View source for Biology:Ramaria botrytis

{{short description|Species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae}}
{{stack begin}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = 2010-09-17 Ramaria botrytis crop.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = Ramaria
| species = botrytis
| authority = (Pers.) Ricken (1918)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlFungorum: Ramaria botrytis"/>
| synonyms =
{{plainlist|
*''Clavaria botrytis'' <small>Pers. (1797)</small>
*''Corallium botrytis'' <small>(Pers.) G.Hahn (1883)</small>
*''Clavaria botrytis'' var. ''alba'' <small>A.Pearson (1946)</small>
}}
}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = ''Ramaria botrytis''
| hymeniumType = smooth
| capShape = no
| stipeCharacter = bare
| sporePrintColor = yellow
| ecologicalType = mycorrhizal
| howEdible = edible
| howEdible2 = caution
}}
{{stack end}}

'''''Ramaria botrytis''''', commonly known as the '''clustered coral''', the '''pink-tipped coral mushroom''', or the '''cauliflower coral''', is an [[Biology:Edible mushroom|edible]] species of coral fungus in the family [[Biology:Gomphaceae|Gomphaceae]]. Its robust [[Biology:Basidiocarp|fruit body]] can grow up to {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter and {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tall, and resembles some [[Biology:Coral|marine coral]]. Its dense branches, which originate from a stout, massive base, are swollen at the tips and divided into several small branchlets. The branches are initially whitish but age to buff or [[Tan (color)|tan]], with tips that are pink to reddish. The [[Biology:Trama (mycology)|flesh]] is thick and white. The [[Biology:Spore|spore]]s, yellowish in [[Biology:Spore print|deposit]], are [[Ellipsoid|ellipsoid]], feature longitudinal striations, and measure about 13.8 by 4.7&nbsp;[[Micrometre|micrometers]].

The [[Biology:Type species|type species]] of the genus ''[[Biology:Ramaria|Ramaria]]'', ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' was first [[Biology:Species description|described]] scientifically in 1797 by mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. A widely distributed species, it is found in North America, North Africa, central and eastern Europe, Australia, and Asia. The fungus is [[Biology:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhiza]]l with broadleaf trees, and fruits on the ground in wooded areas. There are several species of coral fungi that are superficially similar in appearance to ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'', and although comparison of habitat or characteristics like color or branching [[Biology:Morphology|morphology]] is often sufficient for identification, sometimes [[Biology:Microscopy|microscopy]] is required to definitively distinguish between them. Fruit bodies of ''Ramaria botrytis'' are edible, and young specimens have a mild, fruity taste. Some authors warn of [[Chemistry:Laxative|laxative]] effects in susceptible individuals. The fungus contains several chemical compounds with ''[[In vitro|in vitro]]'' [[Biology:Biological activity|biological activity]], and fruit bodies have [[Biology:Antimicrobial|antimicrobial]] activity against several species and strains of drug-resistant bacteria that [[Biology:Pathogen|cause disease]] in humans.

==Taxonomy and classification==
The species was first named as ''Clavaria botrytis'' in 1797 by Christian Hendrik Persoon.<ref name="Persoon 1797"/> In 1821, [[Biography:Elias Magnus Fries|Elias Magnus Fries]] [[Biology:Sanctioned name|sanctioned]] the genus name ''[[Biology:Clavaria|Clavaria]]'', and treated ''[[Biology:Ramaria|Ramaria]]'' as a [[Biology:Section|section]] of ''Clavaria''.<ref name="Fries 1821"/> It was given its current name in 1918 by Adalbert Ricken.<ref name="Ricken 1918"/> Obsolete historical synonyms include Gotthold Hahn's 1883 ''Corallium botrytis''<ref name="Hahn 1883"/> and Arthur Anselm Pearson's [[Biology:Variety (botany)|variety]] ''Clavaria botrytis'' var. ''alba'',<ref name="Pearson 1946"/> which is no longer recognized as an independent [[Biology:Taxon|taxon]].<ref name="urlFungorum: Ramaria botrytis"/> Currie Marr and Daniel Stuntz described the variety ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' var. ''aurantiiramosa'' in their 1973 [[Monograph|monograph]] of western {{wipe|Washington (state)}} ''Ramaria'';<ref name="Marr1973 pp.38-9">Marr and Stuntz (1973), pp. 38–9.</ref> Edwin Schild and G.&nbsp;Ricci described variety ''compactospora'' from Italy in 1998.<ref name="Schild 1998"/> In 1950, E.J.H. Corner published George F. Atkinson's 1908 ''Clavaria holorubella'' as ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' var. ''holorubella'',<ref name="Corner 1950"/> but this taxon is now known as the independent species ''Ramaria holorubella''.<ref name="urlFungorum: Ramaria holorubella"/>

The specific epithet ''botrytis'' is derived from the [[Social:Ancient Greek|Greek]] word {{lang|grc|βότρυς}} (''botrus'') meaning "bunch of grapes".<ref name="Rea 1922"/> The species is [[Biology:Common name|commonly known]] as the "cauliflower coral",<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> the "pink-tipped coral mushroom",<ref name="Arora p.656">Arora (1986), [https://books.google.com/books?id=86tM01VsFG0C&pg=RA1-PA656 p. 656.]</ref> or the "rosso coral".<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> In the Cofre de Perote region of Veracruz, Mexico, ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' is known by the local names ''escobea'', meaning "broom", or ''pechuga'', meaning "breast meat of chicken".<ref name="Jarvis 2004"/>

''Ramaria botrytis'' was designated the [[Biology:Type species|type species]] of ''Ramaria'' in 1933 by Marinus Anton Donk.<ref name="Petersen 1968"/> Modern [[Biology:Molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] analysis indicates that ''Ramaria'' is a polyphyletic assemblage of species with [[Biology:Clavarioid fungi|clavarioid]] fruit bodies.<ref name="Humpert 2001"/><ref name="Hosaka 2006"/> According to the infrageneric classification scheme proposed by Marr and Stuntz, ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' is included in the [[Biology:Subgenus|subgenus]] ''Ramaria'', which includes species that have grooved spores, clamps present in the [[Biology:Hypha|hypha]]e, and fruit bodies with a large, profusely branched cauliflower-like appearance.<ref name="Marr1973 pp.38-9"/> Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear [[Biology:28S ribosomal RNA|large subunit]] [[Biology:Ribosomal DNA|ribosomal DNA]] suggests that ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' is closely related to ''[[Biology:Ramaria rubripermanens|R.&nbsp;rubripermanens]]'' and ''[[Biology:Ramaria rubrievanescens|R.&nbsp;rubrievanescens]]'', and that these species form a [[Biology:Cladistics|clade]] that is [[Biology:Sister group|sister]] (sharing a recent [[Biology:Common descent|common ancestor]]) to the [[Biology:False truffle|false truffle]] genus ''[[Biology:Gautieria|Gautieria]]'', the most derived group within the studied [[Biology:Taxon|taxa]].<ref name="Humpert 2001"/>

==Description==
[[File:Ramaria botrytis 299869.jpg|thumb|left|The branches are whitish to buff with reddish tips.]]
The [[Biology:Basidiocarp|fruit bodies]] produced by the fungus are {{convert|6|to|20|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} tall and {{convert|6|to|30|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Corner 1950"/><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=University of California Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=295–296|oclc=797915861}}</ref> They are fleshy cauliflower-like masses with a stout central stem that splits into a few lower primary branches before branching densely above. The [[Biology:Stipe (mycology)|stem]] is short and thick—between {{convert|1.5|and|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter—and tapers downward. Initially white, in age both the stem and branches turn pale yellow to buff to [[Tan (color)|tan]].<ref name="Arora p.656"/> Old fruit bodies can fade to become almost white,<ref name="Coker 1923"/> or may be [[Ochre|ochre]] due to fallen spores.<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> The branching pattern is irregular, with the primary branches few and thick—typically {{convert|2|–|3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}—and the final branches slender (2–3&nbsp;mm),<ref name="Arora p.656"/> and usually terminated with five to seven branchlets.<ref name="Marr1973 pp.38-9"/> The branchlet tips are pink to purplish-red. The [[Biology:Trama (mycology)|flesh]] is solid and white,<ref name="Arora p.656"/> and has an odor described variously as indistinct<ref name="Jordan 2004"/> or pleasant.<ref name="Kibby 1994"/> A drop of [[Biology:Melzer's reagent|Melzer's reagent]] applied to the stem tissue reveals a weak [[Biology:Amyloid (mycology)|amyloid]] staining [[Biology:Chemical tests in mushroom identification|reaction]] that often requires more than 30 minutes to develop. This reaction can be used to help distinguish ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' from other similar fungi.<ref name="Marr1973 pp.38-9"/>
[[File:Ramaria botrytis 190863.jpg|thumb|180px|right|The cylindrical to S-shaped spores bear characteristic longitudinal striations.]]
[[Biology:Basidiospore|Spore]]s are produced by basidia on the outer surface of the branches. Viewed in [[Biology:Spore print|deposit]], the spores are pale yellow. Microscopically, they have fine longitudinal or oblique striations that often fuse together in a vein-like network. They range in shape from roughly cylindrical to sigmoid (curved like the letter "S"), and their dimensions are 12–16 by 4–5&nbsp;[[Micrometre|µm]].<ref name="Burt 1922"/><ref name="Ellis 1990"/> Basidia are four-spored (occasionally two-spored), and measure 59–82 by 8–11&nbsp;µm. The [[Biology:Sterigma|sterigma]]ta (slender projections of the basidia that attach to the spores) are 4–8&nbsp;µm long. The [[Biology:Hymenium|hymenium]] and subhymenium (the tissue layer immediately under the hymenium) combined are about 80&nbsp;µm thick. Hyphae comprising the subhymenium are interwoven, 2.5–4.5&nbsp;µm in diameter, thin-walled, and clamped.<ref name="Marr1973 pp.38-9"/>

The variety ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' var. ''aurantiiramosa'' is distinguished from the more common variety by the orange color of the upper branches.<ref name="Castellano 1999"/> Variety ''compactospora'' tends to show a more pronounced wine-red, purple, or reddish color in the branch tips, and has smaller spores measuring 9.2–12.8 by 4–5.4&nbsp;µm.<ref name="Schild 1998"/>

===Similar species===
Distinctive features of ''Ramaria botrytis'' include its large size, the orange, reddish, or purplish branchlets, striate spores with dimensions averaging 13.8 by 4.7&nbsp;µm, and a weak amyloid staining reaction of the stem tissue.<ref name="Marr1973 pp.38-9"/> ''[[Biology:Ramaria rubripermanens|R.&nbsp;rubripermanens]]'' has reddish terminal branches, a stout form, and striate spores, but may be distinguished from ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' by its much shorter spores.<ref name="Marr1973 pp.38-9"/> Other species with which ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' may be confused include: ''[[Biology:Ramaria formosa|R.&nbsp;formosa]]'', which has branches that are pinker than ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'', and yellow-tipped; ''[[Biology:Ramaria caulifloriformis|R.&nbsp;caulifloriformis]]'', found in the Great Lakes region of the United States, whose branch tips darken with age; ''[[Biology:Ramaria strasseri|R.&nbsp;strasseri]]'', which has yellow to brown branch tips; ''[[Biology:Ramaria rubrievanescens|R.&nbsp;rubrievanescens]]'', which has branches in which the pink color fades after picking or in mature fruit bodies; and ''[[Biology:Ramaria botrytoides|R.&nbsp;botrytoides]]'', which is most reliably distinguished from ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' by its smooth spores.<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> The European species ''[[Biology:Ramaria rielii|R.&nbsp;rielii]]'', often confused with ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' and sometimes considered synonymous, can be distinguished by microscopic characteristics: ''R.&nbsp;reilii'' lacks the clamped hyphae of ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'', its spores are longer and wider, and they have warts instead of striations.<ref name="Daniëls 2000"/> The North American species ''[[Biology:Ramaria araiospora|R.&nbsp;araiospora]]'', though superficially similar to ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'', has several distinguishing characteristics: it grows under [[Biology:Tsuga|hemlock]]; it has reddish to [[Magenta|magenta]] branches with orange to yellowish tips; it lacks any discernible odor; it has warted, somewhat cylindrical spores averaging 9.9 by 3.7&nbsp;µm; and it has non-amyloid stem tissue.<ref>Marr and Stuntz (1973), pp. 55–6.</ref> Uniformly colored bright pink to reddish, ''[[Biology:Ramaria subbotrytis|R.&nbsp;subbotrytis]]'' has spores measuring 7–9 by 3–3.5&nbsp;µm.<ref name="Miller 2006"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:640px; margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ style="background-color:#FFF; border:1px solid #CCC; border-bottom:none;" | Lookalike ''Ramaria''
|-
| [[File:Ramaria araiospora 175530.jpg|{{#expr: (175 * 2592 / 1944) round 0}}px|alt=]]
| [[File:Ramaria formosa Alan Rockefeller.JPG|{{#expr: (175 * 3456 / 2304) round 0}}px|alt=]]
| [[File:2011-09-18 Ramaria subbotrytis 179953.jpg|{{#expr: (175 * 2868 / 2151) round 0}}px|alt=]]
|-
| ''R. araiospora''
| ''R. formosa''
| ''R. subbotrytis''
|}

==Habitat and distribution==
An [[Biology:Mycorrhiza|ectomycorrhizal]] species, ''Ramaria botrytis'' forms [[Biology:Mutualism|mutualistic]] associations with broadleaf trees, particularly [[Biology:Beech|beech]]. In a study to determine the effectiveness of several edible ectomycorrhizal fungi in promoting growth and nutrient accumulation of large-fruited red mahogany (''Eucalyptus pellita''), ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' was the best at improving root colonization and macronutrient uptake.<ref name="Aggangan 2013"/> Records of associations with [[Biology:Conifer|conifer]]s probably represent similar species.<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> Fruit bodies grow on the ground singly, scattered, or in small groups among leaves in woods.<ref name="Burt 1922"/> They can also grow in [[Biology:Fairy ring|fairy ring]]s.<ref name="Dickinson 1982"/> ''Ramaria botrytis'' is a "[[Biology:Snowbank fungus|snowbank fungus]]", meaning it commonly fruits near the edges of melting snowbanks in the spring.<ref>Arora (1986), pp. 46–7.</ref> In Korea, it is prevalent at sites that also produce the choice edible species ''Tricholoma matsutake''.<ref name="Na 1992"/>

''Ramaria botrytis'' is found in Africa (Tunisia),<ref name="Saldi 2009"/> Australia,<ref name="May 2003"/> Chile, Asia (including the eastern Himalayas of India,<ref name="Thind 1985"/> Nepal,<ref name="Boa 2004"/> Japan,<ref name="Yaoita 2007"/> Korea,<ref name="Na 1992"/> Pakistan,<ref name="Gardezi 2002"/> China,<ref name="Boa 2004"/> the [[Place:Russian Far East|Far East of Russia]],<ref name="Govorova 2003"/> and Turkey<ref name="Sesli 2006"/>) and Europe (including the Netherlands,<ref name="Tolsma 1999"/> France,<ref name="INPN 2013"/> Portugal,<ref name="Barros 2009"/> Italy,<ref name="Pieroni 1999"/> Bulgaria,<ref name="Boa 2004"/> and Spain<ref name="Rivera 2007"/>). It is also present in Mexico and in Guatemala.<ref name="Boa 2004"/> Widely distributed in North America,<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> it is most common in the southeast and along the Pacific Coast.<ref name="Dickinson 1982"/> The variety ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' var. ''aurantiiramosa'', limited in distribution to Lewis County, Washington, associates with [[Biology:Douglas fir|Douglas fir]] (''Pseudotsuga menziesii'') and western hemlock (''Tsuga heterophylla'').<ref name="Castellano 1999"/> Variety ''compactospora'' is known from Sardinia, Italy, where it has been found growing in sandy soil in forests comprising [[Biology:Arbutus unedo|strawberry tree]] (''Arbutus unedo''), tree heath (''Erica arborea''), and [[Biology:Quercus agrifolia|holm oak]] (''Quercus ilex'').<ref name="Schild 1998"/>

==Uses==
''Ramaria botrytis'' is an [[Biology:Edible mushroom|edible]] species, and some rate it as choice.<ref name="Arora p.656"/><ref name="Bessette 1997"/> Its taste is "slight", or "fruity",<ref name="Jordan 2004"/> and has been likened to sauerkraut, green peanuts (fresh harvested peanuts that have not been dehydrated), or pea pods.<ref name="Coker 1923"/> Older fruit bodies develop an acidic flavor.<ref name="Dickinson 1982"/> It is sold in food markets in Japan as ''Nedzumi-take'',<ref name="Yaoita 2007"/> and harvested from the wild in Korea and Nepal.<ref name="Dugan 2011"/> The thick base and main branches require longer cooking than the smaller branchlets.<ref name="Dickinson 1982"/> In the Garfagnana region of central Italy, the mushroom is stewed, or pickled in oil.<ref name="Pieroni 1999"/><ref name="Wright 2001"/> Fruit bodies can be preserved by slicing thinly and drying.<ref name="Burrows 2005"/> One field guide rates the edibility as "questionable", warning of the possible danger of confusing specimens with the poisonous ''Ramaria formosa''.<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> Other authors warn that some individuals may experience [[Chemistry:Laxative|laxative]] effects from consuming the mushroom.<ref name="Arora p.656"/><ref name="Fergus 2003"/> Caution is advised when collecting fruit bodies near polluted areas, as the species is known to bioaccumulate toxic [[Chemistry:Arsenic|arsenic]].<ref name="Slekovec 1996"/>

Chemical analysis shows ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' to have a food energy value of 154 kilojoules per 100 grams of fresh fruit bodies,<ref name="Barros 2008"/> which is comparable to the 120–150 kJ range reported for commercially grown edible mushrooms. As a percentage of [[Dry matter|dry matter]], the fruit bodies contain 39.0% crude [[Biology:Protein (nutrient)|protein]], 1.4% [[Chemistry:Lipid|lipid]]s, 50.8% [[Chemistry:Carbohydrate|carbohydrate]]s, and 8.8% [[Chemistry:Ash (analytical chemistry)|ash]]. The majority of the lipid content comprises [[Chemistry:Oleic acid|oleic]] (43.9%), [[Chemistry:Linoleic acid|linoleic]] (38.3%), and [[Chemistry:Palmitic acid|palmitic]] (9.9%) [[Chemistry:Fatty acid|fatty acid]]s.<ref name="Kalač 2009"/>

===Chemistry===
[[File:Nicotianamine.PNG|thumb|right|Nicotianamine]]
[[Chemistry:Extract|Extract]]s of the fruit body of ''Ramaria botrytis'' have been shown to favorably influence the growth and development of [[Biology:HeLa|HeLa]] cells grown in [[Biology:Tissue culture|tissue culture]].<ref name="Chung 1979"/> The mushroom contains [[Chemistry:Nicotianamine|nicotianamine]], an [[Biology:ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitor]] ([[Biology:Angiotensin-converting enzyme|angiotensin-converting enzyme]]).<ref name="Izawa 2006"/> Nicotianamine is a [[Chemistry:Chelation|metal-chelating]] compound essential in iron metabolism and utilization in plants.<ref name="Briat 2007"/> Several [[Chemistry:Sterol|sterol]]s have been isolated from the fruit bodies, 5α,6α-epoxy-3β-hydroxy-(22''E'')-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-7-one, [[Chemistry:Ergosterol peroxide|ergosterol peroxide]], [[Chemistry:Cerevisterol|cerevisterol]], and 9α-hydroxycerevisterol, in addition to the previously unknown [[Chemistry:Ceramide|ceramide]] (2''S'',2{{'}}''R'',3''R'',4''E'',8''E'')-''N''-2'-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-2-amino-9-methyl-4,8-heptade-cadiene-1,3-diol.<ref name="Yaoita 2007"/>

Laboratory tests show that fruit bodies have [[Biology:Antimicrobial|antimicrobial]] activity against several strains of [[Biology:Drug resistance|drug-resistant]] bacteria that are [[Biology:Pathogen|pathogen]]ic in humans. Extracts [[Chemistry:Bacteriostatic agent|inhibit]] the growth of the [[Biology:Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]] bacteria ''[[Biology:Enterococcus faecalis|Enterococcus faecalis]]'' and ''[[Biology:Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria monocytogenes]]'', and kill the [[Biology:Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]] species ''[[Biology:Pasteurella multocida|Pasteurella multocida]]'', ''[[Biology:Streptococcus agalactiae|Streptococcus agalactiae]]'' and ''[[Biology:Streptococcus pyogenes|S.&nbsp;pyogenes]]''.<ref name="Alves 2012"/> 

In a 2009 study of 16 Portuguese edible wild mushroom species, ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' was shown to have the highest concentration of [[Chemistry:Phenolic acid|phenolic acid]]s (356.7&nbsp;mg per [[Kilogram|kg]] of fresh fruit body), made up largely of [[Chemistry:Protocatechuic acid|protocatechuic acid]]; it also had the highest [[Biology:Antioxidant|antioxidant]] capacity. Phenolic compounds—common in fruits and vegetables—are being scientifically investigated for their potential health benefits associated with reduced risk of chronic and degenerative diseases.<ref name="Barros 2009"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Aggangan 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aggangan NS, Moon HK, Han SH |title=Growth and nutrient accumulation of ''Eucalyptus pellita'' F. Muell. in response to inoculation with edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms |journal=Asia Life Sciences |year=2013 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=95–112 |url=http://www.journals.uplb.edu.ph/index.php/ALS/article/viewFile/789/723 |format=PDF abstract |access-date=2013-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014194148/http://www.journals.uplb.edu.ph/index.php/ALS/article/viewFile/789/723 |archive-date=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Alves 2012">{{cite journal |author1=Alves MJ |author2=Ferreira ICFR |author3=Martins A |author4=Pintado M |title=Antimicrobial activity of wild mushroom extracts against clinical isolates resistant to different antibiotics |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |year=2012 |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=466–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05347.x |pmid=22621239|hdl=10198/7814 |s2cid=24846266 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Barros 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Barros L |author2=Venturini BA |author3=Baptista P |author4=Estevinho LM |author5=Ferreira ICFR |title=Chemical composition and biological properties of Portuguese wild mushrooms: A comprehensive study |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |year=2008 |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=3856–62 |doi=10.1021/jf8003114 |pmid=18435539|s2cid=8155982 }}</ref>

<ref name="Barros 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Barros L |author2=Duenas M |author3=Ferreira ICFR |author4=Baptista P |author5=Santos-Buelga C |year=2009 |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |title=Phenolic acids determination by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS in sixteen different Portuguese wild mushrooms species |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1076–9 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.039|pmid=19425182}}</ref>

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<ref name="Coker 1923">{{cite book |author=Coker WC |title=The Clavarias of the United States and Canada |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |year=1923 |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |pages=111–5 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4597610|lccn=24011906|oclc=2400148|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.5627}}</ref>

<ref name="Corner 1950">{{cite book |author=Corner EJH |title=A Monograph of ''Clavaria'' and Allied Genera |series=Annals of Botany Memoirs |year=1950 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=560–1}}</ref>

<ref name="Daniëls 2000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Daniëls PP, Tellería MT |title=Notes on Gomphales: ''Ramaria rielii'' |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2000 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=423–7 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0074/002/0423.htm}}</ref>

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<ref name="INPN 2013">{{cite web |url=http://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/41009|title=''Ramaria botrytis'' (Pers.) Ricken |publisher=Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle|access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref>

<ref name="urlFungorum: Ramaria botrytis">{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=356843 |title=''Ramaria botrytis'' (Pers.) Ricken |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |access-date=2013-03-01}}</ref>

<ref name="urlFungorum: Ramaria holorubella">{{cite web |title=''Ramaria holorubella'' (G.F. Atk.) Corner |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=304972 |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |access-date=2013-03-14}}</ref>

<ref name="Yaoita 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yaoita Y, Satoh Y, Kikuchi M |title=A new ceramide from ''Ramaria botrytis'' (Pers.) Ricken |journal=Journal of Natural Medicine |year=2007 |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=205–7 |doi=10.1007/s11418-006-0121-8|s2cid=35556659 }}</ref>

}}

===Cited literature===
*{{cite book |author=Arora D. |title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, California |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-89815-169-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86tM01VsFG0C&pg=PA46}}
*{{cite book |vauthors=Marr CD, Stuntz DE |year=1973 |title=''Ramaria'' of Western Washington |series=Bibliotheca Mycologica |volume=38 |publisher=Von J.&nbsp;Cramer |location=Lehre, Germany |isbn=978-3-7682-0902-1}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|356843}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1568901}}

[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Gomphaceae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Ramaria botrytis}}