View source for Biology:Rhodococcus

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image=Rhodococcus_species.jpg
| image_caption=''Rhodococcus'' sp.
| taxon = Rhodococcus
| authority = Zopf 1891
| type_species = ''[[Biology:Rhodococcus rhodochrous|Rhodococcus rhodochrous]]''
| type_species_authority = (Zopf 1891) Tsukamura 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text.
| synonyms =
* "''Prescottella''" <small>Jones et al. 2013</small>
* "''Prescottia''" <small>Jones et al. 2013</small>
* "''Spelaeibacter''" <small>Kim et al. 2022</small>
| synonyms_ref =<ref name="LPSN">{{cite web|vauthors=Euzéby JP, Parte AC |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/rhodococcus |title=''Rhodococcus'' |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rhodococcus''''' is a genus of aerobic, nonsporulating, nonmotile Gram-positive bacteria closely related to ''[[Biology:Mycobacterium|Mycobacterium]]'' and ''[[Biology:Corynebacterium|Corynebacterium]]''.<ref name=Alice>{{cite journal |author1=van der Geize R. |author2=L. Dijkhuizen  |name-list-style=amp | title = Harnessing the catabolic diversity of rhodococci for environmental and biotechnological applications | journal = Microbiology | year = 2004 | volume = 7 | pages = 255–261 |url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/harnessing-the-catabolic-diversity-of-rhodococci-for-environmental-and-biotechnological-applications(a1dfa0fd-dd65-4c1d-b9b4-bfa98038dcbe).html| pmid=15196492 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.1016/j.mib.2004.04.001|hdl=11370/a1dfa0fd-dd65-4c1d-b9b4-bfa98038dcbe }}</ref><ref name= BurkovskiA>{{cite book | editor = Burkovski A. | title = Corynebacteria: Genomics and Molecular Biology | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2008 |url=http://www.horizonpress.com/cory | id = [http://www.horizonpress.com/cory ] | isbn = 978-1-904455-30-1}}</ref>  While a few species are pathogenic, most are benign, and have been found to thrive in a broad range of environments, including soil, water, and eukaryotic cells. Some species have large genomes, including the 9.7 megabasepair genome (67% G/C) of ''Rhodococcus'' sp. RHA1.<ref name = Betty />

Strains of ''Rhodococcus'' are important owing to their ability to catabolize a wide range of compounds and produce bioactive steroids, [[Chemistry:Acrylamide|acrylamide]], and [[Chemistry:Acrylic acid|acrylic acid]], and their involvement in fossil fuel biodesulfurization.<ref name=Betty>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0607048103 | vauthors = McLeod MP, Warren RL, Hsiao WW, Araki N, Mihre M, Fernandes C, Miyazawa D, Wong W, Lillquist AL, Wang D, Dosanjh M, Hara H, Petrescu A, Morin RD, Yang G, Stott JM, Schein JE, Shin H, Smailus D, Siddiqui AS, Marra MA, Jones SJ, Holt R, Brinkman FS, Miyauchi K, Fukuda M, Davies JE, Mohn WW, Eltis LD | title = The complete genome of Rhodococcus sp. RHA1 provides insights into a catabolic powerhouse | journal = PNAS | date = October 17, 2006 | volume =  103 | pages =  15582–15587 | issue=42 | pmid = 17030794 | pmc = 1622865 | bibcode = 2006PNAS..10315582M | doi-access = free }}</ref> This genetic and catabolic diversity is not only due to the large bacterial chromosome, but also to the presence of three large linear plasmids.<ref name = Alice /> ''Rhodococcus''  is also an experimentally advantageous system owing to a relatively fast growth rate and simple developmental cycle, but is not well characterized.<ref name = Betty />

Another important application of ''Rhodococcus'' comes from bioconversion, using biological systems to convert cheap starting material into more valuable compounds, such as its ability to metabolize harmful environmental pollutants, including [[Chemistry:Toluene|toluene]], [[Chemistry:Naphthalene|naphthalene]], herbicides, and PCBs. ''Rhodococcus'' species typically metabolize aromatic substrates by first oxygenating the aromatic ring to form a diol (two alcohol groups). Then, the ring is cleaved with  intra/extradiol mechanisms, opening the ring and exposing the substrate to further metabolism. Since the chemistry is very stereospecific, the diols are created with predictable chirality. While controlling the chirality of chemical reaction presents a significant challenge for synthetic chemists, biological processes can be used instead to faithfully produce chiral molecules in cases where direct chemical synthesis is not feasible or efficient. An example of this is the use of ''Rhodococcus''  to produce chiral indandiol derivatives which serve as synthetic intermediates for [[Chemistry:Indinavir|indinavir]], a [[Biology:Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)|protease inhibitor]] used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS.<ref name=Cat>{{cite journal | author = Treadway, S.L., K.S. Yanagimachi, E. Lankenau, P.A. Lessard, G. Stephanopoulos and A.J. Sinskey | title = Isolation and characterization of indene bioconversion genes from Rhodococcus strain I24 | journal = Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. | year = 1999 | volume =  51 | pmid = 10422226 | pages =  786–793 | doi = 10.1007/s002530051463 | issue=6| s2cid = 6264248 }}</ref>

[[File:Rhodococcus Indandiol.svg|thumb|The conversion of [[Chemistry:Indene|indene]] to ''trans''-1''R'',2''R''-indandiol and ''cis''-1''S'',2''R''-indandiol by Rhodococcus sp.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buckland |first1=Barry C. |last2=Drew |first2=Stephen W. |last3=Connors |first3=Neal C. |last4=Chartrain |first4=Michel M. |last5=Lee |first5=Chanyong |last6=Salmon |first6=Peter M. |last7=Gbewonyo |first7=Kodzo |last8=Zhou |first8=Weichang |last9=Gailliot |first9=Pat |last10=Singhvi |first10=Rahul |last11=Olewinski |first11=Roger C. |last12=Sun |first12=Wen-Jun |last13=Reddy |first13=Jayanthi |last14=Zhang |first14=Jinyou |last15=Jackey |first15=Barbara A. |last16=Taylor |first16=Colleen |last17=Goklen |first17=Kent E. |last18=Junker |first18=Beth |last19=Greasham |first19=Randolph L. |title=Microbial Conversion of Indene to Indandiol: A Key Intermediate in the Synthesis of CRIXIVAN |journal=Metabolic Engineering |date=January 1999 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |doi=10.1006/mben.1998.0107|pmid=10935755 }}</ref>]]

==Biodegradation of organic pollutants==
''Rhodococcus'' has been greatly researched as a potential agent for the [[Earth:Bioremediation|bioremediation]] of pollutants as it is commonly found in the natural environment, and they possess certain characteristics that allow them to thrive under a variety of conditions, and they have the capability to metabolize many hydrocarbons.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biology of Rhodococcus|last=Alvarez|first=Héctor|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9783642129377|pages=231–256}}</ref>

Rhodococci possess many properties that makes them suitable for bioremediation under a range of environments.  Their ability to undergo microaerophilic respiration allows them to survive in environments containing low oxygen concentrations, and their ability to undergo [[Biology:Cellular respiration|aerobic respiration]] also allows them to survive in oxygenated environments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fuller|first1=M.E.|last2=Perreault|first2=N.|date=July 8, 2010|title=Microaerophilic degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by three Rhodococcus strains|pmid=20666987|journal=Letters in Applied Microbiology|volume=51|issue=3|pages=313–318|doi=10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02897.x|url=https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=2dad1cdf-6506-4f83-a1b7-4d778d6b1517|doi-access=free}}</ref> They also undergo [[Biology:Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixation]], which allows them to generate their own nutrients in environments with low nutrients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blasco|first=Rafael|title=Rhodococcus sp. RB1 grows in the presence of high nitrate and nitrite concentrations and assimilates nitrate in moderately saline environments|journal=Archives of Microbiology|volume=175|issue=6|pages=435–440|doi=10.1007/s002030100285|pmid=11491084|year=2001|s2cid=864067}}</ref>

Rhodococci also contain characteristics that enhances their ability to degrade organic [[Chemistry:Pollutant|pollutant]]s. Their hydrophobic surface allows for adhesion to hydrocarbons, which enhances its ability to degrade these pollutants.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mendez-Volas|first1=A.|title=Microbes in applied research; current advances and challenges; proceedings|date=2012|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789814405034|pages=197–200}}</ref> They have a wide variety of catabolic pathways and many unique enzyme functions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Laczi|first1=Krisztián|last2=Kis|first2=Ágnes|last3=Horváth|first3=Balázs|last4=Maróti|first4=Gergely|last5=Hegedüs|first5=Botond|title=Metabolic responses of Rhodococcus erythropolis PR4 grown on diesel oil and various hydrocarbons|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology|date=November 2015|volume=99|issue=22|pages=9745–9759|doi=10.1007/s00253-015-6936-z|pmid=26346267|s2cid=9213608|url=http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/9982/1/Laczi_etal_AMB_2015.pdf}}</ref> This gives them the ability to degrade many recalcitrant, toxic hydrocarbons. For example, Rhodococci expresses dioxygenases, which can be used to degrade benzotrifluoride, a recalcitrant pollutant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yano|first1=Kenichi|last2=Wachi|first2=Masaaki|last3=Tsuchida|first3=Sakiko|last4=Kitazume|first4=Tomoya|last5=Iwai|first5=Noritaka|date=2015|title=Degradation of benzotrifluoride via the dioxygenase pathway in Rhodococcus sp. 065240|journal=Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry|volume=79|issue=3|pages=496–504|doi=10.1080/09168451.2014.982502|issn=1347-6947|pmid=25412819|s2cid=205616972|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Rhodococcus'' sp. strain Q1, a strain naturally found in soil and paper mill sludge, contains the ability to degrade [[Chemistry:Quinoline|quinoline]], various [[Chemistry:Pyridine|pyridine]] derivatives, [[Chemistry:Catechol|catechol]], benzoate, and [[Chemistry:Protocatechuic acid|protocatechuic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = O'Loughlin | first1 = E.J. | last2 = Kehrmeyer | first2 = S.R. | last3 = Sims | first3 = G.K. | year = 1996 | title = Isolation, characterization, and substrate utilization of a quinoline degrading bacterium | journal = International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation | volume = 38 | issue = 2| pages = 107–118 | doi = 10.1016/S0964-8305(96)00032-7 }}</ref> Rhodococci are also capable of accumulating [[Chemistry:Heavy metals|heavy metal]] ions, such as radioactive [[Chemistry:Caesium|caesium]], allowing for easier removal from the environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Takei|first1=Takayuki|last2=Yamasaki|first2=Mika|last3=Yoshida|first3=Masahiro|date=2014-04-01|title=Cesium accumulation of Rhodococcus erythropolis CS98 strain immobilized in hydrogel matrices|journal=Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering|volume=117|issue=4|pages=497–500|doi=10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.09.013|pmid=24183457}}</ref> Other pollutants, such as [[Chemistry:Azo dye|azo dye]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heiss|first1=G. S.|last2=Gowan|first2=B.|last3=Dabbs|first3=E. R.|date=1992-12-01|title=Cloning of DNA from a Rhodococcus strain conferring the ability to decolorize sulfonated azo dyes|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|volume=78|issue=2–3|pages=221–226|issn=0378-1097|pmid=1490602|doi=10.1016/0378-1097(92)90030-r|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Biology:Pesticide|pesticide]]s<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parekh|first1=N. R.|last2=Walker|first2=A.|last3=Roberts|first3=S. J.|last4=Welch|first4=S. J.|date=November 1994|title=Rapid degradation of the triazinone herbicide metamitron by a Rhodococcus sp. isolated from treated soil|journal=The Journal of Applied Bacteriology|volume=77|issue=5|pages=467–475|issn=0021-8847|pmid=8002472|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb04389.x}}</ref> and [[Chemistry:Polychlorinated biphenyl|polychlorinated biphenyl]]s<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boyle|first1=Alfred W.|last2=Silvin|first2=Christopher J.|last3=Hassett|first3=John P.|last4=Nakas|first4=James P.|last5=Tanenbaum|first5=S. W.|date=1992-06-01|title=Bacterial PCB biodegradation|journal=Biodegradation|language=en|volume=3|issue=2–3|pages=285–298|doi=10.1007/BF00129089|s2cid=7272347|issn=0923-9820}}</ref> can also be degraded by Rhodococci.

[[File:Rhodococcus sp..jpg|thumb|Scanning electron micrograph of ''Rhodococcus'' sp. strain Q1 grown on quinoline - the organism can use quinoline as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy, tolerating concentrations up to 3.88 millimoles per liter.]]

== Pathogenic ''Rhodococcus'' ==
The genus ''Rhodococcus'' has two pathogenic species: ''[[Biology:Rhodococcus fascians|R. fascians]]'' and ''[[Biology:Rhodococcus equi|R. equi]]''. The former, a plant pathogen, causes leafy gall disease in both [[Biology:Angiosperm|angiosperm]] and [[Biology:Gymnosperm|gymnosperm]] plants.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goethals | first1 = K. | last2 = Vereecke | first2 = D. | last3 = Jaziri | first3 = M. | last4 = Van | first4 = Montagu M. | last5 = Holsters | first5 = M. | year = 2001 | title = Leafy gall formation by Rhodococcus fascians | journal = Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. | volume = 39 | pages = 27–52 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.27 | pmid = 11701858 }}</ref> ''R. equi'' is the causative agent of foal pneumonia (rattles) and mainly infects foals up to three months in age. However, it has a wide host range, sporadically infecting pigs, cattle, and immunocompromised humans, in particular AIDS patients and those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Muscatello | first1 = G. | last2 = Leadon | first2 = D. P. | last3 = Klay | first3 = M. | last4 = Ocampo-Sosa | first4 = A. | last5 = Lewis | first5 = D. A. | last6 = Fogarty | first6 = U. | last7 = Buckley | first7 = T. | last8 = Gilkerson | first8 = J. R. | last9 = Meijer | first9 = W. G.|display-authors=0| year = 2007 | title = Rhodococcus equi infection in foals: the science of 'rattles' | journal = Equine Vet. J. | volume = 39 | issue = 5| pages = 470–478 | pmid = 17910275 | doi=10.2746/042516407x209217}}</ref> Both pathogens rely on a conjugative virulence plasmid to cause disease. In case of ''R. fascians'', this is a linear plasmid, whereas ''R. equi'' harbors a circular plasmid. Both pathogens are economically significant. ''R. fascians'' is a major pathogen of tobacco plants. ''R. equi'', one of the most important foal pathogens, is endemic on many stud farms around the world.

==In molecular biology==
''Rhodococcus'' has also been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents and ultrapure water systems, which may lead to its erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets.<ref>{{cite bioRxiv|last1=Salter|first1=S|last2=Cox|first2=M|last3=Turek|first3=E|last4=Calus|first4=S|last5=Cookson|first5=W|last6=Moffatt|first6=M|last7=Turner|first7=P|last8=Parkhill|first8=J|last9=Loman|first9=N|last10=Walker|first10=A|title=Reagent contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses|date=2014|biorxiv=10.1101/007187}}</ref>

== Species ==
''Rhodococcus'' comprises the following species:<ref name="LPSN"/>
{{div col|colwidth=250px}}
* ''R. aerolatus'' <small>Hwang et al. 2015</small>
* ''R. aetherivorans'' <small>Goodfellow et al. 2004</small>
* ''R. agglutinans'' <small>Guo et al. 2015</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus aichiense is a misspelling of Rhodococcus aichiensis, which was reclassified as Gordonia aichiensis. -->
<!-- Rhodococcus aichiensis was reclassified as Gordonia aichiensis. -->
* ''R. antrifimi'' <small>Ko et al. 2015</small>
* ''R. artemisiae'' <small>Zhao et al. 2012</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus aurantiacus was reclassified as Tsukamurella paurometabola. -->
* "''R. australis''" <small>Hiddema et al. 1985</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus baikonurensis was reclassified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. -->
<!-- Rhodococcus biphenylivorans was reclassified as Rhodococcus pyridinivorans. -->
* "''R. boritolerans''" <small>Lin et al. 2012</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus bronchialis was reclassified as Gordonia bronchialis. -->
* ''R. canchipurensis'' <small>Nimaichand et al. 2013</small>
* ''R. cavernicola'' <small>Lee et al. 2020</small>
* ''R. cerastii'' <small>Kämpfer et al. 2013</small>
* ''R. cercidiphylli'' <small>Li et al. 2012</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus was reclassified as Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum. -->
* ''R. chubuensis'' <small>Tsukamura 1983</small>
* ''R. coprophilus'' <small>Rowbotham and Cross 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus corallinus was reclassified as Gordonia rubripertincta. -->
* ''R. corynebacterioides'' <small>(Serrano et al. 1972) Yassin and Schaal 2005</small>
* "''R. daqingensis''" <small>Wang et al. 2019</small>
* ''R. defluvii'' <small>Kämpfer et al. 2014</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus degradans was reclassified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. -->
* ''R. electrodiphilus'' <small>Ramaprasad et al. 2018</small><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.002895| pmid=29957174|title = ''Rhodococcus electrodiphilus'' sp. nov., a marine electro active actinobacterium isolated from coral reef| journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology| volume=68| issue=8| pages=2644–2649|year = 2018|last1 = Ramaprasad|first1 = E. V. V.| last2=Mahidhara| first2=Ganesh| last3=Sasikala| first3=Ch.| last4=Ramana| first4=Ch. V.| doi-access=free}}</ref>
<!-- Rhodococcus enclensis was reclassified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. -->
* ''[[Biology:Rhodococcus equi|R. equi]]'' <small>(Magnusson 1923) Goodfellow and Alderson 1977 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''R. erythropolis'' <small>(Gray and Thornton 1928) Goodfellow and Alderson 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Biology:Rhodococcus fascians|R. fascians]]'' <small>(Tilford 1936) Goodfellow 1984</small>
* ''R. gannanensis'' <small>Ma et al. 2017</small>
* ''R. globerulus'' <small>Goodfellow et al. 1985</small>
* ''R. gordoniae'' <small>Jones et al. 2004</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus hoagii was reclassified as Rhodococcus equi. -->
* ''R. humicola'' <small>Nguyen and Kim 2016</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus imtechensis was reclassified as Rhodococcus opacus. -->
<!-- Rhodococcus jialingiae was reclassified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. -->
* ''R. jostii'' <small>Takeuchi et al. 2002</small>{{efn|''Rhodococcus jostii'' was identified as producing a [[Biology:Lignin|lignin]] digesting enzyme—the first isolated from a bacterium rather than a fungus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-06-wood-digesting-enzyme-bacteria-boost-biofuel.html | title=First wood-digesting enzyme found in bacteria could boost biofuel production}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=11931149|year=2002|last1=Takeuchi|first1=M|last2=Hatano|first2=K|last3=Sedlácek|first3=I|last4=Pácová|first4=Z|title=''Rhodococcus jostii'' sp. nov., isolated from a medieval grave|volume=52|issue=Pt 2|pages=409–13|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|doi=10.1099/00207713-52-2-409 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
* ''R. koreensis'' <small>Yoon et al. 2000</small>
* "''R. kronopolitis''" <small>Liu et al. 2014</small>
* ''R. kroppenstedtii'' <small>Mayilraj et al. 2006</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus kunmingensis was reclassified as Aldersonia kunmingensis. -->
* ''R. kyotonensis'' <small>Li et al. 2007</small>
* ''R. lactis'' <small>Singh et al. 2015</small>
<!-- "Rhodococcus lentifragmentus" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- Rhodococcus luteus was reclassified as Rhodococcus fascians. -->
* ''R. maanshanensis'' <small>Zhang et al. 2002</small>
* ''[[Biology:Rhodococcus marinonascens|R. marinonascens]]'' <small>Helmke and Weyland 1984</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus maris was reclassified as Dietzia maris. -->
* ''R. nanhaiensis'' <small>Li et al. 2012</small>
* ''R. obuensis'' <small>Tsukamura 1983</small>
* ''R. olei'' <small>Chaudhary and Kim 2018</small><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.002750| pmid=29620494|title = ''Rhodococcus olei'' sp. nov., with the ability to degrade petroleum oil, isolated from oil-contaminated soil| journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology| volume=68| issue=5| pages=1749–1756|year = 2018|last1 = Chaudhary|first1 = Dhiraj Kumar| last2=Kim| first2=Jaisoo| doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ''[[Biology:Rhodococcus opacus|R. opacus]]'' <small>Klatte et al. 1995</small>
* ''R. oryzae'' <small>Li et al. 2020</small>
* ''R. pedocola'' <small>Nguyen and Kim 2016</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus percolatus was reclassified as Rhodococcus opacus. -->
* ''[[Biology:Rhodococcus phenolicus|R. phenolicus]]'' <small>Rehfuss and Urban 2006</small>
* "''R. psychrotolerans''" <small>Silva et al. 2018</small>
* ''R. pyridinivorans'' <small>Yoon et al. 2000</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus qingshengii was reclassified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. -->
[[File:Rhodococcus rhodnii NRRL B-16535 (Type Strain).jpg|thumb|''Rhodococcus rhodnii''  on agar plate]]
* ''R. rhodnii'' <small>Goodfellow and Alderson 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Biology:Rhodococcus rhodochrous|R. rhodochrous]]'' <small>(Zopf 1891) Tsukamura 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus roseus was reclassified as Rhodococcus rhodochrous. -->
* ''R. ruber'' <small>(Kruse 1896) Goodfellow and Alderson 1977 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus rubropertinctus was reclassified as Gordonia rubripertincta. -->
* ''R. soli'' <small>Li et al. 2015</small>
* ''R. sovatensis'' <small>Táncsics et al. 2017</small>
* ''R. spelaei'' <small>Lee and Kim 2021</small>
* ''R. spongiicola'' <small>Zhang et al. 2021</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus sputi was reclassified as Gordonia sputi. -->
* ''R. subtropicus'' <small>Lee et al. 2019</small>
<!-- Rhodococcus terrae was reclassified as Gordonia terrae. -->
* ''R. triatomae'' <small>Yassin 2005</small>
* ''R. trifolii'' <small>Kämpfer et al. 2013</small>
* ''R. tukisamuensis'' <small>Matsuyama et al. 2003</small>
* ''R. wratislaviensis'' <small>(Goodfellow et al. 1995) Goodfellow et al. 2002</small>
* ''R. xishaensis'' <small>Zhang et al. 2021</small>
* ''R. yunnanensis'' <small>Zhang et al. 2005</small>
[[File:Rhodococcus zopfii NRRL B-16942 (Type Strain).jpg|thumb|''Rhodococcus zopfii'' on agar plate]]
* ''R. zopfii'' <small>Stoecker et al. 1994</small>
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q288311}}

[[Category:Bacteria genera]]

{{Sourceattribution|Rhodococcus}}