View source for Biology:Scandia (plant)

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plant}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Scandia rosifolia kz4.jpg
|image_caption = ''Scandia rosifolia''
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Scandia (plant)
|authority = J.W.Dawson
}}

'''''Scandia''''' is a genus of [[Biology:Flowering plant|flowering plant]]s belonging to the family [[Biology:Apiaceae|Apiaceae]].<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Scandia'' J.W.Dawson {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:40485-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It is also in tribe Aciphylleae, with plants, ''[[Biology:Gingidia|Gingidia]]'' Dawson and ''[[Biology:Lignocarpa|Lignocarpa]]'' Dawson, with all three genera being native to New Zealand.<ref name="Mitchell">{{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=A. D. |last2=Webb |first2=C. J. |last3=Wagstaff |first3=S. J. |title=Phylogenetic relationships of species of Gingidia and related genera (Apiaceae, subfamily Apioideae) |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |date=1998 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=417–424 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1998.9512580|doi-access=free }}</ref> They are scrambling shrubs with white flowers.

==Description==
''Scandia'' is a [[Biology:Perennial|perennial]] subshrubs or [[Biology:Liana|liana]] (a woody climbing plant).<ref name=Kadereit>Joachim W. Kadereit and Volker Bittrich (Editors) {{google books|6mqPDwAAQBAJ|The Families and Genre of Vascular Plants: Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae), 2019|page=182}}</ref><ref name="nzflora">{{cite web |title=Scandia J.W.Dawson |url=https://www.https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/Taxon/Scandia.html.info/factsheet/Taxon/Scandia.html |publisher=nzflora.info |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> It is [[Biology:Glossary of botanical terms#glabrous|Glabrous]] (lacking surface ornamentation such as hairs, scales or bristles; smooth).<ref name=Kadereit/><ref name="nzflora"/> They form woody stems,<ref name="Mitchell"/> epecially in the older parts of the plant.<ref name="nzflora"/> The vegetative stems have elongated internodes which are decumbent (having branches growing horizontally along the ground but which are turned up at the ends) or it can grow through nearby shrubs.<ref name="nzflora"/><ref name="Mitchell"/><ref name="Dawson">{{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=J. W. |title=New Zealand umbrelliferae Lignocarpa gen. nov. and Scandia gen. nov. |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |date=1967 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=400–417|doi=10.1080/0028825X.1967.10428755 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Scandia geniculata'' has weaker stems than ''Scandia rosifolia'' and may climb up to {{convert|2|m|0|abbr=on}} or more through other closeby vegetation.<ref name="Mitchell"/> It has cauline (borne on an aerial stem) leaves, which are simple or once pinnately compound and they are subfleshy or subcoriaceous (slightly leathery). The leaflets are ovate to obovate (in shape) and serrate (toothed with asymmetrical teeth) or crenate (blunt or rounded teeth) on the edges.<ref name=Kadereit/><ref name="nzflora"/> The stomata (pores in the leaf) are restricted to the under surface of the leaf. It has a sheath open at the top and produced into a pair of membranous lobes. The [[Biology:Petiole (botany)|petioles]] (leaf stallks) have broad adaxial grooves.<ref name="nzflora"/>
It is gynodioecious (in which female and hermaphroditic plants coexist within a population).<ref name="Dawson"/><ref>G. Kuschel (Editor) {{google books|8PrtCAAAQBAJ|Biogeography and Ecology in New Zealand (2012)|page=192}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=J. W. |last2=Lloyd |first2=David G. |title=Sex ratios in New Zealand apioid Umbelliferae |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |date=1980 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=121–126 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427238|doi-access=free }}</ref> <!-- also <ref name=Kadereit/><ref name="nzflora"/> -->
The flowers are terminal (at the ends of stems),<ref name="Dawson"/> it has simple bracts,<ref name="nzflora"/> which are narrow-linear in shape and folicaeous (resembling a leaf or leaves).<ref name=Kadereit/> It bears large quantities of white flower heads that have a great resemblance to that of 'Queen Anne’s Lace' (or ''[[Biology:Ammi majus|Ammi majus]]'').<ref name="Lands">{{cite web |title=Scandia |url=https://www.o2landscapes.com/plants/scandia/ |website=O2 Landscapes |access-date=18 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The sepals are smaller than petals, and the petals of female flowers are smaller than those of the male and hermaphrodite plants.<ref name="nzflora"/> The female flowers have conspicuous petals and rudimentary staminodes (a sterile stamen).<ref name=Kadereit/><ref name="nzflora"/><ref name="Dawson"/> It has slender [[Biology:Gynoecium|styles]],<ref name=Kadereit/><ref name="nzflora"/> and conical shaped stylopodium (elongate stigma that resembles a style; or a false style).<ref name=Kadereit/>
After flowering, it produces a seed capsule/ fruit, which is ovate-elliptsoid in shape and slightly compressed dorsally or subterete (not precisely cylindrical). The mericarps (one segment of a fruit) has five acute ribs.<ref name="nzflora"/> The dorsal and lateral ribs are acute or narrowly winged and the marginal ribs are broadly winged. The carpophore (an elongation of the base of the gynoecium which looks distinct) is bifid (forked) almost to the base. <ref name=Kadereit/> The vittae (an oil tube) is large and has a resin canal (vallecular), [[Biology:Commissure|commissural]] (has 2 faces). It has a rib oil ducts in each rib.<ref name=Kadereit/> The seeds are trasversely subterete to slightly compressed dorsally (in shape). They are sulcate under the vittae, with the face convex.<ref name=Kadereit/>

===Biochemistry===
It is diploid, containing two copies of each [[Biology:Chromosome|chromosome]] and has the [[Biology:Somatic|somatic]] number of 2n=22.<ref name=Kadereit/>

==Habitat==
It is native to [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]].<ref name="POWO"/><ref name=Kadereit/> Both species are found in coastal or low-altitude inland habitats,<ref name="Mitchell"/> ''Scandia rosaefolia'' is found in northern and central parts of the North Island and ''Scandia geniculata'' is found in the southern part of the North Island and in the east of the South Island.<ref name="Dawson"/> 

==Taxonomy==
It contains two species that were formerly placed in the genus ''[[Biology:Angelica|Angelica]]'' (also within the same Apiaceae family).<ref>{{cite web |title=Scandia rosifolia - The University of Auckland |url=https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/seed-plants-flowering/apiaceae/scandia-rosifolia.html |website=www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> ''Scandia rosifolia'' was designated as ''Angelica rosaefolia''. It was also originally classified by W.J. Hooker as ''Anisotome rosaefolia''.<ref name="Lands"/><ref>{{cite web |title=''Scandia rosifolia'' (Hook.) J.W.Dawson {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:847958-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=18 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Webb |first1=C. J. |title=A rose by any other name: Two problems of scent in the naming and typification of New Zealand plants |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |date=1996 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=281–283|doi=10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410693 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

It was first described and published in New Zealand J. Bot. Vol.5 on page 407 in 1967.<ref name="POWO"/> The genus name of ''Scandia'' is derived from the Latin, ''scandere'', which means 'to climb'.<ref name="Lands"/><ref>‘Meanings and origins of botanical names of New Zealand plants’ (Taylor, M. 2002. Auckland Botanical Society Bulletin 26.)</ref>

The genus is recognized by the United States Department of Agriculture and the [[Organization:Agricultural Research Service|Agricultural Research Service]], but they do not list any known species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Genus ''Scandia'' J. W. Dawson |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=10802 |website=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref>

==Known species==
There are 2 accepted species;
{{linked species list
|Scandia geniculata |(G.Forst.) J.W.Dawson
|Scandia rosifolia |(Hook.) J.W.Dawson }}
 
''Scandia geniculata'' is commonly known as 'New Zealand Aniseed'.{{cn|date=January 2023}}
The Latin [[Biology:Binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] of 'geniculata' is derived from the Latin word for 'jointed', no doubt referring to the manner by which its climbing stems are arranged.<ref name="Lands"/>

==Uses==
Both species of ''Scandia'' have been used by the Dutch garden designer and author, Piet Oudolf.<ref name="Lands"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
* Lawrence James Metcalf, The Cultivation of New Zealand Plants, Godwit Press, 1993
* Lucy B. Moore, The Oxford Book of New Zealand Plants, Oxford University Press, 1978

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14943705}}

[[Category:Apioideae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Scandia (plant)}}