View source for Biology:Redondoviridae

{{Short description|Family of viruses}}
{{Virusbox
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Redondoviridae
| subdivision_ranks = Genus and species
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=ICTVReport/>
| subdivision =
* ''[[Biology:Torbevirus|Torbevirus]]''
** ''Vientovirus''
** ''Brisavirus''
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''Redondoviruses''' (members of the '''''Redondoviridae''''') are a family of human-associated [[Biology:DNA virus|DNA virus]]es.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbas |first1=A |last2=Taylor |first2=LJ |last3=Collman |first3=RG |last4=Bushman |first4=FD |last5=ICTV Report Consortium |title=ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: ''Redondoviridae''. |journal=The Journal of General Virology |date=January 2021 |volume=102 |issue=1 |doi=10.1099/jgv.0.001526 |pmid=33258767|pmc=8116785 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Their name derives from the inferred circular structure of the viral [[Biology:Genome|genome]] (“{{lang|es|redondo}}” means round in [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]]). Redondoviruses have been identified in DNA sequence based surveys of samples from humans, primarily samples from the oral cavity and upper airway.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Noell|first1=Kristin|last2=Kolls|first2=Jay K.|date=May 2019|title=Further Defining the Human Virome using NGS: Identification of Redondoviridae|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|language=en|volume=25|issue=5|pages=634–635|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.010|pmc=6849504|pmid=31071291}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Cui|first1=Lunbiao|last2=Wu|first2=Binyao|last3=Zhu|first3=Xiaojuan|last4=Guo|first4=Xiling|last5=Ge|first5=Yiyue|last6=Zhao|first6=Kangchen|last7=Qi|first7=Xian|last8=Shi|first8=Zhiyang|last9=Zhu|first9=Fengcai|last10=Sun|first10=Lixin|last11=Zhou|first11=Minghao|date=November 2017|title=Identification and genetic characterization of a novel circular single-stranded DNA virus in a human upper respiratory tract sample|journal=Archives of Virology|language=en|volume=162|issue=11|pages=3305–3312|doi=10.1007/s00705-017-3481-3|pmid=28707271|s2cid=9239411|issn=0304-8608}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Abbas|first1=Arwa A.|last2=Taylor|first2=Louis J.|last3=Dothard|first3=Marisol I.|last4=Leiby|first4=Jacob S.|last5=Fitzgerald|first5=Ayannah S.|last6=Khatib|first6=Layla A.|last7=Collman|first7=Ronald G.|last8=Bushman|first8=Frederic D.|date=August 2019|title=Redondoviridae, a Family of Small, Circular DNA Viruses of the Human Oro-Respiratory Tract Associated with Periodontitis and Critical Illness|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=719–729.e4|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.015|pmc=6510254|pmid=31071295}}</ref>
[[File:Redondoviridae genome map.png|thumb|Redondoviridae genome map]]

== Virology ==
=== Taxonomy ===
Redondoviruses are assigned to a new family by the [[Organization:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] (ICTV), the ''Redondoviridae''.<ref name="ICTVReport">{{cite web |title=ICTV Report Redondoviridae |url=http://www.ictv.global/report/redondoviridae}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="2019.011D">{{cite web |last1=Abbas |first1=AA |last2=Taylor |first2=LJ |last3=Collman |first3=RG |last4=Bushman |first4=Frederic D. |title=Create one new family (''Redondoviridae'') for circular, Rep-encoding DNA viruses |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/proposals/animal_dna_viruses_and_retroviruses/m/animal_dna_ec_approved/9352/download |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=25 February 2020 |language=en |date=14 October 2019}}{{dead link|date=January 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Classification ===
The family ''Redondoviridae'' is divided into two species, ''Brisavirus'' and ''Vientovirus''.<ref name=ICTVReport/><ref name=":1" /> The names derive from the words for breeze and wind in Spanish (“{{lang|es|brisa}}” and “{{lang|es|viento}}”), denoting the association with the human airway. Multiple strains have been proposed on the basis of viral genome structure.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

The redondoviruses are members of the Circular Rep-Containing Single Stranded (CRESS) DNA Virus group.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Zhao|first1=Lele|title=Eukaryotic Circular Rep-Encoding Single-Stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) Viruses: Ubiquitous Viruses With Small Genomes and a Diverse Host Range|date=2019|journal=Advances in Virus Research|volume=103|pages=71–133|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.10.001|pmid=30635078|isbn=978-0-12-817722-8|last2=Rosario|first2=Karyna|last3=Breitbart|first3=Mya|last4=Duffy|first4=Siobain|s2cid=58636379 }}</ref>
*  Phylum: ''[[Biology:Cressdnaviricota|Cressdnaviricota]]''<ref name="2019.012D"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/proposals/animal_dna_viruses_and_retroviruses/m/animal_dna_ec_approved/9355|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212184351/https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/proposals/animal_dna_viruses_and_retroviruses/m/animal_dna_ec_approved/9355|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=Create 1 new phylum (Cressdnaviricota) including 2 classes and 6 orders for classification of CRESS-DNA viruses.|last=Krupovic M, Varsani A, Kuhn J, Kazlauskas D, Breitbart M, Delwart E, Rosario K, Yutin N, Wolf YI, Harrach B, Zerbini FM, Dolja VV, Koonin EV|date=2019|website=ICTV Taxonomy Proposal 2019.012D.A.v1.Cressdnaviricota}}</ref>
*  Class: ''[[Biology:Arfiviricetes|Arfiviricetes]]''<ref name="2019.012D"/> (''Ar'' from [[Chemistry:Arginine|arginine]]; ''fi'' from finger; describes a feature of the Rep protein conserved among viruses in this class)
*  Order: ''Recrevirales''<ref name="2019.012D">{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Peter J. |title=2019.012D.A.v1.Cressdnaviricota |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/proposals/animal_dna_viruses_and_retroviruses/m/animal_dna_ec_approved/9355/download |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=25 February 2020 |language=en |format=XLSX |quote=''Cressdnaviricota'' ''Arfiviricetes'' ''Recrevirales'' ''Redondoviridae''}}{{dead link|date=January 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> (''Re'' from redondoviruses; ''cre'' from CRESS)

=== Genome ===
The redondovirus genome is circular, and by analogy to other CRESS viruses likely single stranded. Genomes range in size from about 3.0 to 3.1 kilobases. The genome encodes three inferred proteins:{{cn|date=November 2022}}
* A Rep protein that likely initiates [[Biology:Rolling circle replication|rolling-circle DNA replication.]]
* A [[Biology:Capsid|Cap protein]] that likely self-assembles to yield icosahedral particles.
* An ORF3 protein of unknown function. ORF3 is entirely encoded within the Cap coding region in a different reading frame.

== Epidemiology ==

=== Distribution ===
Redondovirus genomes have been reported primarily from human samples surveyed using [[Biology:Metagenomics|metagenomic DNA sequencing]]. They have been found primarily in oral and airway specimens.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />In some human populations, oral samples can show up to 80% Redondovirus positivity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor LJ, Dothard MI, Rubel MA, Allen AA, Hwang Y, Roche AM, Graham-Wooten J, Fitzgerald AS, Khatib LA, Ranciaro A, Thompson SR, Beggs WR, Campbell MC, Mokone GG, Mpoloka SW, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Mbunwe E, Woldemeskel D, Belay G, Nyambo T, Tishkoff SA, Collman RG, Bushman FD |title=Redondovirus Diversity and Evolution on Global, Individual, and Molecular Scales |journal=J Virol |volume=95 |issue=21 |pages=e0081721 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34406857 |pmc=8513488 |doi=10.1128/JVI.00817-21 |url=}}</ref>

Analysis of a variety of human-derived sample types showed a strong positive correlation of Redondovirus DNA and DNA of the oral amoeba ''[[Biology:Entamoeba gingivalis|Entamoeba gingivalis]]''. Follow up studies showed that a xenic culture containing ''Entamoeba gingivalis'' and feeder bacteria was also positive for redondovirus DNA and RNA. Analysis using intracellular cross linking (Hi-C) showed crosslinking of redondovirus DNA to ''Entamoeba'' DNA, supporting ''Entamoeba gingivalis'' as the host.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keeler |first1=Emma |last2=Merenstein |first2=Carter |last3=Reddy |first3=Shantan |last4=Taylor |first4=Louis |last5=Cobian-Guemes |first5=Ana |last6=Zankharia |first6=Urvi |last7=Collman |first7=Ronald |last8=Bushman |first8=Frederic |title=Widespread, human-associated redondoviruses infect the commensal protozoan Entamoeba gingivalis |journal=Cell Host and Microbe |date=December 1, 2022 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=58–68.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.002 |pmid= 36459997|s2cid=254179614 |pmc=9969835 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kinsella |first1=Cormac |last2=Deijs |first2=Martin |last3=Becker |first3=Christin |last4=Broekhuizen |first4=Patricia |last5=van Gool |first5=Tom |last6=Bart |first6=Aldert |last7=Schaefer |first7=Arne |last8=van der Hoek |first8=Lia |title=Host prediction for disease-associated gastrointestinal cressdnaviruses |journal=Virus Evol. |date=September 16, 2022 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=veac087 |doi=10.1093/ve/veac087 |pmid=36325032|pmc=9615429 }}</ref>

=== Disease associations ===
It is unknown whether redondoviruses cause human disease. Some CRESS viruses are known pathogens, such as [[Biology:Porcine circovirus|porcine circovirus]] type 2<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meng|first=Xiang-Jin|date=January 2013|title=Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2): Pathogenesis and Interaction with the Immune System|journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=43–64|doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103720|pmid=25387012|issn=2165-8102}}</ref>

Redondoviruses have been reported associated with [[Medicine:Periodontal disease|periodontitis]]. In one study, the levels fell with successful treatment.<ref name=":1" /> Abundance of redondovirus genomes has also been found to be high in some intensive care unit patients, and in patients with severe COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Merenstein C, Liang G, Whiteside SA, Cobián-Güemes AG, Merlino MS, Taylor LJ, Glascock A, Bittinger K, Tanes C, Graham-Wooten J, Khatib LA, Fitzgerald AS, Reddy S, Baxter AE, Giles JR, Oldridge DA, Meyer NJ, Wherry EJ, McGinniss JE, Bushman FD, Collman RG |title=Signatures of COVID-19 Severity and Immune Response in the Respiratory Tract Microbiome |journal=mBio |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=e0177721 |date=August 2021 |pmid=34399607 |pmc=8406335 |doi=10.1128/mBio.01777-21 |url=}}</ref> At present the basis of these disease associations is unclear.<ref name=ICTVReport/><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ictv.global/report/redondoviridae '''ICTV Report:''' ''Redondoviridae'']
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[[Category:Virus families]]

{{Sourceattribution|Redondoviridae}}