View source for Biology:METRNL

{{Short description|Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens}}
'''Meteorin-like/Meteorin-Beta (Metrnl)/IL-41''', also known as subfatin and cometin, is a small (~27kDa) secreted cytokine, protein encoded by a gene called meteorin-like ('''METRNL'''). METRNL is highly expressed in mucosal tissues, skin and activated macrophages.<ref>Li, Z., Gao, Z., Sun, T., Zhang, S., Yang, S., Zheng, M., & Shen, H. (2023). Meteorin-like/Metrnl, a novel secreted protein implicated in inflammation, immunology, and metabolism: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1098570.  {{PMID|36911663}} {{PMC|9998503}} {{DOI|10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098570}}</ref><ref name="METRNL">{{cite journal   |vauthors=Ushach I, Burkhardt AM, Martinez C etal |title=METEORIN-LIKE is a cytokine associated with barrier tissues and alternatively activated macrophages |journal=Clinical Immunology |volume=156 |issue=2|pages= 119–127 |year= 2015 |pmid= 25486603 |doi= 10.1016/j.clim.2014.11.006  | pmc=4336607 }}</ref><ref name="Beta">{{cite journal   |vauthors=Ushach I, Arrevillaga-Boni G, Heller GN etal |title=Meteorin-like/Meteorin-β Is a Novel Immunoregulatory Cytokine Associated with Inflammation. |journal=J. Immunol.  |volume=201 |issue= 12 |pages= 3669–3676 |year=2018  |pmid= 30464051 |doi= 10.4049/jimmunol.1800435  | pmc= 6394858}}</ref>
Metrnl has also been described to be a [[Biology:Hormone|hormone]]<ref>{{cite journal   |vauthors=Rao RR, Long JZ, White JP etal |title=Meteorin-like is a hormone that regulates immune-adipose interactions to increase beige fat thermogenesis |journal=Cell |volume=157 |issue= 6|pages= 1279–1291 |year= 2015 |pmid= 24906147 |doi= 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.065  | pmc=4131287 }}</ref>

A screen of human skin-associated diseases showed significant over-expression of METRNL in psoriasis, prurigo nodularis, actinic keratosis and atopic dermatitis. METRNL is also up-regulated in synovial membranes of human rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="METRNL" />

[[Biology:Adipocyte|Adipocyte]] Metrnl antagonizes obesity-induced insulin resistance by improving adipose function, including adipocyte [[Biology:Cellular differentiation|differentiation]], [[Biology:Metabolism|metabolism]] activation, and [[Medicine:Inflammation|inflammation]] inhibition<ref>Li, Z. Y., Song, J., Zheng, S. L., Fan, M. B., Guan, Y. F., Qu, Y., ... & Miao, C. Y. (2015). Adipocyte Metrnl antagonizes insulin resistance through PPARγ signaling. Diabetes, 64(12), 4011-4022.  {{PMID|26307585}} {{doi|10.2337/db15-0274}}</ref> Lower serum levels of Metrnl might be a risk factor for developing [[Medicine:Coronary artery disease|coronary artery disease]] and type 2 diabetes mellitus<ref>Dadmanesh M, Aghajani H, Fadaei R, Ghorban K (2018) Lower serum levels of Meteorin-like/Subfatin in patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are negatively associated with insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokines. PLoS ONE 13(9): e0204180. {{PMID|30212581}} {{PMC|6136801}}  {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0204180}}</ref><ref>Liu, Z. X., Ji, H. H., Yao, M. P., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Zhou, P., ... & Gao, W. (2019). Serum Metrnl is associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 23(1), 271-280.  {{doi|10.1111/jcmm.13915}}  {{PMC|6307872}}  {{PMID|30394666}}</ref>

== Function ==
Metrnl participates in the control of inflammatory responses<ref name="Beta" /> and is a critical regulator of muscle regeneration.<ref>{{cite journal   |vauthors=Baht GS, Bareja A, Lee DE etal |title=Meteorin-like facilitates skeletal muscle repair through a Stat3/IGF-1 mechanism. |journal=Nat Metab |volume=2 |pages=278–289  |year=2020  |issue=3 |doi=10.1038/s42255-020-0184-y   |pmid=32694780 |pmc=7504545 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}



[[Category:Human proteins]]
[[Category:Hormones]]
[[Category:Cell signaling]]
[[Category:Signal transduction]]
[[Category:Cytokines]]

{{Sourceattribution|METRNL}}