View source for Biology:Schizomyia viticola

{{speciesbox
| image=Schizomyia_viticola_galls.jpg
| image_caption=''S. viticola'' galls.
| taxon = Schizomyia viticola
| authority = (Osten Sacken, 1862)<ref name="Gagné et al., 2014" />
| synonyms = {{species list
|Cecidomyia viticola|Osten Sacken, 1862<ref name="Osten Sacken, 1862" />
|Cecidomyia vitis lituus|Walsh & Riley, 1870<ref name="Walsh et al., 1869" />
|Cecidomyia vitislituus|Osten Sacken, 1878<ref name="Osten Sacken, 1878" />
|Cecidomyia lituus|Felt, 1911<ref name="Felt, 1911" />}}
|synonyms_ref=<ref name="Gagné et al., 2014" />
}}
'''''Schizomyia viticola''''', the '''grape tube gallmaker''', is a species of gall midge found in the eastern United States and Canada. It produces green or bright red galls on new world [[Biology:Vitis|grape vines]].<ref name="Beutenmüller, 1904" />

==Taxonomic history and names==
In 1862, Carl Robert Osten-Sacken [[Biology:Species description|described]] this species, placing it in the genus ''[[Biology:Cecidomyia|Cecidomyia]]''. He based the description on galls on ''Vitis'' and larvae found in the vicinity of [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="Osten Sacken, 1862"/>

The magazine ''The American Entomologist'' had a column where readers could ask for identifications. In 1869 a reader from Piermont, New York, asked the editors about the crimson galls found on a grape leaf. The editors, Benjamin Dann Walsh and Charles Valentine Riley, responded that in unpublished manuscripts of theirs they had given the galls the name ''Vitis lituus'' and noted they were made by a gall gnat in the genus ''Cecidomyia''.<ref name="Walsh et al., 1869"/> This would create a specific name ''Cecidomyia vitis lituus'', which is an [[Biology:Unavailable name|unavailable name]].<ref name="Wheeler et al., 2010" /><ref name="Gagné et al., 2014" /> In 1911, Ephraim Porter Felt incorrectly referred to this species as "''Cecidomyia lituus'' {{small|Walsh}}",<ref name="Felt, 1911"/><ref name="Gagné et al., 2014" /> In 1878, Osten-Sacken noted that "the gall ''Vitis-lituus'' {{small|Riley}}" was the same as his ''C. viticola''.<ref name="Osten Sacken, 1878" />

The specific epithet ''viticola'' is a Latin noun in [[Social:Apposition|apposition]]; it consists of the word ''{{lang|la|vitis}}'' "grape vine" and the suffix ''{{lang|la|-cola}}'' "one who inhabits".<ref name=Latin-viticola/><ref name=Latin-vitis/><ref name=Latin-cola /> The Latin noun ''{{lang|la|lituus}}'' used in its synonyms refers to a kind of curved staff or curved trumpet.<ref name=Latin-lituus />

==Distribution==
It is found throughout the eastern Nearctic.<ref name="Gagné et al., 2014" /> The type locality is the "environs of Washington [DC]".<ref name="Osten Sacken, 1862" />{{rp|190}}<ref name="Gagné et al., 2014" />

''S. viticola'' has been documented in the following American states:
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Alabama<ref name="CEIR 14(41)" />
* Connecticut<ref name="Britton, 1932" /><ref name="Britton, 1937" />
* Indiana<ref name="Cook, 1908" /><ref name="Shelford, 1937" />
* Iowa<ref name="IPSB 9(8)" /><ref name="CEIR 14(31)" />
* Missouri<ref name="Riley, 1873" />
* Nebraska<ref name="IPSB 19(8)" />
* New Jersey<ref name="Smith, 1900" /><ref name="Felt, 1920" />
* New York<ref name="Walsh et al., 1869" /><ref name="Beutenmüller, 1904" /><ref name="Felt, 1914" /><ref name="Burnham, 1923" /> 
* Ohio<ref name="Sears, 1914" />
* Pennsylvania<ref name="CEIR 12(29)" />
* Virginia<ref name="CEIR 12(24)" /><ref name="CEIR 13(10)" />
{{div col end}}
This species has also been documented in Ontario, Canada.<ref name="Rahemi et al., 2014" /><ref name="Jarvis, 1905" /><ref name="Jarvis, 1908" />

There had been reports of this species being found in Japan,<ref name="Yukawa et al., 1979" /> but these are now taken to be misidentifications.<ref name="Sato et al., 2006"/><ref name="Gagné et al., 2014" />

==Description==
===Gall===
There can be up to 75 galls<ref name="Felt, 1914" /> or even 135 galls<ref name="Sanderson, 1889" /> on a single leaf. The galls are typically on the upper side of the leaf; their color is typically crimson, although they can be green when young or on the leaf's underside.<ref name="Riley, 1873" /> They measure approximately {{convert|7|–|10|mm|1}} long.<ref name="Jarvis, 1905" /> The diameter of the gall at its base is {{convert|1.5|–|3|mm|2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Thompson, 1915" /><ref name="Jarvis, 1905" /> They are narrow and conical, and sometimes have a slight curve at the tip.<ref name="Cook, 1908" /> The galls each contain a single chamber,<ref name="Jarvis, 1905" /> which is smooth inside.<ref name="Felt, 1914"/> Common names for the gall include the grape-leaf trumpet-gall,<ref name="Sanderson, 1889" /> the conical grape gall,<ref name="Felt, 1914" /> and the grape tube gall.<ref name="Britton, 1932" />

===Larvae===
The larva measures about {{convert|1|mm|2|abbr=on}} long. It is moderately stout, pale yellowish green. Its head is broad, broadly rounded anteriorly, almost subglobose. The antennae are moderately long, stout, and biarticulate; the basal segment is disk-like, while the apical one has a length over twice its diameter. There are conspicuous brownish spots near the latero-posterior angles of the head. Its skin is smooth with distinct segmentation. The breast-bone is weakly chitinized, minute, and reniform. The anterior margin has two small submedian teeth and more laterally there is a pair of smaller teeth. A small scattering of setae occur on the body. Its posterior extremity is bilobed: the ventral portion bears stout, submedian, chitinous, upcurved processes, and each has an indistinct basal tooth anteriorly. The extermities at its posterior extremity are prehensile. The dorsal lobe is broad and obliquely truncate as seen from the side. The face is armed with an irregular series of moderately large, conical, chitinous teeth.<ref>{{Citation-attribution|{{harvtxt|Felt|1914}}.}}</ref>

The larvae have also been described as pale orange.<ref name="Riley, 1873" /><ref name="Osten Sacken, 1862" /><ref name="Sanderson, 1889" />

===Adult===
The adult is reportedly microscopic in size.<ref name="Sanderson, 1889" />

==Relationship with plants==
Its larvae build galls on various species of the grape vine genus ''[[Biology:Vitis|Vitis]]''.<ref name="Gagné et al., 2014" /> They have been found on leaves of ''[[Biology:Vitis riparia|V. riparia]]'', ''[[Biology:Vitis labrusca|V. labrusca]]'', and ''[[Biology:Vitis vulpina|V. vulpina]]''.<ref name="Riley, 1873"/> Its galls have also been found on ''[[Biology:Vitis aestivalis|V. aestivalis {{noitalic|var.}} bicolor]]''.<ref name="Cook, 1908" /> The galls are present in July and August,<ref name="Beutenmüller, 1904" /> although have been documented as late as September 8.<ref name="Britton, 1937"/>

These galls are usually rare in vineyards, and therefore not harmful,<ref name="Rahemi et al., 2014" /> nor are they particularly harmful towards wild plants.<ref name="Cook, 1908" /><ref name="Sanderson, 1889" />

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Beutenmüller, 1904">{{cite journal|last1=Beutenmüller|first1=William|title=The Insect-Galls of the Vicinity of New York City|journal=The American Museum Journal|date=1904|volume=4|page=118|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12267194|hdl-access=free|hdl=10088/26139}}</ref>

<ref name="Britton, 1932">{{cite book|last1=Britton|first1=W. E.|title=Connecticut State Entomologist Thirty-First Report 1931|date=1932|publisher=Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station|location=New Haven|page=500|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34794436|chapter=Entomological Features of 1931|series=Bulletin|volume=338}}</ref>

<ref name="Britton, 1937">{{cite book|last1=Britton|first1=W. E.|title=Connecticut State Entomologist Thirty-Sixth Report 1936|date=1937|publisher=Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station|location=New Haven|page=294|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34795750|chapter=Insect Record for 1936: Fruit Insects|series=Bulletin|volume=396}}</ref>

<ref name="Burnham, 1923">{{cite journal|last1=Burnham|first1=Stewart H.|last2=Latham|first2=Roy A.|title=The Flora of the Town of Southold, Long Island and Gardiner's Island, New York|journal=Torreya|date=1923|volume=23|issue=1|page=3|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32133463}}</ref>

<ref name="Cook, 1908">{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Mel T.|title=The Insect Galls of Indiana|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|date=1908|volume=1907|pages=95–96|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14655691}}</ref>

<ref name="Felt, 1911">{{cite journal|last1=Felt|first1=E. P.|title=Hosts and Galls of American Gall Midges|journal=Journal of Economic Entomology|date=1911|volume=4|issue=5|page=458|doi=10.1093/jee/4.5.451|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854736}}</ref>

<ref name="Felt, 1914">{{cite journal|last1=Felt|first1=E. P.|title=Conical Grape Gall|journal=Journal of Economic Entomology|date=1914|volume=7|issue=4|page=339|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9534530|ref=harv}}</ref>

<ref name="Felt, 1920">{{cite book|last1=Felt|first1=Ephraim Porter|title=Thirty-Fourth Report of the State Entomologist 1918|date=1920|page=76|chapter=Additions to the Collections, October 16, 1917 – October 15, 1918|series=New York State Museum Bulletin|volume=231–232|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35179791}}</ref>

<ref name="Gagné et al., 2014">{{cite book|last1=Gagné|first1=Raymond J.|last2=Jaschhof|first2=Mathias|title=A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World|date=2014|publisher=USDA|location=Washington|isbn=978-0-615-92644-5|page=335|edition=3rd|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_2014_World_Cecidomyiidae_Catalog_3rd_Edition.pdf#page=335}}</ref>

<ref name="Jarvis, 1905">{{cite journal|last1=Jarvis|first1=Tennyson D.|title=Insect Galls of Ontario|journal=Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario|date=1905|orig-year=1906|volume=36|issue=19|page=67|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27900267}}</ref>

<ref name="Jarvis, 1908">{{cite journal|last1=Jarvis|first1=Tennyson D.|title=A Catalogue of the Gall Insects of Ontario|journal=Entomological Society of Ontario|date=1908|orig-year=1909|volume=39|page=82|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27900554|postscript=; [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27900575 Pl. O], Fig. 1.}}</ref>

<ref name="Osten Sacken, 1862">{{cite book|contributor-last=Osten Sacken|contributor-first1=R.|title=Monographs of the Diptera of North America. Part I|series=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington|contribution=On the North American Cecidomydae|last=Loew|first=H.|date=1862|volume=6|issue=1|page=202|contribution-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17046323}}</ref>

<ref name="Osten Sacken, 1878">{{cite book|last1=Osten Sacken|first1=C. R.|title=Catalogue of the Described Diptera of North America|date=1878|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington|page=7|edition=2nd|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1329588|hdl-access=free|hdl=10088/23132|series=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections|volume=270}}</ref>

<ref name="Rahemi et al., 2014">{{cite journal|last1=Rahemi|first1=Alireza|last2=Dale|first2=Adam|last3=Fisher|first3=Helen|last4=Kelly|first4=John|last5=Taghavi|first5=Toktam|last6=Singleton|first6=Carol|last7=Bonnycastle|first7=Adam|title=Distribution of Pests on ''Vitis riparia'' in Sandy Soils of the South-Western Ontario|journal=Journal of Plant Studies|date=2014|volume=4|issue=1|pages=21–26|doi=10.5539/jps.v4n1p21|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Riley, 1873">{{cite book|last1=Riley|first1=Charles V.|title=Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of the State of Missouri|volume=5|date=1873|publisher=Regan & Carter|location=Jefferson City|pages=118–119|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14961212|chapter=The Grape-leaf Trumpet-gall—''Vitis viticola'' O.S.}}</ref>

<ref name="Sanderson, 1889">{{cite journal|last1=Sanderson|first1=E. Dwight|title=The Grape-leaf Trumpet-Gall|journal=American Gardening|date=1899|volume=20|issue=241|page=543|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293102644618;view=1up;seq=391}}</ref>

<ref name="Sato et al., 2006">{{cite journal|last1=Sato|first1=Shinsuke|last2=Yukawa|first2=Junichi|title=Resurrection of ''Rabdophaga salicivora'' Shinji (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Japanese gall midge formerly misidentified as a North American species, ''Rabdophaga rigidae'' (Osten Sacken), with observations on the phylogenetic relationships of its populations in Japan and the Russian Far East|journal=Entomological Science|date=2006|volume=9|issue=4|pages=423–424|doi=10.1111/j.1479-8298.2006.00188.x}}</ref>

<ref name="Sears, 1914">{{cite journal|last1=Sears|first1=Paul B.|title=The Insect Galls of Cedar Point and Vicinity|journal=The Ohio Naturalist|date=1914|volume=15|issue=2|pages=386–387|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciecology/4|id={{BHLpage|50337408}}|postscript=; [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50337414 Pl. 21], Fig. 51.}}</ref>

<ref name="Shelford, 1937">{{cite book|last1=Shelford|first1=Victor E.|title=Animal Communities in Temperate America: As Illustrated in the Chicago Region: A Study in Animal Ecology|date=1937|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|page=191|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6790122|chapter=Animal Communities of Swamp and Flood-Plain Forests}}</ref>

<ref name="Smith, 1900">{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=John B.|title=Insects of New Jersey|date=1900|publisher=MacCrellish & Quigley|location=Trenton|page=621|contribution-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24636398|contribution=Order Diptera|contributor-last=Johnson|contributor-first=Chas. W.}}</ref>

<ref name="Thompson, 1915">{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Millett Taylor|title=An Illustrated Catalogue of American Insect Galls|date=1915|location=Nassau, Rensselaer Co., NY|page=53|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339912|chapter=Supplemental List of American Gall-Making Insects|quote=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9882863 Pl. 10], Fig. 232.}}</ref>

<ref name="Walsh et al., 1869">{{cite journal|editor1-last=Walsh|editor1-first=Benj. D.|editor2-last=Riley|editor2-first=Chas. V.|title=The Trumpet Grape-gall|department=Answers to Correspondents|journal=The American Entomologist|date=1869|volume=2|issue=1|page=28|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32620437}}</ref>

<ref name="Wheeler et al., 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Wheeler|first1=Alfred G.|last2=Hoebeke|first2=E. Richard|last3=Smith|first3=Edward H.|title=Charles Valentine Riley: Taxonomic Contributions of an Eminent Agricultural Entomologist|journal=American Entomologist|date=2010|volume=56|issue=1|page=22|doi=10.1093/ae/56.1.14|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Yukawa et al., 1979">{{cite journal|last1=Yukawa|first1=Junichi|last2=Sunose|first2=Tsukaka|title=Midge Galls of Hokkaido|journal=Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University|date=1979|volume=15|page=91|hdl-access=free|hdl=10232/3095}}</ref>

<ref name="CEIR 12(24)">{{cite journal|author1=Plant Pest Control Division|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Cooperative Economic Insect Report|date=1962|volume=12|issue=24|page=623|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32000064}}</ref>

<ref name="CEIR 12(29)">{{cite journal|author1=Plant Pest Control Division|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Cooperative Economic Insect Report|date=1962|volume=12|issue=29|page=795|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43485493}}</ref>

<ref name="CEIR 13(10)">{{cite journal|author1=Plant Pest Control Division|title=Grape Insects|journal=Cooperative Economic Insect Report|date=1963|volume=13|issue=10|page=206|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32022089}}</ref>

<ref name="CEIR 14(31)">{{cite journal|author1=Plant Pest Control Division|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Cooperative Economic Insect Report|date=1964|volume=14|issue=31|page=872|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31890119}}</ref>

<ref name="CEIR 14(41)">{{cite journal|author1=Plant Pest Control Division|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Cooperative Economic Insect Report|date=1964|volume=14|issue=41|page=1128|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31890415}}</ref>

<ref name="IPSB 9(8)">{{cite journal|author1=Bureau of Entomology|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Insect Pest Survey Bulletin|date=1929|volume=9|issue=8|page=329|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50353193}}</ref>

<ref name="IPSB 19(8)">{{cite journal|author1=Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Insect Pest Survey Bulletin|date=1939|volume=19|issue=8|page=496|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53109840}}</ref>

<ref name=Latin-cola>{{cite dictionary|dictionary=Oxford Latin Dictionary|date=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=349|entry=-cola|quote=denotes one who inhabits, tills, or worships.}}</ref>
<ref name=Latin-vitis>{{cite dictionary|dictionary=Oxford Latin Dictionary|date=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=2079|entry=uītis|quote=A grape-vine.}}</ref>
<ref name=Latin-viticola>{{cite dictionary|dictionary=Oxford Latin Dictionary|date=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=2079|entry=uīticola|quote={{sm|vitis}} + {{sm|-cola}}.}}</ref>
<ref name=Latin-lituus>{{cite dictionary|dictionary=Oxford Latin Dictionary|date=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=1039|entry=lituus|quote=1. A curved staff carried by augurs. [...] 2. A kind of war-trumpet curved at one end.}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Melville Thurston|title=Galls and Insects Producing Them. Appendix I|journal=The Ohio Naturalist|date=1904|volume=4|issue=6|page=141|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50317973|postscript=; [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50317977 Pl. 13], Fig. 118.}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Felt|first1=Ephraim Porter|title=Key to American Insect Galls|journal=New York State Museum Bulletin|date=1917|volume=71.2|issue=200|page=168|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885367}} 
* {{cite book|last1=Lutz|first1=Frank E.|title=Field Book of Insects|date=1921|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York|page=470|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34958033|chapter=Notes on some of the Gall Made of Plants by Insects and their Relatives|postscript=; [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34958034 Pl. 101], Fig. 2.}}

{{refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13621745}}

[[Category:Cecidomyiinae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Schizomyia viticola|1}}