View source for Biology:Pro-Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide

'''Pro-Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide''', also known as Pro-GRP, is a [[Biology:Gastrin-releasing peptide|Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide]] (GRP) precursor, a [[Biology:Neurotransmitter|neurotransmitter]] that belongs to the [[Chemistry:Bombesin|bombesin]]e/neuromedin B family. GRP stimulates the secretion of [[Biology:Gastrin|gastrin]] in order to increase the acidity of the [[Biology:Gastric acid|gastric acid]]. Pro-GRP is a [[Chemistry:Peptide|peptide]] composed of 125 [[Chemistry:Amino acid|amino acid]]s, expressed in the [[Biology:Nervous system|nervous system]] and [[Biology:Gastrointestinal tract|digestive tract]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dumesny|first1=Chelsea|last2=Patel|first2=Oneel|last3=Lachal|first3=Shamilah|last4=Giraud|first4=Andrew S.|last5=Baldwin|first5=Graham S.|last6=Shulkes|first6=Arthur|date=2006|title=Synthesis, expression and biological activity of the prohormone for gastrin releasing peptide (ProGRP)|journal=Endocrinology|volume=147|issue=1|pages=502–509|doi=10.1210/en.2005-0574|issn=0013-7227|pmid=16223866|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Saurin|first1=Jc|last2=Némoz-Gaillard|first2=E|last3=Ratineau|first3=C|last4=Chayvialle|first4=Ja|last5=Abello|first5=J|date=2000|title=Le neuropeptide bombésine module la prolifération et l'invasion tumorale.|journal=Médecine/Sciences|volume=16|issue=8–9|pages=929|doi=10.4267/10608/1760|hdl=10608/1760|issn=1958-5381}}</ref> It is also important to not confused with [[Medicine:Progastrin|progastrin]], consisting of 80 [[Chemistry:Amino acid|amino acid]]s, precursor of gastrin in its intracellular version and [[Biology:Oncogene|oncogene]] in its extracellular version ([[Medicine:HPG80|hPG80]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Verena|first1=D. Huebner|url=https://www.jbc.org/content/266/19/12223.full.pdf|title=Purification and Structural Characterization of Progastrin-derived Peptides from a Human Gastrinoma|last2=Roulan|first2=JiangS|last3=Terry D.|first3=Lee|last4=Kassu|first4=Legesse|last5=Takeshi|first5=AzumiQ|publisher=THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY|date=April 2, 1990}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=You|first1=Benoit|last2=Mercier|first2=Frédéric|last3=Assenat|first3=Eric|last4=Langlois-Jacques|first4=Carole|last5=Glehen|first5=Olivier|last6=Soulé|first6=Julien|last7=Payen|first7=Léa|last8=Kepenekian|first8=Vahan|last9=Dupuy|first9=Marie|last10=Belouin|first10=Fanny|last11=Morency|first11=Eric|date=2020|title=The oncogenic and druggable hPG80 (Progastrin) is overexpressed in multiple cancers and detected in the blood of patients|journal=EBioMedicine|language=en|volume=51|pages=102574|doi=10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.035|pmc=6938867|pmid=31877416}}</ref>
The presence of GRP in lung cancer samples was identified in 1983.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhatnagar|first1=M.|last2=Springall|first2=D. R.|last3=Ghatei|first3=M. A.|last4=Burnet|first4=P. W. J.|last5=Hamid|first5=Q.|last6=Giaid|first6=A.|last7=Ibrahim|first7=N. B. N.|last8=Cuttitta|first8=F.|last9=Spindel|first9=E. R.|last10=Penketh|first10=R.|last11=Rodek|first11=C.|date=1988-07-01|title=Localisation of mRNA and co-expression and molecular forms of GRP gene products in endocrine cells of fetal human lung|url=https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/localisation-of-mrna-and-co-expression-and-molecular-forms-of-grp-2|journal=Histochemistry|volume=90|issue=4|pages=299–307|doi=10.1007/BF00495974|issn=0301-5564|pmid=3068217|s2cid=12060289}}</ref> In pathological situations, GRP has [[Biology:Mitogen|mitogen]]ic activity [[In vitro|in vitro]] in many [[Medicine:Tumors|tumors]] such as pancreatic, small cell lung (SCLC), [[Biology:Prostate|prostate]], kidney, breast and colorectal cancers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Uchida|first1=Kazuhiro|last2=Kojima|first2=Akira|last3=Morokawa|first3=Nasa|last4=Tanabe|first4=Osamu|last5=Anzai|first5=Chieko|last6=Kawakami|first6=Makio|last7=Eto|first7=Yoshikatsu|last8=Yoshimura|first8=Kunihiko|date=2002-12-01|title=Expression of progastrin-releasing peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mRNA transcripts in tumor cells of patients with small cell lung cancer|journal=Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology|volume=128|issue=12|pages=633–640|doi=10.1007/s00432-002-0392-8|pmid=12474049|s2cid=23764903|issn=0171-5216}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Preston|first1=Shaun R.|last2=Miller|first2=Glenn V.|last3=Primrose|first3=John N.|date=1996|title=Bombesin-like peptides and cancer|journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=225–238|doi=10.1016/1040-8428(96)00204-1|pmid=8842591}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moody|first1=Terry W.|last2=Chan|first2=Daniel|last3=Jensen|first3=Jan Fahrenkrug and Robert T.|date=2003-01-31|title=Neuropeptides as Autocrine Growth Factors in Cancer Cells|url=https://www.eurekaselect.com/63304/article|access-date=2020-08-03|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=9|issue=6|pages=495–509|language=en|doi=10.2174/1381612033391621|pmid=12570813}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Oneel|last2=Dumesny|first2=Chelsea|last3=Giraud|first3=Andrew S.|last4=Baldwin|first4=Graham S.|last5=Shulkes|first5=Arthur|date=2004|title=Stimulation of proliferation and migration of a colorectal cancer cell line by amidated and glycine-extended gastrin-releasing peptide via the same receptor|journal=Biochemical Pharmacology|language=en|volume=68|issue=11|pages=2129–2142|doi=10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.009|pmid=15498503}}</ref> GRP could operate as an autocrine growth factor. In cancers, GRP induces cell growth and inhibits apoptosis by shutting down the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xinqiu|last2=Zhang|first2=Litang|last3=Ke|first3=Xianzhu|last4=Wang|first4=Yuming|date=2013|title=Human gastrin-releasing peptide triggers growth of HepG2 cells through blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis|journal=Biochemistry (Moscow)|language=en|volume=78|issue=1|pages=102–110|doi=10.1134/S0006297913010136|pmid=23379566|s2cid=18293652|issn=0006-2979}}</ref> The mechanisms of the impacted signal pathways have not been established.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1989|title=Gastrin-releasing peptide gene-associated peptides are expressed in normal human fetal lung and small cell lung cancer: A novel peptide family found in man|journal=Lung Cancer|volume=5|pages=10|doi=10.1016/0169-5002(89)90319-x|issn=0169-5002}}</ref>  As early as 1994, research on Pro-GRP as a [[Biology:Biomarker|biomarker]] for [[Medicine:Small-cell carcinoma|small cell lung cancer]] began.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1994|title=Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (PROGRP) as a specific tumor marker in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)|journal=Lung Cancer|volume=11|pages=45|doi=10.1016/0169-5002(94)93944-6|issn=0169-5002}}</ref> Because of the very short half-life of GRP (2 minutes), the Pro-GRP is used for measurements and analysis. Since then, Pro-GRP has been used as a tumor marker for [[Medicine:Patient|patient]]s with [[Medicine:Small-cell carcinoma|small cell lung cancer]] (SCLC) in limited and extended stages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalieri|first1=Stefano|last2=Morelli|first2=Daniele|last3=Martinetti|first3=Antonia|last4=Galli|first4=Giulia|last5=Nichetti|first5=Federico|last6=de Braud|first6=Filippo|last7=Platania|first7=Marco|date=2018|title=Clinical implications for pro-GRP in small cell lung cancer. A single center experience|journal=The International Journal of Biological Markers|language=en|volume=33|issue=1|pages=55–61|doi=10.5301/ijbm.5000305|pmid=28967066|issn=1724-6008|doi-access=free|hdl=2434/551868|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== References ==
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[[Category:Molecular biology]]
[[Category:Cell biology]]
[[Category:Neurotransmitters]]

{{Sourceattribution|Pro-Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide}}