View source for Biology:Porphyra

{{Short description|Genus of seaweed}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Porphyra umbilicalis, Porphyra purpurea Helgoland.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Biology:Porphyra umbilicalis|Porphyra umbilicalis]]'' (right) and ''[[Biology:Porphyra purpurea|Porphyra purpurea]]'' (front), in [[Finance:Heligoland|Heligoland]]
| image_alt = Porphyra umbilicalis (right) and  Porphyra purpurea (front), in Heligoland
| taxon = Porphyra
| authority = [[Biography:Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] 1824
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=WoRMS>[[Biography:Michael D. Guiry|Guiry, Michael D.]] (2012). Porphyra. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2017). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143808 on 2017-09-06</ref>
| subdivision =   {{Collapsible list |{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Porphyra akasakae'' <small>A.Miura 1977</small>
*''Porphyra angusta'' <small>Okamura & Ueda 1932</small>
*''Porphyra argentinensis'' <small>M.L.Piriz 1981</small>
*''Porphyra atropurpurea'' <small>(Olivi) [[Biography:Giovanni Battista de Toni|De Toni]] 1897</small>
*''Porphyra augustinae'' <small>Kützing 1843</small>
*''Porphyra autumnalis'' <small>[[Biography:Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1860</small>
*''Porphyra bangiaeformis'' <small>Kützing 1849</small>
*''Porphyra bulbopes'' <small>(Yendo) Ueda 1932</small>
*''Porphyra capensis'' <small>Kützing 1843</small>
*''Porphyra carnea'' <small>[[Biography:Albert Grunow|Grunow]] 1889</small>
*''Porphyra ceylanica'' <small>[[Biography:Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1883</small>
*''Porphyra chauhanii'' <small>C.Anil Kumar & M.V.N.Panikkar 1995</small>
*''Porphyra corallicola'' <small>H.Kucera & G.W. Saunders 2012</small>
*''Porphyra cordata'' <small>Meneghini 1844</small>
*''Porphyra cucullata'' <small>[[Biography:Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]] 1865</small>
*''Porphyra delicatula'' <small>[[Biography:Friedrich Welwitsch|Welwitsch]]</small>
*''Porphyra dentimarginata'' <small>Chu Chia-yen & Wang Su-chuan 1960</small>
*''Porphyra dioica'' <small>J.Brodie & L.M.Irvine 1997</small>
*''Porphyra drewiae'' <small>M.K.Elias 1966</small>
*''Porphyra fujianensis'' <small>Zhang & Wang 1993</small>
*''Porphyra grateloupicola'' <small>P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan 1878</small>
*''Porphyra grayana'' <small>Reinsch 1875</small>
*''Porphyra guangdongensis'' <small>C.K.Tseng & T.J.Chang 1978</small>
*''[[Biology:Porphyra haitanensis|Porphyra haitanensis]]'' <small>T.J.Chang & B.F.Zheng 1960</small>
*''Porphyra hospitans'' <small>[[Biography:Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1855</small>
*''Porphyra inaequicrassa'' <small>L.P.Perestenko 1980</small>
*''Porphyra indica'' <small>V.Krishnamurthy & M.Baluswami 1984</small>
*''Porphyra ionae'' <small>R.W.Ricker 1987</small>
*''Porphyra irregularis'' <small>E.Fukuhara 1968</small>
*''Porphyra kanyakumariensis'' <small>V.Krishnamurthy & M.Baluswami 1984</small>
*''Porphyra laciniata'' <small>[[Biography:Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] 1824</small>
*''Porphyra ledermannii'' <small>Pilger 1911</small>
*''Porphyra linearis'' <small>[[Biography:Robert Kaye Greville|Greville]] 1830</small>
*''Porphyra lucasii'' <small>Levring 1953</small>
*''Porphyra maculosa'' <small>E.Conway 1976</small>
*''Porphyra malvanensis'' <small>Anilkumar & P.S.N.Rao 2005</small>
*''Porphyra marcosii'' <small>P.A.Cordero 1976</small>
*''Porphyra marginata'' <small>C.K.Tseng & T.J.Chang 1958</small>
*''Porphyra martensiana'' <small>Suhr 1840</small>
*''Porphyra microphylla'' <small>[[Biography:Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1860</small>
*''Porphyra microphylla'' <small>Reinsch 1878</small>
*''Porphyra minima'' <small>P.Crouan & H.Crouan 1842</small>
*''Porphyra minor'' <small>[[Biography:Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1847</small>
*''Porphyra monosporangia'' <small>S.Wang & J.Zhang 1980</small>
*''Porphyra mumfordii'' <small>S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole 1992</small>
*''Porphyra njordii'' <small>P.M.Pedersen 2011</small>
*''Porphyra nobilis'' <small>[[Biography:Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1883</small>
*''Porphyra nobilis'' <small>[[Biography:Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]] 1846</small>
*''Porphyra ochotensis'' <small>Nagai 1941</small>
*''Porphyra okamurae'' <small>Ueda 1932</small>
*''Porphyra okhaensis'' <small>H.V.Joshi R.M.Oza & A.Tewari 1992</small>
*''Porphyra oligospermatangia'' <small>C.K.Tseng & B.F.Zheng 1981</small>
*''Porphyra plocamiestris'' <small>R.W.Ricker 1987</small>
*''Porphyra pujalsiae'' <small>Coll & E.C.Oliveira 1976</small>
*''Porphyra pulchra'' <small>Hollenberg 1943</small>
*''Porphyra punctata'' <small>Y.Yamada & H.Mikami 1956</small>
*''[[Biology:Porphyra purpurea|Porphyra purpurea]]'' <small>(Roth) [[Biography:Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] 1824</small>
*''Porphyra qingdaoensis'' <small>C.K.Tseng & B.F.Zheng 1988</small>
*''Porphyra ramosissima'' <small>Pan & Wang 1982</small>
*''Porphyra reniformis'' <small>Meneghini 1849</small>
*''Porphyra rizzinii'' <small>Coll & E.C.Oliveira 1976</small>
*''Porphyra roseana'' <small>M.A.Howe 1928</small>
*''Porphyra schistothallus'' <small>B.F.Zheng & J.Li</small>
*''Porphyra segregata'' <small>(Setchell & Hus) V.Krishnamurthy 1972</small>
*''Porphyra tenuis'' <small>B.F.Zheng & J.Li</small>
*''Porphyra tenuissima'' <small>(Strömfelt) Setchell & Hus 1900</small>
*''Porphyra tenuissima'' <small>[[Biography:Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] ex Frauenfeld 1855</small>
*''Porphyra tristanensis'' <small>[[Biography:Egil Baardseth|Baardseth]] 1941</small>
*''[[Biology:Porphyra umbilicalis|Porphyra umbilicalis]]'' <small>Kützing 1843</small>
*''Porphyra umbilicata'' <small>Ruprecht 1850</small>
*''Porphyra violacea'' <small>[[Biography:Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1899</small>
*''Porphyra vulgaris'' <small>Kützing 1843</small>
*''Porphyra woolhouseae'' <small>[[Biography:William Henry Harvey|Harvey]] 1863</small>
*''Porphyra yamadae'' <small>Yoshida 1997</small>
    }}
  }}
| synonyms = ''Conchocelis'' <small>Batters 1892</small><br/>
''Phyllona'' <small>J.Hill 1773</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WoRMS />
}}

'''''Porphyra''''' is a [[Biology:Genus|genus]] of coldwater [[Biology:Seaweed|seaweed]]s that grow in cold, shallow [[Earth:Seawater|seawater]]. More specifically, it belongs to [[Biology:Red algae|red algae]] phylum of laver species (from which comes [[Biology:Laverbread|laverbread]]), comprising approximately 70 species.<ref name="Brodie 02">Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, L.M. 2003. ''Seaweeds of the British Isles.'' Volume 1 Part 3b. The Natural History Museum, London.{{ISBN|1 898298 87 4}}</ref> It grows in the [[Earth:Intertidal zone|intertidal zone]], typically between the upper intertidal zone and the splash zone in cold waters of [[Earth:Temperate climate|temperate]] oceans. In East Asia, it is used to produce the [[Biology:Seaweed|sea vegetable]] products ''[[Biology:Nori|nori]]'' (in Japan) and ''[[Biology:Gim (food)|gim]]'' (in Korea). There are considered to be 60–70 species of ''Porphyra'' worldwide<ref name="Kain 91">Kain, J.M. 1991. Cultivation of attached seaweeds. in Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1992. ''Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential.'' John Wiley and Sons, Chichester {{ISBN|0-471-92947-6}}</ref> and seven around Britain and Ireland, where it has been traditionally used to produce edible sea vegetables on the Irish Sea coast.<ref name="Hardy and Guiry 06">Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2006. ''A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland.'' British Phycological Society, London. {{ISBN|3-906166-35-X}}</ref> The species ''[[Biology:Porphyra purpurea|Porphyra purpurea]]'' has one of the largest [[Biology:Plastid|plastid]] [[Biology:Genome|genome]]s known, with 251 genes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=E-MXsGnAVAQC&dq=%22red+alga+Porphyra+purpurea+%28251+genes%29%22&pg=PA878 The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook: Organellar and Metabolic Processes Volum 2]</ref>

==Life cycle==
''Porphyra'' displays a heteromorphic [[Biology:Alternation of generations|alternation of generations]].<ref>[http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/reds/lisa/lhist.htm Porphyra life cycle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411151035/http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/reds/lisa/lhist.htm |date=2007-04-11 }}</ref> The [[Biology:Thallus|thallus]] we see is the [[Biology:Ploidy|haploid]] generation; it can reproduce asexually by forming [[Biology:Spore|spore]]s which grow to replicate the original thallus. It can also reproduce sexually. Both male and female [[Biology:Gamete|gamete]]s are formed on the one thallus. The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes, which are non-motile. The fertilized, now [[Biology:Ploidy|diploid]], carposporangia after [[Biology:Mitosis|mitosis]] produce spores ([[Biology:Carpospore|carpospore]]s) which settle, then bore into shells, germinate and form a filamentous stage.  This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga, and was referred to as ''Conchocelis rosea''. That ''Conchocelis'' was the [[Biology:Ploidy|diploid]] stage of ''Porphyra'' was discovered  in 1949 by the British [[Biology:Phycology|phycologist]] Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker for the [[Earth:Europe|Europe]]an species ''[[Biology:Porphyra umbilicalis|Porphyra umbilicalis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Drew |first1= Kathleen M. |year=1949 |title= Conchocelis-phase in the life-history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz|journal=Nature |volume= 164|issue= 4174|pages= 748–749|doi= 10.1038/164748a0|bibcode= 1949Natur.164..748D |s2cid= 4134419 }}</ref> It was later shown for species from other regions as well.<ref name="Brodie 02"/><ref name="Thomas 02">Thomas, D. 2002. ''Seaweeds.'' The Natural History Museum, London. {{ISBN|0-565-09175-1}}</ref>

==Food==
Most human cultures with access to {{lang|la|Porphyra}} use it as a food or somehow in the diet, making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae,<ref name="Mumford 88">Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A.  4.''Porphyra'' as food: cultivation and economics. in Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. 1988. ''Algae and Human Affairs.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-32115-8}}</ref> known as [[Biology:Laverbread|laver]], {{lang|vi|rong biển}} ([[Social:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]), ''[[Biology:Nori|nori]]'' ([[Social:Japanese language|Japanese]]:{{lang|ja|海苔}}), ''amanori'' (Japanese),<ref name=Abbott>{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Isabella A|type=Food and food products from seaweeds|editor1-last=Lembi|editor1-first=Carole A.|editor2-last=Waaland|editor2-first=J. Robert|title=Algae and human affairs|year=1989|pages=141|publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}, [[Organization:Phycological Society of America|Phycological Society of America]]|isbn= 978-0-521-32115-0}}</ref> ''zakai'', ''[[Biology:Gim (food)|gim]]'' ([[Social:Korean language|Korean]]:{{lang|ko|김}}),<ref name=Abbott /> ''zǐcài'' ([[Social:Standard Chinese|Chinese]]:{{Lang|zh|紫菜}}),<ref name=Abbott /> [[Biology:Pyropia columbina|karengo]], ''sloke'' or ''slukos''.<ref name="Kain 91"/> The marine red alga ''Porphyra'' has been cultivated extensively in many [[Earth:Asia|Asia]]n countries as an edible seaweed used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the Japanese food sushi and the Korean food ''gimbap''. In Japan, the annual production of ''Porphyra'' species is valued at 100 billion [[Finance:Japanese yen|yen]] (US$1 billion).<ref name="Aoki 06">Aoki, Y. and Kamei, Y. 2006 Preparation of recombinant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from the marine bacterium, ''Pseudomonas'' sp. ND137 for the production of protoplasts of ''Porphyra yezoensis'' ''Eur. J. Phycol.'' '''41''': 321-328.</ref>

{{lang|la|P.{{nbsp}}umbilicalis}} is harvested from the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, where it has a variety of culinary uses, including  [[Biology:Laverbread|laverbread]].<ref name="eatweeds">{{cite web |title= Laver Seaweed – A Foraging Guide to Its Food, Medicine and Other Uses |url=https://www.eatweeds.co.uk/laver-porphyra |website=eatweeds.co.uk |date=30 August 2018 |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref> In Hawaii, "the species {{lang|la|P.{{nbsp}}atropurpurea}} is considered a delicacy, called {{lang|haw|Limu luau}}".<ref name="eatweeds" /> Porphyra was also harvested by the Southern Kwakiutl, Haida, Seechelt, Squawmish, Nuu-chah-nulth, Nuxalk, Tsimshian, and Tlingit peoples of the North American Pacific coast.<ref name="eatweeds" />

==Vitamin B12==
Porphyra contains [[Biology:Vitamin B12|vitamin B12]] and one study suggests that it is the most suitable non-meat source of this essential vitamin.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Bito T, Teng F |title=Vitamin B₁₂-containing plant food sources for vegetarians |journal=Nutrients |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=1861–73 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24803097 |pmc=4042564 |doi=10.3390/nu6051861 |quote="A nutritional analysis of six vegan children who had consumed vegan diets including brown rice and dried purple laver (nori) for 4–10 years suggested that the consumption of nori may prevent Vitamin B12 deficiency in vegans."|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the view of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, however, it may not provide an adequate source of it for vegans.<ref name=MelinaCraig2016>{{cite journal| vauthors=Melina V, Craig W, Levin S| title=Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets |journal=J Acad Nutr Diet|year= 2016|volume= 116|issue= 12|pages= 1970–1980|pmid=27886704|doi=10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025| s2cid=4984228 |quote=Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27886704/}}</ref>

==Species==
{{missing information|section|what the five species are and where all others went|date=April 2020}}
{{Columns-list|colwidth=35em|
*''Porphyra akasakae'' <small>A.Miura 1977</small>
*''Porphyra angusta'' <small>Okamura & Ueda 1932</small>
*''Porphyra argentinensis'' <small>M.L.Piriz 1981</small>
*''Porphyra atropurpurea'' <small>(Olivi) [[Biography:Giovanni Battista de Toni|De Toni]] 1897</small>
*''Porphyra augustinae'' <small>Kützing 1843</small>
*''Porphyra autumnalis'' <small>[[Biography:Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1860</small>
*''Porphyra bangiaeformis'' <small>Kützing 1849</small>
*''Porphyra bulbopes'' <small>(Yendo) Ueda 1932</small>
*''Porphyra capensis'' <small>Kützing 1843</small>
*''Porphyra carnea'' <small>[[Biography:Albert Grunow|Grunow]] 1889</small>
*''Porphyra ceylanica'' <small>[[Biography:Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1883</small>
*''Porphyra chauhanii'' <small>C.Anil Kumar & M.V.N.Panikkar 1995</small>
*''Porphyra corallicola'' <small>H.Kucera & G.W. Saunders 2012</small>
*''Porphyra cordata'' <small>Meneghini 1844</small>
*''Porphyra cucullata'' <small>[[Biography:Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]] 1865</small>
*''Porphyra delicatula'' <small>[[Biography:Friedrich Welwitsch|Welwitsch]]</small>
*''Porphyra dentimarginata'' <small>Chu Chia-yen & Wang Su-chuan 1960</small>
*''Porphyra dioica'' <small>J.Brodie & L.M.Irvine 1997</small>
*''Porphyra drewiae'' <small>M.K.Elias 1966</small>
*''Porphyra fujianensis'' <small>Zhang & Wang 1993</small>
*''Porphyra grateloupicola'' <small>P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan 1878</small>
*''Porphyra grayana'' <small>Reinsch 1875</small>
*''Porphyra guangdongensis'' <small>C.K.Tseng & T.J.Chang 1978</small>
*''[[Biology:Porphyra haitanensis|Porphyra haitanensis]]'' <small>T.J.Chang & B.F.Zheng 1960</small>
*''Porphyra hospitans'' <small>[[Biography:Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1855</small>
*''Porphyra inaequicrassa'' <small>L.P.Perestenko 1980</small>
*''Porphyra indica'' <small>V.Krishnamurthy & M.Baluswami 1984</small>
*''Porphyra ionae'' <small>R.W.Ricker 1987</small>
*''Porphyra irregularis'' <small>E.Fukuhara 1968</small>
*''Porphyra kanyakumariensis'' <small>V.Krishnamurthy & M.Baluswami 1984</small>
*''Porphyra laciniata'' <small>[[Biography:Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] 1824</small>
*''Porphyra ledermannii'' <small>Pilger 1911</small>
*''Porphyra linearis'' <small>[[Biography:Robert Kaye Greville|Greville]] 1830</small>
*''Porphyra lucasii'' <small>Levring 1953</small>
*''Porphyra maculosa'' <small>E.Conway 1976</small>
*''Porphyra malvanensis'' <small>Anilkumar & P.S.N.Rao 2005</small>
*''Porphyra marcosii'' <small>P.A.Cordero 1976</small>
*''Porphyra marginata'' <small>C.K.Tseng & T.J.Chang 1958</small>
*''Porphyra martensiana'' <small>Suhr 1840</small>
*''Porphyra microphylla'' <small>[[Biography:Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1860</small>
*''Porphyra microphylla'' <small>Reinsch 1878</small>
*''Porphyra minima'' <small>P.Crouan & H.Crouan 1842</small>
*''Porphyra minor'' <small>[[Biography:Giovanni Zanardini|Zanardini]] 1847</small>
*''Porphyra monosporangia'' <small>S.Wang & J.Zhang 1980</small>
*''Porphyra mumfordii'' <small>S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole 1992</small>
*''Porphyra njordii'' <small>P.M.Pedersen 2011</small>
*''Porphyra nobilis'' <small>[[Biography:Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1883</small>
*''Porphyra nobilis'' <small>[[Biography:Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]] 1846</small>
*''Porphyra ochotensis'' <small>Nagai 1941</small>
*''Porphyra okamurae'' <small>Ueda 1932</small>
*''Porphyra okhaensis'' <small>H.V.Joshi R.M.Oza & A.Tewari 1992</small>
*''Porphyra oligospermatangia'' <small>C.K.Tseng & B.F.Zheng 1981</small>
*''Porphyra plocamiestris'' <small>R.W.Ricker 1987</small>
*''Porphyra pujalsiae'' <small>Coll & E.C.Oliveira 1976</small>
*''Porphyra pulchra'' <small>Hollenberg 1943</small>
*''Porphyra punctata'' <small>Y.Yamada & H.Mikami 1956</small>
*''[[Biology:Porphyra purpurea|Porphyra purpurea]]'' <small>(Roth) [[Biography:Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] 1824</small>
*''Porphyra qingdaoensis'' <small>C.K.Tseng & B.F.Zheng 1988</small>
*''Porphyra ramosissima'' <small>Pan & Wang 1982</small>
*''Porphyra reniformis'' <small>Meneghini 1849</small>
*''Porphyra rizzinii'' <small>Coll & E.C.Oliveira 1976</small>
*''Porphyra roseana'' <small>M.A.Howe 1928</small>
*''Porphyra schistothallus'' <small>B.F.Zheng & J.Li</small>
*''Porphyra segregata'' <small>(Setchell & Hus) V.Krishnamurthy 1972</small>
*''Porphyra tenuis'' <small>B.F.Zheng & J.Li</small>
*''Porphyra tenuissima'' <small>(Strömfelt) Setchell & Hus 1900</small>
*''Porphyra tenuissima'' <small>[[Biography:Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] ex Frauenfeld 1855</small>
*''Porphyra tristanensis'' <small>[[Biography:Egil Baardseth|Baardseth]] 1941</small>
*''[[Biology:Porphyra umbilicalis|Porphyra umbilicalis]]'' <small>Kützing 1843</small><ref name="Morton94">Morton, O. 1994. ''Marine Algae of Northern Ireland.'' Ulster Museum, Belfast. {{ISBN|0-900761-28-8}}</ref>
*''Porphyra umbilicata'' <small>Ruprecht 1850</small>
*''Porphyra violacea'' <small>[[Biography:Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1899</small>
*''Porphyra vulgaris'' <small>Kützing 1843</small>
*''Porphyra woolhouseae'' <small>[[Biography:William Henry Harvey|Harvey]] 1863</small>
*''Porphyra yamadae'' <small>Yoshida 1997</small>
}}

Following a major reassessment of the  genus in 2011, many species previously included in ''Porphyra'' have been transferred to ''[[Biology:Pyropia|Pyropia]]'', for example ''[[Biology:Pyropia tenera|Pyropia tenera]]'', ''Pyropia yezoensis'' and the species from New Zealand ''[[Biology:Pyropia rakiura|Pyropia rakiura]]'' and ''[[Biology:Pyropia virididentata|Pyropia virididentata]]'', leaving only five species out of seventy still within ''Porphyra'' itself.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sutherland|title=A New Look at an Ancient Order: Generic Revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta)|journal=J. Phycol.|date=October 2011|volume=47|issue=5|pages=1131–1151|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x|pmid=27020195|s2cid=2779596|display-authors=0}}</ref>

== See also ==
* Green laver

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DxnL1DwA6w Video footage of Laverbread or Bara Lawr]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2104475}}

[[Category:Red algae genera]]
[[Category:Bangiophyceae]]
[[Category:Seaweeds]]
[[Category:Edible algae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Porphyra}}