View source for Biology:Opisthosporidia

{{Short description|Clade of fungi}}
{{Paraphyletic group |auto=yes
| name = "Opisthosporidia"
| image = Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg
| image_alt = Sporoblast of "Fibrillanosema crangonycis" (Microsporidian)
| image_caption = Sporoblast of ''[[Biology:Fibrillanosema crangonycis|Fibrillanosema crangonycis]]'' ([[Biology:Microsporidia|Microsporidia]]n)
| taxon = Opisthosporidia
| authority = Karpov et al., 2014<ref name="karpov"/>
| display_parents = 6
| includes = 
* Aphelida 
* [[Biology:Rozellida|Rozellida]]
* [[Biology:Microsporidia|Microsporidia]]
* ? BCG1
* ? BCG2
* ? GS01
* ? Namako-37
| excludes =
* Eumycota
}}

'''Opisthosporidia''' is a superphylum of intracellular [[Biology:Parasite|parasite]]s with amoeboid vegetative stage, defined as a common group of [[Biology:Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] groups [[Biology:Microsporidia|Microsporidia]], [[Biology:Cryptomycota|Cryptomycota]] (also known as Rozellida, Rozellomycota, or
Rozellosporidia) and Aphelidea.<ref name="karpov"/> They have been considered to represent a monophyletic lineage with shared ecological and structural features, being a sister clade of the [[Biology:Fungus|Fungi]].<ref name="karpov">{{Cite journal|last1=Karpov|first1=Sergey|last2=Mamkaeva|first2=Maria A.|last3=Aleoshin|first3=Vladimir|last4=Nassonova|first4=Elena|last5=Lilje|first5=Osu|last6=Gleason|first6=Frank H.|date=2014-01-01|title=Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia|journal= Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=5|pages=112|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112|pmc=3975115|pmid=24734027|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="torruella">{{Cite journal|last1=Torruella|first1=Guifre|last2=Grau-Bove|first2=Xavier|last3=Moreira|first3=David|last4=Karpov|first4=Sergey A.|last5=Burns|first5=John|last6=Sebe-Pedros|first6=Arnau|last7=Volcker|first7=Eckhard|last8=Lopez-Garcia|first8=Purificacion|date=2018-05-25|title=The transcriptome of Paraphelidium tribonemae illuminates the ancestry of Fungi and Opisthosporidia|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/05/25/233882|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=233882|doi=10.1101/233882|doi-access=free}}</ref> Together with the Fungi they represent a sister clade of the [[Biology:Cristidiscoidea|Cristidiscoidea]], together forming the [[Biology:Holomycota|Holomycota]].

Several other basal groups of the freshwater, marine and soil-inhabiting Holomycota were identified in recent studies, as the 'basal clone group 1' (BCG1=NCLC1), 'basal clone group 2' (BCG2), 'basal marine group' (NAMAKO-37), 'basal group GS01', the inner relationships of Opisthosporidia were clarified and their [[Biology:Monophyly|monophyly]] questioned: Cryptomycota and Microsporidia were proposed to join the phylum Rozellomycota, while Aphelidea were considered as a separate, though related phylum and all these groups were considered basal lineages of the kingdom Fungi.<ref name="tedersoo1">{{Cite journal|last1=Tedersoo|first1=Leho|last2=Bahram|first2=Mohammad|last3=Puusepp|first3=Rasmus|last4= Nilsson|first4=R.Henrik|last5=James|first5=Timothy Y.|date=2017|title=Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life|journal=Microbiome|language=en|volume=5|issue=42|doi=10.1186/s40168-017-0259-5|issn=2049-2618|doi-access=free|pmc=5385062}}</ref><ref name="tedersoo2">{{Cite journal|last1=Tedersoo|first1=Leho|last2=Sánchez-Ramírez|first2=Santiago|last3=Kõljalg|first3=Urmas|last4=Bahram|first4=Mohammad|last5=Döring|first5=Markus|last6=Schigel|first6=Dmitry|last7=May|first7=Tom|last8=Ryberg|first8=Martin|last9=Abarenkov|first9=Kessy|date=2018|title=High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses|journal=Fungal Diversity|language=en|volume=90|issue=1|pages=135–159|doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0|issn=1560-2745|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="torruella"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bass|first1=David|last2=Czech|first2=Lucas|last3=Williams|first3=Bryony A. P.|last4=Berney|first4=Cédric|last5=Dunthorn|first5=Micah|last6=Mahé|first6=Frederic|last7=Torruella|first7=Guifré|last8=Stentiford|first8=Grant D.|last9=Williams|first9=Tom A.|date=2018-04-28|title=Clarifying the Relationships between Microsporidia and Cryptomycota|journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|volume=65|issue=6|pages=773–782|language=en|doi=10.1111/jeu.12519|pmid=29603494|pmc=6282948|issn=1066-5234}}</ref>

Instead of probably paraphyletic Opisthosporidia, the phyla Rozellomycota and Aphelidiomycota (or monotypic subkingdoms Rozellomyceta and Aphelidiomyceta) are recently applied in some taxonomical systems of the kingdom Fungi for the basal lineages, and the other fungal lineages are grouped into a clade of True Fungi (Eumycota).<ref name="wijayawardene">{{cite journal |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=NN |last2=Hyde |first2=KD |last3=Al-Ani |first3=LKT |last4=Tedersoo |first4=L |last5=Haelewaters |first5=D |last6=Rajeshkumar |first6=KC |last7=Zhao |first7=RL |title=Outline of ''Fungi'' and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |date=18 March 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1: 8 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |issn=2077-7019|doi-access=free |hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> However, the taking up of the name Rozellomycota in such a broad sense can be considered premature, especially as the structure and biological features of a larger part of these organisms are unclear as they are known only from environmental sequences. The borders between Fungi and [[Biology:Protist|Protist]]a are therefore unstable and final delimitation of taxa is problematic due to poor coverage of molecular data for the representatives of the basal groups.<ref name="wijayawardene"/>

{{Clade|{{clade
|label1=[[Biology:Holomycota|Holomycota]]
|1={{clade
   |label1 = [[Biology:Cristidiscoidea|Cristidiscoidea]]
   |1={{Clade
      |1=[[Biology:Fonticulida|Fonticulida]] 
      |2=Nucleariida [[File:Nuclearia sp Nikko.jpg|60 px]]
      }}
   |label2=[[Biology:Fungi|Fungi]]
   |2={{clade
      |1=BCG2 + GS01
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=BCG1
            |label2=Rozellomyceta
            |2={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=Namako-37                                                                                                        
                  |label2=[[Biology:Microsporidia|Microsporidia]]                                                       |barbegin2=purple  
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Biology:Chytridiopsidea|Chytridiopsidea]]                                                       
                     |2={{clade 
|grouplabel1='''Opisthosporidia'''
                        |1=[[Biology:Metchnikovellea|Metchnikovellea]]                                                    
                        |2=Microsporea [[File:Fibrillanosema spore.jpg|60 px]]                
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}

               |2=Cryptomycota = [[Biology:Rozella|Rozellosporidia]] [[File:Rozella allomycis2.jpg|80 px]]|bar2=purple
               }}
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |label1=Aphelidiomyceta
            |1=Aphelida                                                                       |barend1=purple
            |2=True Fungi [[File:Asco1013.jpg|60 px]]
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
|label2 =[[Biology:Holozoa|Holozoa]]
|2={{clade
   |1=[[Biology:Ichthyosporea|Ichthyosporea]] [[File:Abeoforma whisleri-2.jpg|50 px]]
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Biology:Pluriformea|Pluriformea]]
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Biology:Corallochytrium|Corallochytrium]] [[File:Corallochytrium limacisporum.png|60 px]]
         |2=Syssomonas
         }}
      |label2 =[[Biology:Filozoa|Filozoa]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=Filasterea [[File:Ministeria vibrans.jpeg|60 px]]
         |label2=[[Biology:Choanozoa|Choanozoa]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=Choanoflagellatea [[File:Desmarella moniliformis.jpg|60 px]]
            |2=[[Biology:Animal|Animal]]ia [[File:Comb jelly.jpg|45 px]]
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
|style=font-size:80%; line-height:80%|label1=[[Biology:Opisthokont|Opisthokont]]s}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Eukaryota|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q20481166}}

[[Category:Holomycota]]

{{Sourceattribution|Opisthosporidia}}