View source for Biology:Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
'''Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1, mitochondrial''' is an [[Biology:Enzyme|enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PDK1'' [[Biology:Gene|gene]].<ref name="pmid7499431">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gudi R, Bowker-Kinley MM, Kedishvili NY, Zhao Y, Popov KM | title = Diversity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase gene family in humans | journal = J Biol Chem | volume = 270 | issue = 48 | pages = 28989–94 | date = Jan 1996 | pmid = 7499431 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.48.28989 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PDK1 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5163}}</ref> It codes for an [[Biology:Isozyme|isozyme]] of [[Biology:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase|pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase]] (PDK).

[[Biology:Pyruvate dehydrogenase|Pyruvate dehydrogenase]] (PDH) is a part of a [[Biology:Mitochondria|mitochondria]]l multienzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and is one of the major enzymes responsible for the regulation of [[Homeostasis|homeostasis]] of carbohydrate fuels in mammals. The enzymatic activity is regulated by a [[Biology:Phosphorylation|phosphorylation]]/dephosphorylation cycle. Phosphorylation of PDH by a specific pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) results in inactivation.<ref name="entrez"/>

==Structure==
The mature protein encoded by the [[Biology:PDK4|PDK4]] gene contains 407 amino acids in its sequence. To form the active protein, two of the polypeptide chains come together to form an open conformation.<ref name="entrez" /> The catalytic domain of PDK1 might exist separately in cells and important for the regulation of the PDK1 substrate. The crystal structural studies suggest that the PIF-pocket is located at the catalytic domain as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Park J, Li Y, Kim SH, Kong G, Shrestha R, Tran Q, Hong J, Hur GM, Hemmings BA, Koo BS, Park J | title = Characterization of fragmented 3-phosphoinsitide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) by phosphosite-specific antibodies | journal = Life Sciences | volume = 93 | issue = 18–19 | pages = 700–6 | date = Nov 2013 | pmid = 24044887 | doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.007 }}</ref>

== Function ==

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) complex must be tightly regulated due to its central role in general metabolism. Within the complex, there are three serine residues on the E1 component that are sites for phosphorylation; this phosphorylation inactivates the complex. In humans, there have been four isozymes of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase that have been shown to phosphorylate these three sites: PDK1, [[Biology:PDK2|PDK2]], [[Biology:PDK3|PDK3]], and [[Biology:PDK4|PDK4]]. PDK1 is the only enzyme capable of phosphorylating the 3rd serine site. When the [[Biology:Thiamine pyrophosphatase|thiamine pyrophosphatase]] (TPP) coenzyme is bound, the rates of phosphorylation by all four isozymes are drastically affected; specifically, the incorporation of phosphate groups by PDK1 into sites 2 and 3 is significantly reduced.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kolobova E, Tuganova A, Boulatnikov I, Popov KM | title = Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation at multiple sites | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 358 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 69–77 | date = Aug 2001 | pmid = 11485553 | doi=10.1042/0264-6021:3580069 | pmc=1222033}}</ref>

===Regulation===
As the primary regulators of a crucial step in the central metabolic pathway, the pyruvate dehydrogenase family is tightly regulated itself by a myriad of factors. PDK activity has been shown to decrease in individuals consuming a diet that is high in [[Chemistry:Omega-3 fatty acid|n-3 fatty acids]]; however, PDH activity remained unaffected.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Turvey EA, Heigenhauser GJ, Parolin M, Peters SJ | title = Elevated n-3 fatty acids in a high-fat diet attenuate the increase in PDH kinase activity but not PDH activity in human skeletal muscle | journal = Journal of Applied Physiology | volume = 98 | issue = 1 | pages = 350–5 | date = Jan 2005 | pmid = 15591305 | doi = 10.1152/japplphysiol.00604.2005 }}</ref> Additionally, PDK1 is inhibited by AZD7545 and [[Chemistry:Dichloroacetic acid|dichloroacetic acid]] (DCA); the mechanism was discovered to be the trifluoromethylpropanamide end of AZD7545 projecting into the lipoyl-binding pocket of PDK1. Dichloroacetic acid was found near the helix bundle in the N-terminal domain of PDK1. Bound DCA promotes local conformational changes that are communicated to both nucleotide-binding and lipoyl-binding pockets of PDK1, leading to the inactivation of kinase activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kato M, Li J, Chuang JL, Chuang DT | title = Distinct structural mechanisms for inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoforms by AZD7545, dichloroacetate, and radicicol | journal = Structure | volume = 15 | issue = 8 | pages = 992–1004 | date = Aug 2007 | pmid = 17683942 | doi = 10.1016/j.str.2007.07.001 | pmc=2871385}}</ref>

==Clinical Significance==
PDK1 is relevant in a variety of clinical conditions throughout the body. As PDK1 regulates the PDH complex, it has been proven to be an important regulator in certain cells, including the beta cells within the islets of the pancreas. In order to optimize glucose-stimulated [[Biology:Insulin|insulin]] secretion
(GSIS), a primary function of the pancreas, a low PDK1 activity must be maintained to keep PDH in a dephosphorylated and active state.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krus U, Kotova O, Spégel P, Hallgard E, Sharoyko VV, Vedin A, Moritz T, Sugden MC, Koeck T, Mulder H | title = Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 controls mitochondrial metabolism and insulin secretion in INS-1 832/13 clonal beta-cells | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 429 | issue = 1 | pages = 205–13 | date = Jul 2010 | pmid = 20415663 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20100142 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00491631/file/PEER_stage2_10.1042%252FBJ20100142.pdf }}</ref>
Maintaining low PDK1 levels has also proven to be beneficial in certain regions of the brain, as it confers a high tolerance to [[Biology:Amyloid beta|amyloid beta]], a metabolite that is directly correlated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Newington JT, Rappon T, Albers S, Wong DY, Rylett RJ, Cumming RC | title = Overexpression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase A in nerve cells confers resistance to amyloid β and other toxins by decreasing mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species production | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 287 | issue = 44 | pages = 37245–58 | date = Oct 2012 | pmid = 22948140 | pmc = 3481323 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M112.366195 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Cancer===
The ubiquitous role of this gene lends itself to being involved in a variety of disease pathologies, including cancer. PDK1 [[Biology:MRNA|mRNA]] expression is significantly associated with tumor progression; in fact, the presence of PDK1 can serve as a prognostic marker, indicating the level of success a patient can achieve. Specifically, this may serve as a biomarker in patients with gastric cancer. In coordination, the inhibitor dichloroacetic acid may be used in the future as a treatment option for patients with this type of cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hur H, Xuan Y, Kim YB, Lee G, Shim W, Yun J, Ham IH, Han SU | title = Expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 in gastric cancer as a potential therapeutic target | journal = International Journal of Oncology | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–54 | date = Jan 2013 | pmid = 23135628 | pmc = 3583751 | doi = 10.3892/ijo.2012.1687 }}</ref> PDK1, as it regulates [[Medicine:Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] and [[Chemistry:Lactic acid|lactate]] production, is associated with a poor outcome in patients with [[Medicine:Squamous cell carcinoma#Head and neck cancer|head and neck squamous cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wigfield SM, Winter SC, Giatromanolaki A, Taylor J, Koukourakis ML, Harris AL | title = PDK-1 regulates lactate production in hypoxia and is associated with poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cancer | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 98 | issue = 12 | pages = 1975–84 | date = Jun 2008 | pmid = 18542064 | pmc = 2441961 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604356 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hitosugi T, Fan J, Chung TW, Lythgoe K, Wang X, Xie J, Ge Q, Gu TL, Polakiewicz RD, Roesel JL, Chen GZ, Boggon TJ, Lonial S, Fu H, Khuri FR, Kang S, Chen J | title = Tyrosine phosphorylation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 is important for cancer metabolism | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 864–77 | date = Dec 2011 | pmid = 22195962 | pmc = 3246218 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.10.015 }}</ref> The buildup of glycolytic metabolites may promote [[Biology:Hypoxia-inducible factors|Hypoxia-Inducing Factor]] (HIF) activation, which creates a [[Feed forward (control)|feed-forward]] loop for malignancy progression. As such, using HIF-1 as a metabolite to regulate PDK1 is seen as another potential therapy, either on its own or in tandem with other therapies, for this type of cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim JW, Tchernyshyov I, Semenza GL, Dang CV | title = HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase: a metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia | journal = Cell Metabolism | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 177–85 | date = Mar 2006 | pmid = 16517405 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.02.002 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McFate T, Mohyeldin A, Lu H, Thakar J, Henriques J, Halim ND, Wu H, Schell MJ, Tsang TM, Teahan O, Zhou S, Califano JA, Jeoung NH, Harris RA, Verma A | title = Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity controls metabolic and malignant phenotype in cancer cells | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 283 | issue = 33 | pages = 22700–8 | date = Aug 2008 | pmid = 18541534 | pmc = 2504897 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M801765200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In a further developed study, combined PDK1 and [[Biology:CHEK1|CHK1]] inhibition was shown to be required to kill [[Medicine:Glioblastoma|glioblastoma]] stem-like cells [[In vitro|in vitro]] and [[Biology:In vivo|in vivo]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Signore M, Pelacchi F, di Martino S, Runci D, Biffoni M, Giannetti S, Morgante L, De Majo M, Petricoin EF, Stancato L, Larocca LM, De Maria R, Pallini R, Ricci-Vitiani L | title = Combined PDK1 and CHK1 inhibition is required to kill glioblastoma stem-like cells in vitro and in vivo | journal = Cell Death & Disease | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = e1223 | date = 8 May 2014 | pmid = 24810059 | pmc = 4047898 | doi = 10.1038/cddis.2014.188 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sugden MC, Holness MJ | title = Recent advances in mechanisms regulating glucose oxidation at the level of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by PDKs | journal = Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. | volume = 284 | issue = 5 | pages = E855–62 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12676647 | doi = 10.1152/ajpendo.00526.2002 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Liu S, Baker JC, Andrews PC, Roche TE | title = Recombinant expression and evaluation of the lipoyl domains of the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase component of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | journal = Arch. Biochem. Biophys. | volume = 316 | issue = 2 | pages = 926–40 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7864652 | doi = 10.1006/abbi.1995.1124 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kolobova E, Tuganova A, Boulatnikov I, Popov KM | title = Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation at multiple sites | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 358 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 69–77 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11485553 | pmc = 1222033 | doi = 10.1042/0264-6021:3580069 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Korotchkina LG, Patel MS | title = Site specificity of four pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzymes toward the three phosphorylation sites of human pyruvate dehydrogenase | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 40 | pages = 37223–9 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11486000 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M103069200 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tuganova A, Boulatnikov I, Popov KM | title = Interaction between the individual isoenzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and the inner lipoyl-bearing domain of transacetylase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 366 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 129–36 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11978179 | pmc = 1222743 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20020301 }}
{{refend}}

{{Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases}}
{{Enzymes}}

[[Category:EC 2.7.11]]

{{Sourceattribution|Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1}}