View source for Biology:Red deerpox virus

{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{virusbox
| parent = Parapoxvirus
| species = Red deerpox virus
| synonyms = Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand
}}

'''''Red deerpox virus''''' ('''RDPV''') is a species of virus in the genus ''[[Biology:Parapoxvirus|Parapoxvirus]]''.<ref name="Oliveira 2016">{{cite book |last1=Oliveira |first1=Graziele |last2=Costa |first2=Galileu |last3=Assis |first3=Felipe |last4=Franco-Luiz |first4=Ana Paula |last5=Trinidade |first5=Giliane |last6=Kroon |first6=Erna |last7=Turrini |first7=Filippo |last8=Abrahao |first8=Jonatas |editor1-last=Dongyou |editor1-first=Liu |title=Molecular detection of animal viral pathogens |date=2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781498700375 |page=884 |chapter=Chapter 97: Parapoxvirus|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhdjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA884}}</ref> It has been reported in deer in New Zealand,<ref name="McFadden 2012">{{cite journal |last1=McFadden |first1=Andrew |last2=Rawdon |first2=Thomas |title=Parapoxviruses in domestic livestock in New Zealand |journal=Surveillance |date=June 2012 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=14–16 |url=http://www.sciquest.org.nz/node/77412 }}</ref> and in wild ruminants in Italy.<ref name="Oliveira 2016" />

In 1987, deaths among infected deer occurred on two Red Deer farms in New Zealand where secondary bacterial infections were seen alongside the lesions. In these particular cases, morbidity rates reached 100%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Horner|first=G. W.|last2=Robinson|first2=A. J.|last3=Hunter|first3=R.|last4=Cox|first4=B. T.|last5=Smith|first5=R.|date=1987-04-01|title=Parapoxvirus infections in New Zealand farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus)|journal=New Zealand Veterinary Journal|volume=35|issue=4|pages=41–45|doi=10.1080/00480169.1987.35376|issn=0048-0169|pmid=16031369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ueda|first=Norihito|last2=Inder|first2=Marie K.|last3=Wise|first3=Lyn M.|last4=Fleming|first4=Stephen B.|last5=Mercer|first5=Andrew A.|date=March 2007|title=Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand encodes a variant of viral vascular endothelial growth factor|journal=Virus Research|volume=124|issue=1–2|pages=50–58|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2006.09.012|issn=0168-1702|pmid=17109982}}</ref>
[[File:Red Deer Poing.JPG|thumb|Red Deer of New Zealand]]

==Viral classification==
RDPV was classified as a separate species due to its unique patterns of [[Biology:Restriction enzyme|restriction enzyme]]s.<ref name="Oliveira 2016" />

Parapoxviruses belongs to the family of viruses named ''[[Biology:Poxviridae|Poxviridae]]'', family of double-stranded DNA viruses. ''Parapoxvirus'' is classified into the subfamily of ''[[Biology:Chordopoxvirinae|Chordopoxvirinae]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poxviridae |url=https://viralzone.expasy.org/174?outline=all_by_species |website=ViralZone |publisher=Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics |accessdate=2018-11-08}}</ref>

===Virion size===
Generally, viruses within the ''Poxviridae'' family have brick or oval-shaped virions.  Sizes range from between 140-260 [[Nanometre|nanometre]]s in width and 220-450 nanometres in length. They are enveloped viruses with surface [[Biology:Tubule|tubule]]s sometimes referred to as surface filaments.{{cn|date=May 2021}}

==Structure==
''Parapoxvirus'' virions are large in comparison to a majority of the other ''Poxviridae'' virions. Virions are the complete form of a virus outside of the host cell that is capable of infection. Virions contain a core of RNA or DNA within a capsid. A [[Biology:Capsid|capsid]] is the protein shell of a virus. ''Parapoxvirus'' virions are typically 260 x 160 nanometers in size. They possess an enveloped capsid and a distinguishing spiral coat,<ref name=":0">{{EMedicine|article|224833|Parapoxviruses}}</ref> which is composed of a crossing pattern of tubes. Dissecting a Parapoxvirus virion from the outside in, after passing through the either the EV envelope or the MV membrane (depending on the infectious virus particle, see bullets below) is the lateral body, its function is unknown. After this comes the core wall which is followed by the nucleocapsid.<ref name="ViralZone 150">{{cite web |title=Parapoxvirus |url=https://viralzone.expasy.org/150?outline=all_by_species |website=ViralZone |publisher=Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics |accessdate=2018-11-08}}</ref> The nucleocapsid is simply the capsid of the Parapoxvirus that is enclosed in nucleic acid. Surprisingly, parapoxviruses have considerably smaller genomes that other genera of the family Poxviridae, (85 MDA).<ref name=Pennington2012>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-4089-4.00059-7 |chapter=Poxviruses |title=Medical Microbiology |pages=446–451 |year=2012 |last1=Pennington |first1=T.H. |isbn=9780702040894 }}</ref>  [[File:TEM-parapoxvirus-tomograph.ogv|thumb|Parapoxvirus Virus with scale]]

Parapoxviruses have two different infectious virus particles:<ref name="ViralZone 150" />
* the intracellular mature virus (IMV)
* the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV)

==Genome==
RDPV has a linear, double-stranded DNA genome. The length of the genome ranges from 130 to 150 kilobases. The linear genome is flanked by inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences which are covalently-closed at their extremities.<ref name="ViralZone 150" />

===Replication and transcription===
* [[Biology:Viral protein|Viral protein]]s attach to the host [[Chemistry:Glycosaminoglycan|glycosaminoglycan]]s (GAGs). This brings about [[Biology:Endocytosis|endocytosis]] which allows the virus penetration of the host cell.
* The virion then fuses with the [[Biology:Plasma membrane|plasma membrane]] of the host cell and releases its core into the cytoplasm of the host cell.
* '''Early Phase:''' In the cytoplasm, early genes are transcribed by viral [[Biology:RNA polymerase|RNA polymerase]]. This occurs half an hour after the initial infection.
* '''Intermediate Phase:''' Intermediate genes are expressed after the early genes. This triggers genomic [[Biology:DNA replication|DNA replication]].  Usually 100 minutes post-infection
* '''Late Phase:''' Between 140 minutes and 48 hours post-infection, late genes are expressed. All structural proteins have now been completed.
* An immature spherical particle is assembled in cytoplasmic viral factories.
* It then matures into the brick-shaped intracellulare mature virion (IMV)
* IMV virion is released upon cell lysis or it can bad after forming an external enveloped virion (EEV). To do this the IMV virion must receive a second double membrane from the Golgi apparatus.<ref name="ViralZone 150" />

===Assembly and release===
Assembly occurs within the cytoplasm of the host cell. Release occurs via [[Biology:Budding|budding]] of a membranous [[Biology:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]] and ultimately results in [[Biology:Lysis|lysis]]. The host cell is denigrated after the cell's membrane is ruptured upon virus' exit.<ref name="ViralZone 150" />

==Disease in deer==
RDPV causes scabby lesions on the face, lips, ears and velvet of deer.<ref name="McFadden 2012" /> Deer recover in two to three weeks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mackintosh |first1=Ian |title=Importance of infectious diseases of New Zealand farmed deer |journal=Sureillance |date=January 1993 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=24–26 |url=http://www.sciquest.org.nz/node/46681}}</ref> Animals under two years of age are more often affected than older deer.<ref name="McFadden 2012" />

==Transmission==
RDPV can infect [[Biology:Ungulate|ungulate]]s (hoofed animals) and humans, and can be transmitted [[Medicine:Sexually transmitted infection|sexually]] and non-sexually.<ref name=Pennington2012/>

===Outbreak in Italy===
In order to characterize the strains of parapoxviruses causing severe disease in wild ruminants in Stelvio Park, Italy, sequencing and comparisons of isolated DNA were conducted. Results demonstrated that the red deer isolates are closely related to ''Red deerpox virus''.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3201/eid1704.101454 |pmid=21470460 |pmc=3377414 |title=Parapoxvirus Infections of Red Deer, Italy |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=684–687 |year=2011 |last1=Scagliarini |first1=Alessandra |last2=Vaccari |first2=Francesca |last3=Turrini |first3=Filippo |last4=Bianchi |first4=Alessandro |last5=Cordioli |first5=Paolo |last6=Lavazza |first6=Antonio }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q18975578}}

[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Chordopoxvirinae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Red deerpox virus}}