View source for Biology:Quercus alba

{{Short description|Species of oak tree}}
{{italic title}}
{{speciesbox
| name = White oak
| image = Keeler Oak Tree - distance photo, May 2013.jpg
| image_caption = A large white oak in New Jersey
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Kenny, L. |author2=Wenzell , K. |date=2015 |title=''Quercus alba'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T194051A2295268 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194051A2295268.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Quercus
| display_parents = 2
| parent = Quercus sect. Quercus
| species = alba
| authority = [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| range_map = Quercus alba range map 1.png
| range_map_caption = Natural range
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ThePlantList}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|''Quercus candida'' <small>Steud.</small>
|''Quercus nigrescens'' <small>Raf.</small>
|''Quercus ramosa'' <small>Dippel</small>
|''Quercus repanda'' <small>Michx.</small>
|''Quercus retusa'' <small>Raf.</small>}}
}}

'''''Quercus alba''''', the '''white oak''', is one of the preeminent [[Biology:Hardwood|hardwood]]s of eastern and central North America. It is a long-lived [[Biology:Oak|oak]], native to eastern and central [[Earth:North America|North America]] and found from Minnesota, Ontario, Quebec, and southern Maine south as far as northern Florida and eastern {{wipe|Texas}}.<ref>{{BONAP|ref |genus=Quercus |species=alba}}</ref> Specimens have been documented to be over 450 years old.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~adk/oldlisteast/#spp |title = Eastern OLDLIST: A database of maximum tree ages for Eastern North America}}</ref>

Although called a white oak, it is very unusual to find an individual specimen with white bark; the usual colour is a light grey. The name comes from the colour of the finished wood. In the forest it can reach a magnificent height and in the open it develops into a massive broad-topped tree with large branches striking out at wide angles.<ref name=Keeler>{{cite book
  | last =Keeler
  | first =Harriet L.
  | title =Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
  | url =https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog
  | publisher =Charles Scribner's Sons
  | year =1900
  | location =New York
  | pages =[https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog/page/n357 328]–332
  | isbn =0-87338-838-0 }}</ref>

== Description ==
''Quercus alba'' typically reaches heights of {{convert|80|to(-)|100|ft|order=flip|abbr=off}} at maturity, and its canopy can become quite massive as its lower branches are apt to extend far out laterally, parallel to the ground. Trees growing in a forest will become much taller than ones in an open area which develop to be short and massive. The Mingo Oak was the tallest known white oak at over two hundred feet with a trunk height of {{convert|145|ft|4=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} before it was felled in 1938.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Encyclopedia|first=West Virginia|title=September 23, 1938: Cutting of the Mingo Oak|url=https://www.wvpublic.org/post/september-23-1938-cutting-mingo-oak|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.wvpublic.org|language=en|archive-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924030130/https://www.wvpublic.org/post/september-23-1938-cutting-mingo-oak|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is not unusual for a white oak tree to be as wide as it is tall, but specimens growing at high altitudes may only become small shrubs.
The bark is a light ash-gray and peels somewhat from the top, bottom and/or sides.<ref name="FNA">{{eFloras|1|233501007|Quercus alba|family=Fagaceae|first=Kevin C.|last=Nixon}}</ref>

White oak may live 200 to 300 years, with some even older specimens known. The Wye Oak in Wye Mills, Maryland was estimated to be over 450 years old when it finally fell in a thunderstorm in 2002.<ref name=NAL>{{cite web |url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/images1/wye.html |title=An American Champion: Maryland's Wye Oak |work=Special Collections |publisher=National Agricultural Library |date=June 12, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020612131555/http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/images1/wye.html |archive-date=June 12, 2002}}</ref>

Another noted white oak was the Great White Oak in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, estimated to have been over 600 years old when it died in 2016. The tree measured {{convert|25|ft|m|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} in circumference at the base and {{convert|16|ft|m|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} in circumference {{convert|4|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} above the ground. The tree was {{convert|75|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} tall, and its branches spread over {{convert|125|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} from tip to tip.<ref name=BaskRidgeOak>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicalsocietyofsomersethills.org/baskingridgeoaktree.php |title=THSSH Profile – The Historic Basking Ridge Oak Tree |publisher=The Historical Society of Somerset Hills |access-date=June 29, 2016 |archive-date=September 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901055321/http://www.historicalsocietyofsomersethills.org/baskingridgeoaktree.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The oak, claimed to be the oldest in the United States, began showing signs of poor health in the mid-2010s.<ref name=WaPo>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-town-tries-to-care-for-and-let-go-of-its-oldest-resident--a-600-year-old-oak/2016/06/27/a7fc4dcc-3a1a-11e6-8f7c-d4c723a2becb_story.html |title=The oldest white oak tree in the country is dying — and no one knows why |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 27, 2016 |author=Nutt, Amy Ellis |access-date=June 29, 2016}}</ref> The tree was taken down in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nj.com/somerset/index.ssf/2017/04/600-year-old_new_jersey_is_being_chopped_down.html|title=N.J. community says goodbye to 600-year-old oak tree
|date= April 24, 2017 |author=Hutchinson, Dave |access-date=October 9, 2018}}</ref>

Sexual maturity begins at around 20 years, but the tree does not produce large crops of acorns until its 50th year and the amount varies from year to year. Acorns deteriorate quickly after ripening, the germination rate being only 10% for six-month-old seeds. As the [[Acorn|acorn]]s are prime food for insects and other animals, all may be consumed in years of small crops, leaving none that would become new trees.<ref>{{FEIS |type=tree |last=Tirmenstein |first=D. A. |year=1991 |genus=Quercus |species=alba |access-date=2013-05-08}}</ref> The acorns are usually sessile, and grow to {{convert|1/2|to(-)|1|in|order=flip|abbr=on|round=5}} in length, falling in early October.

In spring, the young leaves are delicate, silvery pink, and covered with a soft blanket-like down. The petioles are short, and the clustered leaves close to the ends of the shoots are pale green and downy, resulting in the entire tree having a misty, frosty look. This condition continues for several days, passing through the opalescent changes of soft pink, silvery white, and finally, yellow green.<ref name=Keeler /><ref name=FNA />
The leaves grow to be {{convert|5|to(-)|8+1/2|in|round=0.5|order=flip|abbr=off}} long and {{convert|2+3/4|to(-)|4+1/2|in|cm|round=0.5|order=flip}} wide and have a deep glossy green upper surface. They usually turn red or brown in autumn, but depending on climate, site, and individual tree genetics, some trees are nearly always red, or even purple in autumn. Some dead leaves may remain on the tree throughout winter until very early spring. The lobes can be shallow, extending less than halfway to the midrib, or deep and somewhat branching.

''Quercus alba'' is sometimes confused with the [[Biology:Swamp white oak|swamp white oak]], a closely related species, and the bur oak. The white oak hybridizes freely with the bur oak, the post oak, and the chestnut oak.<ref name=Keeler />

;Detailed description
* Bark: Light gray, varying to dark gray and to white; shallow, fissured and scaly. Branchlets start out as bright green, later turn reddish-green, and finally, light gray. A distinguishing feature of this tree is that a little over halfway up the trunk, the bark tends to form overlapping scales that are easily noticed and aid in identification.<ref name="FNA" />
* Wood: Light brown with paler sapwood; strong, tough, heavy, fine-grained and durable. Specific gravity, 0.7470; weight of one cubic foot, 46.35&nbsp;lbs; weight of one cubic meter 770&nbsp;kg.<ref name="FNA" /><ref>[http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/hardwood/north-american-hardwood/white-oak/ Niche Timbers White Oak] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013155324/http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/hardwood/north-american-hardwood/white-oak/ |date=October 13, 2008 }}</ref>
* Winter buds: Reddish brown, obtuse, {{convert|1/8|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="FNA" />
* Leaves: Alternate, {{convert|5-9|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on|0}} long, {{convert|3-4|in|cm|round=0.5|abbr=on|order=flip}} wide. Obovate or oblong, seven to nine-lobed, usually seven-lobed with rounded lobes and rounded sinuses; lobes destitute of bristles; sinuses sometimes deep, sometimes shallow. On young trees the leaves are often repand. They come out of the bud conduplicate, are bright red above, pale below, and covered with white [[Biology:Trichome#Aerial surface hairs|tomentum]]. The reddish hue fades in a week or less, and they become silvery greenish, white, and shiny; when mature, they are thin, bright yellow-green, shiny or dull above, pale, glaucous or smooth below; the midrib is stout and yellow, primary veins are conspicuous.  In late autumn the leaves turn a deep red and drop, or on young trees, remain on the branches throughout winter. Petioles are short, stout, grooved, and flattened. Stipules are linear and caducous.<ref name=FNA />
* Flowers: Appear in May when leaves are one-third grown. Staminate flowers are borne in hairy aments {{convert|2+1/2 - 3|in|cm|round=0.5|order=flip|abbr=on}} long; the calyx is bright yellow, hairy, and six to eight-lobed with lobes shorter than the stamens; anthers are yellow.  Pistillate flowers are borne on short peduncles; involucral scales are hairy and reddish; calyx lobes are acute; stigmas are bright red.<ref name=FNA />
* Acorns: Annual, sessile or stalked; nut ovoid or oblong, round at apex, light brown, shiny, {{convert|3/4 - 1|in|mm|round=5|order=flip|abbr=on}} long; cap is cup-shaped, encloses about one-fourth of the nut, tomentose on the outside, tuberculate at base, scales with short obtuse tips becoming smaller and thinner toward the rim.<ref name=Keeler /> White Oak acorns (referring to ''Q. alba'' and all its close relatives) have no epigeal dormancy and germination begins readily without any treatment. In most cases, the oak root sprouts in the fall, with the leaves and stem appearing the next spring. The acorns take only one growing season to develop unlike the red oak group, which require two years for maturation.<ref name=FNA />

{{gallery|mode=packed
|File:2014-11-02 12 14 43 Old White Oak during autumn at the Ewing Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG|Large white oak in a Revolutionary War-era cemetery (Ewing, New Jersey, 2014)
|File:Ancient White Oak in Bronte, Oakville, Ontario.jpg|A large white oak in Bronte, Oakville, Ontario, dating to 1750.<ref name="Bronte White Oak History">{{cite web |title=History of the Great White Bronte Oak |url=https://www.oufc.org/2014/06/08/history-great-white-bronte-oak/ |website=Ontario Urban Forest Council |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref>
|File:White Oak Quercus alba Tree Bark 3264px.jpg|Bark on a large trunk
|File:2013-05-10 13 16 53 New foliage of White Oak along the Mount Misery Trail in Brendan T. Byrne State Forest, New Jersey.jpg|New foliage of ''Quercus alba''
|File:White oak foliage.JPG|White oak foliage
|File:White oak Quercus alba prolific acorns.jpg|Fallen acorns from prolific tree
|File:2014-11-02 11 37 14 White Oak foliage during autumn along Lower Ferry Road in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG|Autumn foliage
}}

=== Chemistry ===
[[Chemistry:Grandinin|Grandinin]]/roburin E, [[Chemistry:Castalagin|castalagin]]/vescalagin, [[Chemistry:Gallic acid|gallic acid]], monogalloyl glucose (glucogallin) and [[Chemistry:Valoneic acid dilactone|valoneic acid dilactone]], monogalloyl glucose, digalloyl glucose, trigalloyl glucose, ellagic acid rhamnose, [[Chemistry:Quercitrin|quercitrin]] and [[Chemistry:Ellagic acid|ellagic acid]] are phenolic compounds found in ''Q. alba''.<ref>Analysis of oak tannins by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Pirjo Mämmelä, Heikki Savolainen, Lasse Lindroos, Juhani Kangas and Terttu Vartiainen, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 891, Issue 1, 1 September 2000, Pages 75-83, {{doi|10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00624-5}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
[[File:White Oak in southwest Pennsylvania.jpg|thumb|White Oak in the Appalachian Foothills of SW Pennsylvania]]
''Quercus alba'' is fairly tolerant of a variety of habitats, and may be found on ridges, in valleys, and in between, in dry and moist habitats, and in moderately acid and alkaline soils. It is mainly a lowland tree, but reaches altitudes of 1,600&nbsp;m (5,249&nbsp;ft) in the Appalachian Mountains. It is often a component of the forest canopy in an oak-heath forest.<ref>[http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncTIIIe.shtml ''The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups'' (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105224138/http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncTIIIe.shtml |date=January 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref>Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. ''Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation''. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.</ref>

Frequent fires in the Central Plains region of the United States prevented oak forests, including ''Q. alba'', from expanding into the Midwest. However, a decrease in the frequency of these natural fires after European settlement caused rapid expansion of oak forests into the Great Plains, negatively affecting the natural prairie vegetation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abrams|first=Marc D.|date=May 1992|title=Fire and the Development of Oak Forests|journal=BioScience|language=en|volume=42|issue=5|pages=346–353|doi=10.2307/1311781|issn=0006-3568|jstor=1311781|s2cid=56082217}}</ref>

== Uses ==
=== Cultivation ===
''Quercus alba'' is cultivated as an ornamental tree somewhat infrequently due to its slow growth and ultimately huge size. It is not tolerant of urban pollution and road salt and due to its large taproot, is unsuited for a street tree or parking strips/islands.

=== Food ===
The acorns are much less bitter than the acorns of red oaks. They can be eaten by humans but, if bitter, may need to have the tannins leached.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Elias|first1=Thomas S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods|last2=Dykeman|first2=Peter A.|publisher=Sterling|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9|location=New York|pages=228, 231|oclc=244766414|orig-year=1982}}</ref> They are also a valuable wildlife food, notably for turkeys, wood ducks, pheasants, grackles, jays, nuthatches, thrushes, woodpeckers, rabbits, squirrels, and deer.  The white oak is the only known food plant of the ''[[Biology:Bucculatrix luteella|Bucculatrix luteella]]'' and ''Bucculatrix ochrisuffusa'' caterpillars.

The young shoots of many eastern oak species are readily eaten by deer.<ref name="Houston">Houston, David R. 1971. Noninfectious diseases of oaks. In: Oak symposium: Proceedings; 1971 August 16–20; Morgantown, WV. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 118-123. [9088]</ref>  Dried oak leaves are also occasionally eaten by white-tailed deer in the fall or winter.<ref name="Van Lear 1983">Van Lear, David H.; Johnson, Von J. 1983. Effects of prescribed burning in the southern Appalachian and upper Piedmont forests: a review. Forestry Bull. No. 36. Clemson, SC: Clemson University, College of Forest and Recreation Resources, Department of Forestry. 8 p. [11755]</ref>  Rabbits often browse twigs and can girdle stems.<ref name="Houston" />

=== Woodcraft ===
White oak has [[Biology:Tylose|tylose]]s that give the wood a closed cellular structure, making it water- and rot-resistant. Because of this characteristic, white oak is used by [[Engineering:Cooper (profession)|coopers]] to make wine and whiskey barrels as the wood resists leaking. It has also been used in construction, shipbuilding, agricultural implements and in the interior finishing of houses.<ref name=Keeler /> White oak splints have been used historically by Native Americans for basketry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banks |first=William |date=1953-03-01 |title=Ethnobotany of the Cherokee Indians |url=https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1052 |journal=Masters Theses}}</ref>

White oak logs feature prominent [[Biology:Medullary ray (botany)|medullary rays]] which produce a distinctive, decorative ray and fleck pattern when the wood is [[Engineering:Quarter sawing|quarter sawn]]. Quarter sawn white oak was a signature wood used in mission style oak furniture by Gustav Stickley in the Craftsman style of the Arts and Crafts movement.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Talking shop : the language of craft in an age of consumption|author=Betjemann, Peter J.|date=2011|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=9780813931692|location=Charlottesville|pages=159|oclc=785943089}}</ref>

White oak is used extensively in Japanese martial arts for some weapons, such as the bokken and jo.  It is valued for its density, strength, resiliency and relatively low chance of splintering if broken by impact, relative to the substantially cheaper red oak.

{{USS|Constitution}} is made of white oak and [[Biology:Southern live oak|southern live oak]], conferring additional resistance to cannon fire. Reconstructive wood replacement of white oak parts comes from a special grove of ''Quercus alba'' known as the "''Constitution'' Grove" at Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maritime.org/conf/conf-otton-mat.htm |title=Materials on USS Constitution |publisher=San Francisco National Maritime Park Association |access-date=2011-07-24}}</ref>

=== Musical instruments ===
Deering Banjo Company have made several 5-string banjos using white oak - including members of the Vega series, the White Lotus, and the limited edition 40th anniversary model. White Oak has a mellower timbre than more traditionally used maple, and yet still has enough power and projection to not require a metal tone ring.

=== Oak barrels ===
[[Engineering:Barrel|Barrel]]s made of American white oak are commonly used for oak aging of wine, in which the wood is noted for imparting strong flavors.<ref>D. Sogg "[http://www.winespectator.com/Wine/Archives/Show_Article/0,1275,3302,00.html White Wines, New Barrels: The taste of new oak gains favor worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122140514/http://www.winespectator.com/Wine/Archives/Show_Article/0,1275,3302,00.html |date=2008-11-22 }}" Wine Spectator July 31, 2001</ref> Also, by federal regulation, bourbon whiskey must be aged in charred new oak (generally understood to mean specifically American white oak) barrels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=21224b7c634d83e0fa329bfd18bb85dc&rgn=div8&view=text&node=27:1.0.1.1.3.3.25.2&idno=27 |title=27 C.F.R. sec 5.22(l)(1) |publisher=Ecfr.gpoaccess.gov |access-date=2013-06-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817003820/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=21224b7c634d83e0fa329bfd18bb85dc&rgn=div8&view=text&node=27%3A1.0.1.1.3.3.25.2&idno=27 |archive-date=2012-08-17 }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Charter Oak in Hartford CT.jpg|thumb|The Old Charter Oak]]
White oak has served as the official state tree of Illinois after selection by a vote of school children.<ref>{{cite web |title=Illinois Native State Tree |url=https://www.netstate.com/states/symb/trees/il_white_oak.htm |website=netstate.com |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> There are two "official" white oaks serving as state trees, one located on the grounds of the governor's mansion, and the other in a schoolyard in the town of Rochelle. The white oak is also the [[Biology:List of U.S. state and territory trees|state tree]] of Connecticut<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.meettheusa.com/usa-facts/connecticut-facts |title=54 Connecticut Facts |publisher=Meet The USA |date=2022}}</ref> and Maryland. The Wye Oak, probably the oldest living white oak until it fell because of a thunderstorm on June 6, 2002, was the honorary state tree of Maryland.

Being the subject of a legend as old as the colony itself, the Charter Oak of Hartford, Connecticut is one of the most famous white oaks in America. An image of the tree now adorns the reverse side of the Connecticut state quarter.<ref name="The United States Mint">{{cite web |title=Connecticut State Quarter |url=http://www.theus50.com/connecticut/quarter.php |website=theus50.com |access-date=27 March 2020 |ref=https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/50-state-quarters/connecticut}}</ref>

The white oak from the movie ''The Shawshank Redemption'', known as the "Shawshank tree" and the "Tree of Hope", was estimated to be more than 200 years old when it fell. The tree is seen during the last ten minutes of the movie. As the movie gained fame, the tree became popular as well, and used to attract tens of thousands of movie fans and tourists every year. A portion of the tree came down on July 29, 2011, when the tree was split by lightning during a storm. The remaining half of the tree fell during heavy winds just short of five years later, on July 22, 2016.

The Bedford Oak is a 500-year-old white oak tree that sits in the town of Bedford in New York. It is the mascot of the town. It sits at the corner of the Hook Road and the old Bedford Road (now Cantitoe Street). The ground the tree stands on was deeded to the Town of Bedford in 1942 by Harold Whitman in memory of his wife, Georgia Squires Whitman. It has seen Westchester history from Native American settlements to the Revolutionary War to modern times.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bedford Oak - c. 1500|url=https://www.bedfordhistoricalsociety.org/bedford-oak|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Bedford Historical Society|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Martha Stewart Blog : Blog Archive : The mighty Bedford Oak|url=https://www.themarthablog.com/2009/05/the-mighty-bedford-oak.html|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.themarthablog.com|date=4 May 2009}}</ref>

In the 2009 video game [[Software:Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth|Ace Attorney Investigations]], there is a character named Quercus Alba who bears some resemblance to the white oak and plants in general.

== See also ==
*Central and southern Appalachian montane oak forest
*Creek Council Oak Tree, historic landmark representing Tulsa, Oklahoma's founding by the Lochapoka Tribal Town of the Creek Nation
*[[Biology:Door Tree|Door Tree]], historic and unique white oak in Hamden, Connecticut (lost to vandalism in 2019)
*Linden Oak, possibly the largest living white oak in the United States

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

=== Taxonomy ===
*{{ThePlantList|kew|171499|Quercus alba|L. }}
*{{eFloras|1|233501007|Quercus alba}}

=== Genetics ===
*{{NCBI taxid|3513|''Quercus alba'' }}
*{{Tropicos| 9 |13100028|Quercus alba|L.|accessdate=3 February 2016 }}

=== Distribution ===
*[http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=6730&flora_id=1 Distribution Map, Quercus alba] at Flora of North America, eFloras.org.
*{{PLANTS| id=QUAL|taxon=Quercus alba L.|access-date= July 11, 2018}}

=== Media ===
*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/qual.htm Vanderbilt University: ''Quercus alba'' images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311033943/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/qual.htm |date=2007-03-11 }}
*[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/13100028?tab=images Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden: ''Quercus alba'' L. images]

=== Further reading ===
*[http://www.chattoogariver.org/index.php?req=oak&quart=Sp2000 Chattooga Conservancy. The Ecology of the White Oak]
*{{Silvics |volume=2 |genus=Quercus |species=alba |first=Robert |last=Rogers}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q469555}}

[[Category:Quercus|alba]]

{{Sourceattribution|Quercus alba}}