[[Biology:Genetically modified crops|Genetically modified crops]]''' are plants used in [[Earth:Agriculture|agriculture]], the [[Biology:DNA|DNA]] of which has been modified using [[Biology:Genetic engineering|genetic engineering]] techniques.  In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. As of 2015, 26 plant species have been genetically modified and approved for commercial release in at least one country. The majority of these species contain genes that make them either tolerant to herbicides or resistant to insects. Other common traits include virus resistance, delayed ripening, modified flower colour or altered composition. In 2014, 28 countries grew GM crops, and 39 countries imported but did not grow them.<ref name="isaaa19years">{{cite web | url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/infographics/19yearsofbiotechcrops/19%20Years%20of%20Biotech%20Crops%20in%20the%20World.pdf | title=19 Years of Biotech Crops in the World | publisher=International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) | work=isaaa.org | date=2014 | accessdate=15 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223122244/http://www.isaaa.org/resources/infographics/19yearsofbiotechcrops/19%20Years%20of%20Biotech%20Crops%20in%20the%20World.pdf | url-status=live | archive-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>

==Background==

Regulations regarding the commercialisation of genetically modified crops are mostly conducted by individual countries. For cultivation, environmental approval determines whether a crop can be legally grown. Separate approval is generally required to use GM crops in food for human consumption or as animal feed.<ref name="loc">{{cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/ | title=Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms | publisher=Library of Congress | work=loc.gov | date=9 Jun 2015 | accessdate=15 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/ |title=Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms &#124; Law Library of Congress |publisher=Loc.gov |date= March 2014|accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref>

GM crops were first planted commercially on a large scale in 1996, in the US, China, Argentina, Canada, Australia, and Mexico.<ref name="isaaa19years"/> Some countries have approved but not actually cultivated GM crops, due to public uncertainty or further government restrictions, while at the same time, they may import GM foods for consumption. For example, Japan is a leading GM food importer, and permits but has not grown GM food crops. The [[Social:European Union|European Union]] regulates importation of GM foods, while individual member states determine cultivation.<ref name="loc-eu">{{cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/eu.php | title=Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: European Union | publisher=Library of Congress | work=loc.gov | date=9 Jun 2015 | accessdate=15 February 2016 | author=Papademetriou, Theresa}}</ref> In the US, separate regulatory agencies handle approval for cultivation (USDA, EPA) and for human consumption ([[Organization:Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]).<ref name="loc-us">{{cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/usa.php | title=Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms:United States | publisher=Library of Congress | work=loc.gov | date=9 Jun 2015 | accessdate=15 February 2016 | author=Acosta, Luis }}</ref>
<!-- The European Food Safety Authority provides guidelines for each genetically modified crop, but the member states have flexibility on allowing cultivation.<ref>http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-4778_en.htm {{Bare URL inline|date=May 2022}}</ref> -->

Two genetically modified crops have been approved for food use in some countries, but have not obtained approval for cultivation. A GM Melon engineered for delayed [[Biology:Senescence|senescence]] was approved in 1999 and a herbicide tolerant GM wheat was approved in 2004.

==Genetically modified crops cultivated in 2014==
{{Pie chart
|caption = Distribution of GM crops planted in 2014
|other = yes
|value1 = 50
|label1 = GM soybean
|value2 = 30
|label2 = GM maize
|value3 = 14
|label3 = GM cotton
|value4 = 5
|label4 = GM canola}}
In 2014, 181.5 million hectares of genetically modified crops were planted in 28 countries. Half of all GM crops planted were genetically modified soybeans, either for herbicide tolerance or insect resistance. Eleven countries grew modified soybean, with the USA, Brazil and Argentina accounting for 90% of the total hectarage. Of the 111 hectares of soybean grown worldwide in 2014, 82% was genetically modified in some way. Seventeen countries grew a total of 55.2 million hectares of genetically modified maize and fifteen grew 23.9 hectares of genetically modified cotton. Nine million hectares of genetically modified canola was grown with 8 million of those in Canada. Other GM crops grown in 2014 include Alfalfa (862 000 ha), sugar beet (494 000 ha) and papaya (7 475 ha). In Bangladesh a genetically modified eggplant was grown commercially for the first time on 12ha.<ref name="isaaa2">{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/49/default.asp |title=Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49-2014 |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref>

The majority of GM crops have been modified to be resistant to selected herbicides, usually a glyphosate or glufosinate based one. In 2014, 154 million hectares were planted with a herbicide resistant crop and 78.8 million hectares had insect resistant. This include 51.4 million hectares planted in thirteen countries that contained both herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. Less than one million hectares contained other traits, which include providing virus resistance, delaying senescence, modifying flower colour and altering the plants composition. Drought tolerant maize was planted for just the second year in the USA on 275 000 hectares.<ref name="isaaa2"/>

=== Herbicide tolerance ===

Genetically modified crops engineered to resist herbicides are now more available than conventionally bred resistant varieties.<ref name=":0" /> They comprised 83% of the total GM crop area, equating to just under 8% of the arable land worldwide.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=USA |pmid=23457026 |title=Pleiotropic effects of herbicide-resistance genes on crop yield: a review. |journal=Pest Management Science |volume=69 |issue=8 |pages=897–904 |date=2016-08-01 |doi=10.1002/ps.3522 }}</ref> Approval has been granted to grow crops engineered to be resistant to the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gmtrait/default.asp?TraitID=28&GMTrait=2,4-D%20herbicide%20tolerance |title=GM Events with 2,4-D herbicide tolerance&#124; GM Approval Database |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Dicamba|dicamba]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gmtrait/default.asp?TraitID=27&GMTrait=Dicamba%20herbicide%20tolerance |title=GM Events with Dicamba herbicide tolerance&#124; GM Approval Database |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Glufosinate|glufosinate]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gmtrait/default.asp?TraitID=1&GMTrait=Glufosinate%20herbicide%20tolerance |title=GM Events with Glufosinate herbicide tolerance&#124; GM Approval Database |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Glyphosate|glyphosate]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gmtrait/default.asp?TraitID=2&GMTrait=Glyphosate%20herbicide%20tolerance |title=GM Events with Glyphosate herbicide tolerance&#124; GM Approval Database |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Sulfonylurea|sulfonylurea]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gmtrait/default.asp?TraitID=4&GMTrait=Sulfonylurea%20herbicide%20tolerance |title=GM Events with Sulfonylurea herbicide tolerance&#124; GM Approval Database |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> oxynil<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gmtrait/default.asp?TraitID=3&GMTrait=Oxynil%20herbicide%20tolerance |title=GM Events with Oxynil herbicide tolerance&#124; GM Approval Database |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Mesotrione|mesotrione]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gmtrait/default.asp?TraitID=31&GMTrait=Mesotrione%20Herbicide%20Tolerance |title=GM Events with Mesotrione Herbicide Tolerance&#124; GM Approval Database |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> and isoxaflutole<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gmtrait/default.asp?TraitID=26&GMTrait=Isoxaflutole%20herbicide%20tolerance |title=GM Events with Isoxaflutole herbicide tolerance&#124; GM Approval Database |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref> Most herbicide resistant GM crops have been engineered for glyphosate tolerance, in the USA 93% of soybeans and most of the GM maize grown is glyphosate tolerant.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jerry M Green |title=Current state of herbicides in herbicide-resistant crops |journal=Pest Management Science |volume=70 |issue=9 |pages=1351–1357 |doi=10.1002/ps.3727 |pmid=24446395 |year=2014 }}</ref>

{| style="margin:auto; text-align:center" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! GMO
!Use
! Countries approved in
! First approved<ref name="isaaa3">{{cite web|title = GM Crops List {{!}} GM Approval Database- ISAAA.org|url = http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/cropslist/|website = www.isaaa.org|access-date = 2016-01-30}}</ref>
! Notes
|-
|[[Biology:Alfalfa#Genetic modification|Alfalfa]]
|Animal feed<ref name="Time">{{cite news|title = All the GMOs Approved In the U.S.|url = http://time.com/3840073/gmo-food-charts/|website = TIME.com|access-date = 2016-02-11}}</ref>
| USA
| 2005
|Approval withdrawn in 2007<ref>{{cite web|title = Lucerne - GMO Database|url = http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/51.lucerne.html|website = www.gmo-compass.org|access-date = 2016-02-11|last = www.gmo-compass.org|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160702052804/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/51.lucerne.html|archivedate = 2016-07-02}}</ref> and then re-approved in 2011<ref>{{Cite news|title = UPDATE 3-U.S. farmers get approval to plant GMO alfalfa|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/gmo-alfalfa-usda-idUSN2727513020110127|newspaper = Reuters|date = 2011-01-27|access-date = 2016-02-11}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Biology:Genetically modified canola|Canola]]
| rowspan="3" |Cooking oil

Margarine

[[Chemistry:Emulsion#In food|Emulsifiers in packaged foods]]<ref name="Time" />
| Australia
| 2003
|
|-
| Canada
| 1995
|
|-
| USA
| 1995
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | Cotton
| rowspan="10" |Fiber<br />Cottonseed oil<br />Animal feed<ref name="Time" /> <br />Except in India, where Cottonseed oil used for human consumption  
| Argentina
| 2001
|
|-
| Australia
| 2002
|
|-
| Brazil
| 2008
|
|-
| Colombia
| 2004
|
|-
| Costa Rica
| 2008
|
|-
| India
| 2002
|
|-
| Mexico
| 2000
|
|-
| Paraguay
| 2013
|
|-
| South Africa
| 2000
|
|-
| USA
| 1994
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |Maize
| rowspan="12" |Animal feed
high-fructose corn syrup

[[Chemistry:Corn starch|corn starch]]<ref name="Time" />
| Argentina
| 1998
|
|-
| Brazil
| 2007
|
|-
| Canada
| 1996
|
|-
| Colombia
| 2007
|
|-
| Cuba
| 2011
|
|-
| European Union
| 1998
| Grown in Portugal, Spain, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania<ref name="ISAAA Infographic">{{cite web
| url = http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/49/infographic/default.asp
| title = Infographics: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49-2014 {{!}} ISAAA.org
| website = www.isaaa.org
| access-date = 2016-02-11
}}</ref>
|-
| Honduras
| 2001
|
|-
| Paraguay
| 2012
|
|-
| Philippines
| 2002
|
|-
| South Africa
| 2002
|
|-
| USA
| 1995
|
|-
| Uruguay
| 2003
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |Soybean
| rowspan="11" |Animal feed 
Soybean oil<ref name="Time" />
|Argentina
|1996
|
|-
|Bolivia
|2005
|
|-
|Brazil
|1998
|
|-
|Canada
|1995
|
|-
|Chile
|2007
|
|-
|Costa Rica
|2001
|
|-
|Mexico
|1996
|
|-
|Paraguay
|2004
|
|-
|South Africa
|2001
|
|-
|USA
|1993
|
|-
|Uruguay
|1996
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Sugar Beet
| rowspan="2" |Food<ref name="WSJ" />
|Canada
|2001
|
|-
|USA
|1998
|Commercialised 2007,<ref>{{Cite news|title = Round 2 for Biotech Beets|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/27/business/27sugar.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2007-11-27|access-date = 2016-02-15|issn = 0362-4331|first = Andrew|last = Pollack}}</ref> production blocked 2010, resumed 2011.<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite news|title = Modified Beet Gets New Life|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704709304576124454083334630|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|access-date = 2016-02-15|author=Scott Kilman}}</ref>
|}

===Insect resistance===
Most currently available genes used to engineer insect resistance come from the ''[[Biology:Bacillus thuringiensis|Bacillus thuringiensis]]'' bacterium. Most are in the form of [[Biology:Delta endotoxin|delta endotoxin]] genes known as cry proteins, while a few use the genes that encode for vegetative insecticidal proteins.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plant Biotechnology|last1=Fleischer|first1=Shelby J.|last2=Hutchison|first2=William D.|last3=Naranjo|first3=Steven E.|chapter=Sustainable Management of Insect-Resistant Crops |date=2014-01-01|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=9783319068916|editor-last=Ricroch|editor-first=Agnès|pages=115–127|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-06892-3_10|editor2-last=Chopra|editor2-first=Surinder|editor3-last=Fleischer|editor3-first=Shelby J.}}</ref> Insect resistant crops target various species of coleopteran (beetles)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gmtrait/default.asp?TraitID=5&GMTrait=Coleopteran%2520insect%2520resistance|title=GM Events with Coleopteran insect resistance{{!}} GM Approval Database- ISAAA.org|website=www.isaaa.org|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> and [[Biology:Lepidoptera|lepidoptera]]n (moths).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gmtrait/default.asp?TraitID=6&GMTrait=Lepidopteran%2520insect%2520resistance|title=GM Events with Lepidopteran insect resistance{{!}} GM Approval Database- ISAAA.org|website=www.isaaa.org|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> The only gene commercially used to provide insect protection that does not originate from ''B. thuringiensis'' is the [[Biology:Cowpea|Cowpea]] [[Biology:Trypsin inhibitor|trypsin inhibitor]] (CpTI). CpTI was first approved for use cotton in 1999 and is currently undergoing trials in rice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/event/default.asp?EventID=78&Event=SGK321|title=SGK321 {{!}} GM Approval Database- ISAAA.org|website=www.isaaa.org|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qiu|first=Jane|date=2008-10-15|title=Agriculture: Is China ready for GM rice?|journal=Nature News|language=en|volume=455|issue=7215|pages=850–852|doi=10.1038/455850a|pmid=18923484|doi-access=}}</ref>

{| style="margin:auto; text-align:center" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! GMO
!Use
! Countries approved in
! First approved<ref name="isaaa3"/>
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="15" |Cotton
| rowspan="15" |Fiber<br />Cottonseed oil<br />Animal feed<ref name="Time" />
| Argentina 
| 1998
|
|-
| Australia 
| 2003
|
|-
| Brazil 
| 2005
|
|-
|Burkina Faso
|2009
|
|-
| China
| 1997
|
|-
| Colombia
| 2003
|
|-
| Costa Rica
| 2008
|
|-
| India 
| 2002
|Largest producer of Bt cotton<ref name="Facts India">{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20India.pdf|title=Facts and trends - India|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| Mexico 
| 1996
|
|-
| Myanmar
| 2006<ref group="N" name=":0">No official public documentation available</ref>
|
|-
| Pakistan 
| 2010<ref group="N" name=":0" />
|
|-
| Paraguay 
| 2007
|
|-
| South Africa
| 1997
|
|-
| Sudan
| 2012
|
|-
| USA
| 1995
|
|-
| [[Biology:Bt brinjal|Eggplant]]
|Food
| Bangladesh
| 2013
|12 ha planted on 120 farms in 2014<ref name="ISAAA Summary 14">{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/49/executivesummary/default.asp|title=Executive Summary: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49-2014 {{!}} ISAAA.org|website=www.isaaa.org|access-date=2016-02-16}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |Maize
| rowspan="9" |Animal feed
high-fructose corn syrup

[[Chemistry:Corn starch|corn starch]]<ref name="Time" />
|Argentina
|1998
|
|-
|Brazil
|2005
|
|-
|Columbia
|2003
|
|-
|Mexico
|1996
|Centre of origin for maize<ref name="Facts Mexico">
{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Mexico.pdf|title=Facts and trends-Mexico|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications|access-date=}}

</ref>
|-
|Paraguay
|2007
|
|-
|Philippines
|2002
|
|-
|South Africa
|1997
|
|-
|Uruguay
|2003
|
|-
|USA
|1995
|
|-
|Poplar
|Tree
|China
|1998
|543 ha of bt poplar planted in 2014<ref name="Facts China">{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20China.pdf|title=Facts and trends- China|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications|access-date=}}</ref>
|}

===Stacked traits===
Many varieties of GM crops contain more than one resistance gene. This could be in the form of multiple insect resistant genes, multiple herbicide tolerance genes or a combination of the herbicide and insect resistant genes. [[Biology:SmartStax|Smartstax]] is a brand of GM maize that has eight different genes added to it, making it resistant to two types of herbicides and toxic to six different species of insects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luo|first1=Ming|last2=Gilbert|first2=Brian|last3=Ayliffe|first3=Michael|date=2016-07-01|title=Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for targeted mutagenesis, gene replacement and stacking of genes in higher plants|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-016-1989-8|journal=Plant Cell Reports|language=en|volume=35|issue=7|pages=1439–1450|doi=10.1007/s00299-016-1989-8|pmid=27146973|s2cid=18438764|issn=1432-203X}}</ref>

===Other modified traits===
While most crops are engineered to resist insects or tolerate herbicides some crops have been developed for other traits. Flowers have been engineered to display colours that they cannot do so naturally (in particular the [[Biology:Blue rose|blue color in roses]]). A few crops, like the genetically modified papaya, are engineered to resist viruses. Other modifications alter the plants composition, with the aim of making it more nutritious, longer lasting or more industrially useful. Recently crops engineered to tolerate drought have been commercialised.

{| style="margin:auto; text-align:center" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! GMO
!Use
! Trait
! Countries approved in
! First approved<ref name="isaaa3"/>
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Biology:Genetically modified canola|Canola]]
| rowspan="3" |Cooking oil

Margarine

Emulsifiers in packaged foods<ref name="Time" />
| rowspan="2" | High laurate canola
| Canada
| 1996
|
|-
| USA
| 1994
|
|-
| [[Biology:Phytase|Phytase]] production
| USA
| 1998
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |Carnation
| rowspan="8" |Ornamental
| rowspan="2" |Delayed [[Biology:Senescence|senescence]]
|Australia
|1995
|
|-
|Norway
|1998
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | Modified flower colour
| Australia
| 1995
|
|-
| Colombia
| 2000
|In 2014 4 ha were grown in greenhouses for export<ref name=":Facts Columbia">{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Colombia.pdf|title=Facts and trends - Columbia|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| European Union
| 1998
|Two events expired 2008, another approved 2007
|-
| Japan
| 2004
|
|-
| Malaysia
| 2012
|For ornamental purposes
|-
| Norway
| 1997
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |Maize
| rowspan="4" |Animal feed
high-fructose corn syrup

[[Chemistry:Corn starch|corn starch]]<ref name="Time" />
| rowspan="2" | Increased [[Chemistry:Lysine|lysine]]
| Canada
| 2006
|
|-
| USA
| 2006
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Drought tolerance
|Canada
|2010
|
|-
|USA
|2011
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Papaya
| rowspan="2" |Food<ref name="Time" />
| rowspan="2" |Virus resistance
|China
|2006
|
|-
|USA
|1996
|Mostly grown in Hawaii<ref name="Time" />
|-
|Petunia
|Ornamental
|Modified flower colour
|
|1998<ref group="N" name=":0" />
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Biology:Genetically modified potato|Potato]]
| rowspan="2" |Food<ref name="Time" />
| rowspan="2" |Virus resistance
|Canada
|1999
|
|-
|USA
|1997
|
|-
|Industrial<ref name="theguardian1">{{Cite news|title = GM potato to be grown in Europe|url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/mar/03/eu-approves-gm-food-potato|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 2010-03-03|access-date = 2016-02-15|issn = 0261-3077|language = en-GB|agency = Associated Press}}</ref>
|Modified [[Chemistry:Starch|starch]]
|USA
|2014
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Biology:Blue rose|Rose]]
| rowspan="4" |Ornamental
| rowspan="4" |Modified flower colour 
|Australia
|2009
|Surrendered renewal
|-
|Colombia
|2010<ref group="N">No public documents</ref>
|Greenhouse cultivation for export only.
|-
|Japan
|2008
|
|-
|USA
|2011
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |Soybean
| rowspan="5" |Animal feed 
Soybean oil<ref name="Time" />
| rowspan="3" |Increased [[Chemistry:Oleic acid|oleic acid]] production
|Argentina
|2015
|
|-
|Canada
|2000
|
|-
|USA
|1997
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Chemistry:Stearidonic acid|Stearidonic acid]] production
|Canada
|2011
|
|-
|USA
|2011
|
|-
|Squash
|Food<ref name="Time" />
|Virus resistance
|USA
|1994
|
|-
|Sugar Cane
|Food
|Drought tolerance
|Indonesia
|2013
|Environmental certificate only
|-
|[[Biology:Tobacco|Tobacco]]
|Cigarettes
|Nicotine reduction
|USA
|2002
|
|}

==Genetically modified crops that are no longer cultivated==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center"
|-
! GMO
!Use
! Trait
! Countries approved in
! First approved<ref name="isaaa3"/>
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Biology:Genetically modified potato|Potato]]
| rowspan="2" |Food<ref name="Time"/>
| rowspan="2" |Insect resistance
|Canada
|1995
| rowspan="2" |Withdrawn from market 2001<ref>{{Cite news|title = Monsanto's Genetically Modified Potatoes Find Slim Market, Despite Repelling Bugs|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB985128671233949916|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|date=21 March 2001|access-date = 2016-02-15|issn = 0099-9660|first = Scott|last =  Kilman}}</ref>
|-
|USA
|1994
|-
|Industrial<ref name="theguardian1"/>
|Modified [[Chemistry:Starch|starch]]
|European Union
|2010
|Development stopped 2012<ref>{{Cite news|title = BASF to Stop Selling Genetically Modified Products in Europe|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/business/global/17iht-gmo17.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2012-01-16|access-date = 2016-02-15|issn = 0362-4331|first = James|last = Kanter}}</ref>
|-
|[[Biology:Genetically modified rice|Rice]]
|Food
|Insect resistance
|Iran
|2004
|Grown on 4000 ha in 2005<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.isaaa.org/kc/CBTNews/2006_Issues/Jan/Briefs_34_Highlights.pdf|title = Highlights of isaaa briefs no. 34-2005|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications|last = James|first = Clive}}</ref>
|-
|[[Biology:Tobacco|Tobacco]]
|Cigarettes
|Herbicide resistance
|China
|1992<ref name="China Perspective">{{Cite journal|last1=Tao|first1=Zhang|last2=Shudong|first2=Zhou|date=2003-06-01|title=The Economic and Social Impact of GMOs in China|url=http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/359|journal=China Perspectives|volume=2003|language=fr|issue=47|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.359|issn=1996-4617|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|Not grown since 1995 due to strong opposition from tobacco importers.<ref name="China Perspective" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Plant Biotechnology in China|jstor = 3075699|journal = Science|date = 2002-01-01|pages = 674–677|volume = 295|issue = 5555|first1 = Jikun|last1 = Huang|first2 = Scott|last2 = Rozelle|first3 = Carl|last3 = Pray|first4 = Qinfang|last4 = Wang|doi = 10.1126/science.1067226|pmid = 11809972|bibcode = 2002Sci...295..674H|s2cid = 28756644}}</ref>
|-
|[[Biology:Genetically modified tomato|Tomato]]
|Food
|Delayed softening
|USA
|1992
|Production stopped 1997<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schneider|first1=Keith R.|last2=Goodrich Schneider|first2=Renée|last3=Richardson|first3=Susanna|title=Genetically Modified Food|url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs084|website=University of Florida. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|accessdate=2018-01-06|language=en|date=22 March 2017}}</ref>
First GM food (see [[Biology:Flavr Savr|Flavr Savr]])
|}

==Approved genetically modified crops that have not yet been cultivated==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center"
|-
! GMO
!Use
! Trait
! Countries approved in
! First approved<ref name="isaaa3"/>
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | Apple
| rowspan="2" |Food<ref name="Time"/>
| rowspan="2" | Delayed browning
| Canada
| 2015
|
|-
| USA
| 2015
|
|-
| Bean
|
| Viral disease resistance
| Brazil
| 2011
|
|-
| Chicory
|Animal feed
| Herbicide tolerance
| USA
| 1997
|
|-
| [[Biology:Eucalyptus|Eucalyptus]]
|Tree
| Altered growth
| Brazil
| 2015
|
|-
|Flax
|[[Biology:Linseed oil|Linseed Oil]]
|Herbicide tolerance
| USA
| 1999
|Canada gained approval in 1996, but it was rescinded in 2001<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/news/467.gm_linseed_products_being_taken_off_market.html |title=GM linseed: Products being taken off the market |publisher=Gmo-compass.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000645/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/news/467.gm_linseed_products_being_taken_off_market.html |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Biology:Agrostis stolonifera|Grass]]
|Ornamental Turfgrass
| Herbicide tolerance
| USA
| 2003
| Rescinded approval in 2017 due to seed contamination in Oregon<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/fedregister/BRS_20170118.pdf |title=Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 11 / Wednesday, January 18, 2017 / Notices|publisher=Federal Register|date= |accessdate=2019-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|Plum
|Food
|Virus resistance
|USA
|2007
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Biology:Genetically modified potato|Potato]]
| rowspan="3" |Food<ref name="Time" />
|Reduced [[Chemistry:Acrylamide|acrylamide]] 
Blackspot bruise tolerance

Late blight resistance
|USA
|2015
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Virus resistance
|Canada
|1999
|
|-
|USA
|1997
|
|-
|Industrial<ref name="theguardian1"/>
|Modified [[Chemistry:Starch|starch]]
|USA
|2014
|
|-
|Sweet pepper
|Food
|Virus resistance
|China
|1998
|
|}

== Genetically modified crops by country ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Country
!GM food
!Ha grown in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/49/|title=Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49-2014 {{!}} ISAAA.org|website=www.isaaa.org|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref>
|- 
| rowspan="3" | Argentina
|Cotton
|530 000
|-
|Maize
|3 000 000
|-
|Soybean
|20 800 000
|-
| rowspan="3" |Australia
|Canola
|342 000
|-
|Carnation
|
|-
|Cotton
|200 000
|-
| Bangladesh
|Eggplant
|12
|-
| rowspan="3" |Brazil
|Cotton
|600 000
|-
|Maize
|12 500 000
|-
|Soybean
|29 100 000
|-
| Bolivia
|Soybean
|1 000 000
|-
| Burkina Faso
|Cotton
|454,124{{refn|group=N|GM cotton production was banned in 2016 due to economic and quality concerns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top African producer bans GM cotton|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-04-african-gm-cotton.html|website=Phys.org|accessdate=28 August 2016}}</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | Canada
|Canola
|8 000 000
|-
|Maize
|1 400 000
|-
|Soybean
|2 200 000
|-
|Sugar beet
|15 000
|-
| rowspan="3" |Chile
|Canola
|2 000
|-
|Maize
|7 000
|-
|Soybean
|1 000
|-
| rowspan="5" |China
|Cotton
|3 900 000
|-
|Papaya
|8 475
|-
|Poplar
|543
|-
|Sweet pepper
|
|-
|Tomato
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | Colombia
|Cotton
|18 000
|-
|Maize
|81 000
|-
| rowspan="2" | Costa Rica
|Cotton
|36.3
|-
|Soybean
|1.7
|-
| Cuba
|Maize
|3 000
|-
|Czech Republic
|Maize
|1,754 
|-
| Honduras
|Maize
|29 000
|-
| India
|Cotton
|11 600 000
|-
| rowspan="2" |Mexico
|Cotton
|160 000
|-
|Soybean
|10 000
|-
| Myanmar
|Cotton
|318,000
|-
| Pakistan
|Cotton
|2 850 000
|-
| rowspan="3" |Paraguay
|Cotton
|36 000
|-
|Maize
|500 000
|-
|Soybean
|3 300 000
|-
| Philippines
|Maize
|831 000
|-
|Portugal
|Maize
|8 542 
|-
|Romania
|Maize
|771
|-
|Slovakia
|Maize
|441
|-
| rowspan="3" | South Africa
|Cotton
|9 000
|-
|Maize
|2 150 000
|-
|Soybean
|552 000
|-
|Spain
|Maize
|131,538
|-
| Sudan
|Cotton
|90 000
|-
| rowspan="9" |United States of America
|Alfalfa
|862 000
|-
|Canola
|685 000
|-
|Cotton
|4 500 000
|-
|Maize
|34 500 000
|-
|Papaya
|1 000
|-
|Potato
|
|-
|Soybean
|32 300 000
|-
|Squash
|1 000
|-
|Sugar beet
|479 000
|-
| rowspan="2" | Uruguay
|Maize
|90 000
|-
|Soybean
|1 550 000
|}

The following graph shows the area planted in GM crops in the five largest GM crop producing countries. The area planted is presented along the y axis in thousands of hectares while the year is along the x axis.
{{refn|group=N|The data for the graph is calculated from information found in ISAAA briefs.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/36/download/isaaa-brief-36-2006.pdf|title=ISAAA Brief 36-2006 > Executive Summary |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/35/executivesummary/default.html |title=ISAAA Brief 35-2006 > Executive Summary |publisher=ISAAA.org |date=2006-09-04 |accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/37/executivesummary/default.html |title=ISAAA Brief 37-2007 - Executive Summary > |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/39/executivesummary/default.html |title=ISAAA Brief 39-2008 - Executive Summary > |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613112457/http://isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/39/executivesummary/default.html |archive-date=2010-06-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/41/executivesummary/default.asp |title=Executive Summary: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2009 - ISAAA Brief 41-2009 |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/43/executivesummary/default.asp |title=Executive Summary: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011 - ISAAA Brief 43-2011 |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/44/executivesummary/default.asp |title=Executive Summary: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2012 - ISAAA Brief 44-2012 |publisher=ISAAA.org |date=2012-11-06 |accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/46/executivesummary/default.asp |title=Executive Summary: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2013 - ISAAA Brief 46-2013 |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/49/executivesummary/default.asp |title=Executive Summary: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49-2014 |publisher=ISAAA.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref> The other values were found by adding up all the area for GM crop producing countries (excluding the top five).}}

{{Graph:Chart
| width = 750
| height = 350
| xAxisTitle = Year
| x = 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
| yAxisTitle = Hectares (x1000)
| yGrid = | legend = | yAxisFormat = 
| colors = red, blue, green, gold, purple, magenta
<!-- USA -->
| y1Title = USA
| y1 = 1449, 7460, 19259, 26252, 28245, 33024, 37528, 40723, 44788, 47395, 54600, 57700, 62500, 64000, 66800, 69000, 69500, 70100, 73100, 70900
<!-- CANADA-->
| y2Title = Canada
| y2 = 139, 648, 2161, 3529, 3331, 3212, 3254, 4427, 5074, 5858, 6100, 7000,7600, 8200, 8800, 10400, 11600,10800, 11600, 11000
<!-- ARGENTINA-->
| y3Title = Argentina
| y3 = 37, 1756, 4818, 6844, 9605, 11775, 13587, 14895, 15883, 16930, 18000, 19100, 21000, 21300, 22900, 23700, 23900, 24400, 24300, 24500
<!-- BRAZIL-->
| y4Title = Brazil
| y4 = 0, 100, 500, 1180, 1300, 1311, 1742, 3000, 5000, 9000, 11500, 15000, 15800, 21400, 25400, 30300, 36600, 40300, 42200, 44200
<!-- INDIA-->
| y5Title = India
| y5 = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 44, 100, 500, 1300, 3800, 6200, 7600, 8400, 9400, 10600, 10800, 11000, 11600, 11600
<!-- OTHER-->
| y6Title = Other
| y6 = 41, 107, 423, 916, 1672, 2878, 3089, 4212, 6203, 6680, 8000, 9300, 10400, 10600, 14700, 16000, 17900, 18600, 18600, 17500
}}

===See also===
* AquAdvantage salmon

==References and notes==

===Notes===

{{Reflist|2|group=N}}

===References===

{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Biology-related lists|Genetically modified crops]]
[[Category:Biotechnology]]
[[Category:Genetically modified organisms]]

{{Sourceattribution|List of genetically modified crops}}