View source for Biology:Nepenthes mapuluensis

{{short description|Tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Nepenthes mapuluensis lower pitcher.jpg
|image_caption = Lower pitcher of ''N. mapuluensis'', East Kalimantan, {{circa}} 650&nbsp;m a.s.l.
|status = EN
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Clarke, C.M. |date=2018 |title=''Nepenthes mapuluensis'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T39673A143961703 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39673A143961703.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Nepenthes
|species = mapuluensis
|authority = J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990)
|range_map = Nepenthes mapuluensis distribution.png
|range_map_caption = Distribution of ''N. mapuluensis''.
}}

'''''Nepenthes mapuluensis''''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|θ|iː|z|_|m|ə|ˌ|p|uː|l|u|ˈ|ɛ|n|s|ɪ|s}}; from Mount Ilas Mapulu), the '''Mapulu pitcher-plant''',<ref name=P&L>Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.</ref> is a species of tropical [[Biology:Pitcher plant|pitcher plant]] native to East Kalimantan, Borneo.<ref name=Clarke>Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''.  Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.</ref> It is known only from a restricted geographical range and is listed as Endangered on the [[Organization:IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

''Nepenthes mapuluensis'' has no known natural hybrids.<ref name=McPherson>McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.</ref> No infraspecific taxa have been described.<ref name=Clarke />

==Botanical history==

''Nepenthes mapuluensis'' was first collected in 1957{{Ref_label|A|note a|none}} on Mount Ilas Mapulu by A.J.G. 'Doc' Kostermans, the head of the Botanical Division of the Forestry Research Institute at Bogor, on the same expedition in which he collected the type material of ''[[Biology:Nepenthes campanulata|N. campanulata]]''.<ref name=Clarke /> The species was described in 1990 by J. H. Adam and C. C. Wilcock based on a single duplicate collection in the Leiden and Bogor herbaria,<ref name=P&L /><ref>Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1990. A new ''Nepenthes'' from Mount Ilas Mapulu in Borneo. ''Blumea'' '''35''': 265–267.</ref> designated as ''Kostermans 14017''.<ref name=Schlauer>Schlauer, J. N.d. [http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=nepenthes+mapuluensis ''Nepenthes mapuluensis'']. Carnivorous Plant Database.</ref><ref name=C&J>Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. ''Flora Malesiana'' '''15''': 1–157.</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Nepenthes mapuluensis rosette plant.jpg|thumb|[[Biology:Rosette (botany)|Rosette plant]] (the lower pitcher belongs to a nearby growing plant), {{circa}} 650&nbsp;m a.s.l.]]
[[File:Nepenthes mapuluensis upper pitcher.jpg|thumb|Upper pitcher, {{circa}} 650&nbsp;m a.s.l.]]
The stem of ''N. mapuluensis'' can measure up to 6&nbsp;mm in diameter, but the maximum length is unknown. [[Biology:Plant stem|Internode]]s are cylindrical and up to 4&nbsp;cm long. The leaves are coriaceous. The [[Biology:Leaf#Anatomy|lamina]] is oblanceolate-linear in morphology, up to 26&nbsp;cm long, and 5&nbsp;cm wide. The apex of the lamina is acute, while the base is attenuate, [[Biology:Petiole (botany)|sub-petiolate]], and semi-amplexicaul. [[Biology:Tendril|Tendril]]s grow to 50&nbsp;cm in length.<ref name=Clarke />

The pitchers of ''N. mapuluensis'' are ellipsoidal in shape. They grow to 21&nbsp;cm in height and 8.5&nbsp;cm in diameter. The pitchers possess two fringed wings up to 10&nbsp;mm wide. The [[Biology:Peristome|peristome]] of this species is moderately developed and is folded or wavy as in the closely related ''[[Biology:Nepenthes northiana|N. northiana]]''. The peristome may be up to 12&nbsp;mm wide and bears a row of distinct, but not pronounced, teeth. Aerial or upper pitchers may be infundibular throughout, but are often cylindrical and relatively small.<ref name=Lee>Lee, C.C. 2007. [http://pitcherplants.proboards34.com/index.cgi?board=general&action=display&thread=1177415401&page=1#1177462680 Re: Has anybody seen ''N. mapuluensis'' in nature?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194221/http://pitcherplants.proboards34.com/index.cgi?board=general&action=display&thread=1177415401&page=1#1177462680 |date=2007-09-27 }} Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.</ref> They bear reduced fringed wings or ribs.

''Nepenthes mapuluensis'' has a [[Biology:Raceme|racemose]] [[Biology:Inflorescence|inflorescence]]. The [[Biology:Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] is up to 7&nbsp;cm long. The size of the [[Biology:Rachis|rachis]] is unknown. Pedicels grow to 8&nbsp;mm in length.<ref name=Clarke /> A study of 120 [[Biology:Pollen|pollen]] samples taken from the type specimen (''Kostermans 14017'') found the mean pollen diameter to be 28.9 [[Micrometre|μm]] (SE = 0.5; [[Coefficient of variation|CV]] = 9.2%).<ref>Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. {{cite web|url= http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3779/1/Palynological_Study_of_Bornean_Nepenthes_%28Nepenthaceae%29.pdf |title=Palynological study of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae). }} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''22'''(1): 1–7.</ref>

The species is mostly glabrous, although certain parts of the plant, such as the pitchers, may have a scattered [[Biology:Indumentum|indumentum]] of short hairs.<ref name=P&L /><ref name=Clarke />

==Ecology==

The type locality of ''N. mapuluensis'' is described on the original collector's label, which reads: "the species is common on the limestone mountain of Ilas Mapulu at an altitude of 800 m".<ref name=P&L /> The population from which the type specimen originated was subsequently destroyed and for some time the species was thought to be [[Biology:Extinction|extinct]].<ref>Nerz, J. 1994. [http://www.omnisterra.com/botany/cp/list/cp94alld/2403.htm ''Nepenthes''-discussion]. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List.</ref> More recently, however, further observations of ''N. mapuluensis'' have been made by Troy Davis, Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba, significantly expanding the known range of this species.<ref name=Clarke /> This being the case, ''N. mapuluensis'' is thought to be endemic to the Sambaliung mountain range in East Kalimantan.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

''Nepenthes mapuluensis'' is restricted to [[Earth:Limestone|limestone]] [[Biology:Substrate|substrate]]s and grows in stunted vegetation on low summit ridges,<ref name=Clarke /> which are often extremely inaccessible.<ref name=Lee /> It has been recorded from elevations of between 50 and 850 m.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

==Related species==

''Nepenthes mapuluensis'' is very similar to ''[[Biology:Nepenthes northiana|N. northiana]]'' and there is some question as to the validity of its species status.<ref name=Clarke /> Although there are few morphological characters separating these two [[Biology:Taxon|taxa]], there seem to be several stable differences that can be used to distinguish between them. Compared to ''N. northiana'', the leaves on the climbing stems of ''N. mapuluensis'' are more linear, the pitchers darker in colour, and the upper pitchers narrower.<ref name=Clarke /> It is also worth noting that ''N. northiana'' is known only from the Bau area of Sarawak, which lies several hundred kilometres away from the only known populations of ''N. mapuluensis''.

In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats ''N.&nbsp;mapuluensis'' as a possible synonym of ''N.&nbsp;northiana''.<ref name=Schlauer />

==Cultivation==
''Nepenthes mapuluensis'' is extremely rare in cultivation. It has been artificially crossed with ''[[Biology:Nepenthes ventricosa|N. ventricosa]]'' to produce the hybrid ''Nepenthes × mapulucosa'' Hort.Westphal ''in sched.'' (2000), although this name is a ''[[Biology:Nomen nudum|nomen nudum]]''.<ref name=Schlauer />

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
:a.{{Note_label|A|a|none}}Kostermans explored Mount Ilas Mapulu between September 20 and September 24,<ref>van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J., ''et al.'' 2006. [http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/fmcollectors/k/KostermansAJGH.htm Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors: André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans]. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland.</ref> and it was during this time that he collected ''N. mapuluensis''.
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. {{cite web |url= http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/8918/1/10.pdf |title= The ecology and distribution of Bornean ''Nepenthes''. |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722233248/http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/8918/1/10.pdf |archive-date= 2011-07-22 }} ''Journal of Tropical Forest Science'' '''5'''(1): 13–25.
* Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' '''25'''(1): 90–102. {{doi|10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x}}
* {{in lang|id}} Mansur, M. 2001. {{cite web |url= http://elib.pdii.lipi.go.id/katalog/index.php/searchkatalog/downloadDatabyId/1286/1286.pdf |title= Koleksi ''Nepenthes'' di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias. |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120319205635/http://elib.pdii.lipi.go.id/katalog/index.php/searchkatalog/downloadDatabyId/1286/1286.pdf |archive-date= 2012-03-19 }} In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp.&nbsp;244–253.
* McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
* Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. ''Plant Biology'' '''3'''(2): 164–175. {{doi|10.1055/s-2001-12897}}
* {{in lang|de}} Meimberg, H. 2002. {{cite web|url= http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1078/1/Meimberg_Harald.pdf |title=Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l.. }} Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
* Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. ''Plant Biology'' '''8'''(6): 831–840. {{doi|10.1055/s-2006-924676}}
* Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the ''trnK'' intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''39'''(2): 478–490. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wildborneo.com.my/images/cld06122129.jpg WildBorneo: ''Nepenthes mapuluensis'']


{{Taxonbar|from=Q5435038}}

[[Category:Nepenthes|mapuluensis]]

{{Sourceattribution|Nepenthes mapuluensis}}