View source for Biology:Sedoreoviridae

{{Short description|Family of viruses}}
{{Virusbox
| name = ''Sedoreoviridae''
| image = 10.1371 journal.ppat.1004157.g003.ABC.png
| image_caption = Cryo-EM reconstruction of a [[Biology:Rotavirus|rotavirus]]
| taxon = Reoviridae
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies and genera
| subdivision = see text
}}

Sedoreoviridae (formerly '''''Reoviridae''''') is a family of [[Biology:Double-stranded RNA viruses|double-stranded RNA viruses]]. Member viruses have a wide [[Biology:Host|host]] range, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists and fungi.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/104.html|publisher=ExPASy|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> They lack lipid [[Biology:Viral envelope|envelopes]] and package their segmented genome within multi-layered [[Biology:Capsid|capsid]]s. Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed [[Biology:Protein tertiary structure|three-dimensional structures]] of these large complex viruses (diameter ~60–100 nm) to be obtained, revealing a structural and likely evolutionary relationship to the [[Biology:Cystovirus|cystovirus]] family of [[Biology:Bacteriophage|bacteriophage]].<ref name=Gugliemi>{{cite journal |last1=Guglielmi |first1=KM |last2=Johnson |first2=EM |last3=Stehle |first3=T |last4=Dermody |first4=TS |title=Attachment and Cell Entry of Mammalian Orthoreovirus |journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol |series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |date=2006 |volume=309 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1007/3-540-30773-7_1 |pmid=16909895|isbn=978-3-540-30772-3 }}</ref> There are currently 97 [[Biology:Species|species]] in this family, divided among 15 [[Biology:Genus|genera]] in two subfamilies.<ref name=ICTV>{{cite web|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release|website=talk.ictvonline.org|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system (such as [[Biology:Rotavirus|rotavirus]]es) and [[Medicine:Respiratory tract|respiratory tract]].<ref name="Pattonrnav">{{cite book |editor=Patton JT |title=Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology |publisher=Caister Academic Press |date=2008 |url=http://www.horizonpress.com/rnav |isbn=978-1-904455-21-9}}</ref> The name "reo-" is an acronym for "''r''espiratory ''e''nteric ''o''rphan" viruses''.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fenner |first1=F |title=The classification and nomenclature of viruses. Summary of results of meetings of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in Madrid, September 1975 |journal=Virology |date=June 1976 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=371–8 |doi=10.1016/0042-6822(76)90364-0 |doi-access=free |pmid=820065 |pmc=7131526}}</ref> The term "[[Biology:Orphan virus|orphan virus]]" refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease. Even though viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' have more recently been identified with various diseases, the original name is still used.

Reovirus infections occur often in humans, but most cases are mild or subclinical. [[Biology:Rotavirus|Rotavirus]]es, however, can cause severe [[Medicine:Diarrhea|diarrhea]] and intestinal distress in children, and lab studies in mice have implicated [[Biology:Orthoreovirus|orthoreovirus]]es in the expression of [[Medicine:Coeliac disease|coeliac disease]] in pre-disposed individuals.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bouziat|first=R  |display-authors=0|title=Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease|journal=Science|date=April 7, 2017|volume=356|issue=6333|pages=44–50|doi=10.1126/science.aah5298|pmid=28386004 |pmc=5506690  |bibcode=2017Sci...356...44B  }}</ref> The virus can be readily detected in [[Biology:Feces|feces]], and may also be recovered from [[Biology:Pharynx|pharyngeal]] or nasal secretions, urine, [[Biology:Cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]], and blood. Despite the ease of finding reoviruses in clinical specimens, their role in human disease or treatment is still uncertain.

Some viruses of this family, such as [[Biology:Phytoreovirus|phytoreovirus]]es and [[Biology:Oryzavirus|oryzavirus]]es, infect plants. Most of the plant-infecting reoviruses are transmitted between plants by insect vectors. The viruses [[Biology:Viral replication|replicate]] in both the plant and the insect, generally causing disease in the plant, but little or no harm to the infected insect.<ref name=Carter>{{Cite book|title=Virology: Principles and Applications|last1=Carter| first1=John|last2=Saunders|first2=Venetia|publisher=Wiley|year=2007|isbn=978-0-470-02386-0|location=West Sussex}}</ref>{{rp|148}}

== Structure ==
[[File:Viruses-07-02936-g001-A.png|upright=1|thumb|right|Structure of a reovirus]]
Reoviruses are non-enveloped and have an [[Icosahedron|icosahedral]] [[Biology:Capsid|capsid]] composed of an outer ([[Biology:Capsid#Triangulation number|T]]=13) and inner (T=2) protein shell.<ref name=ViralZone /><ref name="MicrobiologyBytes">{{cite web|url=http://www.microbiologybytes.com/virology/Reoviruses.html |website=MicrobiologyBytes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521232505/http://www.microbiologybytes.com/virology/Reoviruses.html |archive-date=2015-05-21 |title=Reoviruses}}</ref> Ultrastructure studies show that virion capsids are composed of two or three separate layers which depends on species type. The innermost layer (core) has T=1 icosahedral symmetry and is composed of 60 different types of structural proteins. The core contains the genome segments, each of them encode a variety enzyme structure which is required for transcription. The core is covered by capsid layer T=13 icosahedral symmetry. Reoviruses have a unique structure which is contains a glycolisated spike protein on the surface.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Payne S |title= Family Reoviridae |journal=Viruses  |pages=219–226|date=2017 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00026-X|isbn= 9780128031094 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Genome ==
The genomes of viruses in family ''Reoviridae'' contain 9–12 segments which are grouped into three categories corresponding to their size: L (large), M (medium) and S (small). Segments range from about 0.2 to 3&nbsp;kbp and each segment encodes 1–3 proteins (10–14 proteins in total<ref name=ViralZone />). Proteins of viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' are denoted by the Greek character corresponding to the segment it was translated from (the L segment encodes for λ proteins, the M segment encodes for μ proteins and the S segment encodes for σ proteins).<ref name="MicrobiologyBytes"/>

==Life cycle==
[[File:Viruses-07-02936-g001-C.png|thumb|Life cycle of a reovirus|upright=1]]
Viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' have genomes consisting of segmented, [[Biology:Double-stranded RNA viruses|double-stranded RNA]] (dsRNA).<ref name="Pattonrnav" /> Because of this, replication occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, and the virus encodes several proteins which are needed for replication and conversion of the dsRNA genome into positive-sense RNAs.<ref name=":0" />

The virus can enter the host cell via a receptor on the cell surface. The receptor is not known but is thought to include [[Chemistry:Sialic acid|sialic acid]] and [[Biology:Junctional adhesion molecule|junctional adhesion molecule]]s (JAMs).<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Barton|first=ES |author2=Forrest, JC |author3=Connolly, JL |author4=Chappell, JD |author5=Liu, Y |author6=Schnell, FJ |author7=Nusrat, A |author8=Parkos, CA |author9=Dermody, TS|title=Junction adhesion molecule is a receptor for reovirus.|journal=Cell|date=February 9, 2001|volume=104|issue=3|pages=441–51|pmid=11239401|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00231-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> The virus is partially uncoated by proteases in the endolysosome, where the capsid is partially digested to allow further cell entry. The core particle then enters the cytoplasm by a yet unknown process where the genome is transcribed conservatively causing an excess of positive-sense strands, which are used as [[Biology:Messenger RNA|messenger RNA]] templates to synthesize negative-sense strands.<ref name=":0" />

The genome of the rotavirus is divided into 11 segments. These segments are associated with the VP1 molecule which is responsible for RNA synthesis. In early events, the selection process occurs so that the entry of the 11 different RNA segments go in the cell. This procedure is performed by newly synthesized RNAs. This event ensures that one each of the 11 different RNA segments is received. In late events, the transcription process occurs again but this time is not capped unlike the early events. For virus different amounts of RNAs are required therefore during the translation step there is a control machinery. There are the same quantities of RNA segments but different quantities of proteins. The reason for this is that the RNA segments are not translated at the same rate.<ref name=Carter/>

Viral particles begin to assemble in the cytoplasm 6–7 hours after infection. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, suppression of termination, and  [[Biology:Ribosome shunting|ribosomal skipping]]. The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement, cell to cell movement, and existing in occlusion bodies after cell death and remaining infectious until finding another host.<ref name=ViralZone />
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Genus !! Host details !! [[Biology:Tissue tropism|Tissue tropism]] !! Entry details !! Release details !! Replication site !! Assembly site !! Transmission
|-
|Aquareovirus||Aquatic vertebrates: fish; aquatic invertebrates: shellfish; aquatic invertebrates: crustaceans||None||Cell receptor endocytosis||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Passive diffusion
|-
|Cardoreovirus||Crustaceans: crabs||None||Cell receptor endocytosis||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Arthropod bite
|-
|Coltivirus||Humans; rodents; ticks; mosquitoes||Erythrocytes||Cell receptor endocytosis||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Arthropod bite
|-
|Cypovirus||Insects||Midgut; goblet; fat||Cell receptor endocytosis||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Polyhedra: oral-fecal; vertical: eggs
|-
|Dinovernavirus||Insects; Mosquitoes||None||Unknown||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Unknown
|-
|Fijivirus||Plants: gramineae; plants: liliacea; planthoppers||Phloem||Viral movement; mechanical inoculation||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Delphacid plant hoppers
|-
|Idnoreovirus||Hymenoptera||Gut||Cell receptor endocytosis||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Unknown
|-
|Mimoreovirus||Algae||None||Cell receptor endocytosis||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Arthropod bite
|-
|Mycoreovirus||Fungi||Mycelium||Cell death; cytoplasmic exchange, sporogenesis; hyphal anastomosis||Cell death; cytoplasmic exchange, sporogenesis; hyphal anastomosis||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasmic exchange, sporogenesis; hyphal anastomosis
|-
|Orbivirus||Vertebrates; mosquitoes; midges; gnats; sandflies; ticks||None||Cell receptor endocytosis||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Arthropod bite
|-
|Orthoreovirus||Vertebrates||Epithelium: intestinal; epithelium:bile duct; epithelium: lung; leukocytes; endothelium: CNS||Clathrin-mediated endocytosis||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Aerosol; oral-fecal
|-
|Oryzavirus||Plants: graminae, Oryza sativa; planthoppers||None||Viral movement; mechanical||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Delphacid planthoppers
|-
|Phytoreovirus||Oryza sativa; leafhoppers||Phloem||Viral movement; mechanical inoculation||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Leafhoppers
|-
|Rotavirus||Humans; vertebrates||Intestinal mucosa||Clathrin-mediated endocytosis||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Oral-fecal
|-
|Seadornavirus||Humans; cattle; pigs; mosquitoes||None||Cell receptor endocytosis||Cell death||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Zoonosis; arthropod bite
|}

==Multiplicity reactivation==
[[Biology:Genetic recombination#Recombinational repair|Multiplicity reactivation]] (MR) is the process by which two or more virus genomes, each containing inactivating genome damage, can interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome. McClain and Spendlove<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McClain ME, Spendlove RS |title=Multiplicity reactivation of reovirus particles after exposure to ultraviolet light |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=1422–9 |date=November 1966 |pmid=5924273 |pmc=276440 |doi=10.1128/JB.92.5.1422-1429.1966 }}</ref> demonstrated MR for three types of reovirus after exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. In their experiments, reovirus particles were exposed to doses of UV-light that would be lethal in single infections. However, when two or more inactivated viruses were allowed to infect individual host cells MR occurred and viable progeny were produced. As they stated, multiplicity reactivation by definition involves some type of repair. Michod et al.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Michod | first1 = R. E.
| last2 = Bernstein | first2 = H.
| last3 = Nedelcu | first3 = A. M.
| doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002
| title = Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens
| journal = Infection, Genetics and Evolution
| volume = 8
| issue = 3
| pages = 267–285
| year = 2008
| pmid = 18295550
}}</ref> reviewed numerous examples of MR in different viruses, and suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction in viruses that provides the benefit of recombinational repair of genome damages.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

==Taxonomy==
The family ''Reoviridae'' is divided into two subfamilies<ref>{{Cite journal
  | last1 = Carstens  | first1 = E. B.
  | title = Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2009)
  | journal = Archives of Virology
  | volume = 155
  | issue = 1
  | pages = 133–146
  | date = January 2010
  | doi = 10.1007/s00705-009-0547-x
  | pmid = 19960211| pmc = 7086975
  }}</ref> based on the presence of a "turret" protein on the inner capsid.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Hill | first = Claire| year = 1999| title = The structure of a cypovirus and the functional organization of dsRNA viruses| journal = Nature Structural Biology | volume = 6| issue = 6| pages = 565–9| doi = 10.1038/9347 | pmid =10360362 |name-list-style=vanc| author2 =Booth T | author3 =Prasad B | display-authors =2 | last4 =Prasad | first4 =B. V. Venkataram | last5 =Grimes | first5 =Jonathan M. | last6 =Mertens | first6 =Peter P. C. | last7 =Sutton | first7 =Geoff C. | s2cid = 28217302}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Fields Virology |last=Knipe |first=David|year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7 |pages=1855 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia, Pa. |name-list-style=vanc|author2=Howley P |author3=Griffin D |display-authors=2 }}</ref> From ICTV communications: "The name ''Spinareovirinae'' will be used to identify the subfamily containing the spiked or turreted viruses and is derived from 'reovirus' and the Latin word 'spina' as a prefix, which means spike, denoting the presence of spikes or turrets on the surface of the core particles. The term 'spiked' is an alternative to 'turreted', that was used in early research to describe the structure of the particle, particularly with the cypoviruses. The name ''Sedoreovirinae'' will be used to identify the subfamily containing the non-turreted virus genera and is derived from 'reovirus' and the Latin word 'sedo', which means smooth, denoting the absence of spikes or turrets from the core particles of these viruses, which have a relatively smooth morphology."<ref>{{Cite web
  | first1 = Houssam
  | last1 = Attoui
  | first2 = Peter
  | last2 = Mertens
  | title= Template for Taxonomic Proposal to the ICTV Executive Committee To create a new SubFamily in an existing Family
  | series = 2007.127-129V.v2.Spina-Sedoreovirinae
  | pages = 1–9
  | website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
  | url = http://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_official_taxonomy_updates_since_the_8th_report/m/vertebrate-2008/1221.aspx
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100305130545/http://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_official_taxonomy_updates_since_the_8th_report/m/vertebrate-2008/1221.aspx
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = March 5, 2010
|url-access=subscription
  }}</ref>
[[File:12864 2010 10194 Fig5 A HTML.png|thumb|[[Biology:Phylogenetic tree|Phylogenetic tree]] of family ''Reoviridae'', dashed line divides subfamily ''Sedoreovirinae'' and ''Spinareovirinae''|upright=1.1]]
The family ''Reoviridae'' is divided into the following subfamilies and genera:

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* ''[[Biology:Sedoreovirinae|Sedoreovirinae]]''
** ''[[Biology:Cardoreovirus|Cardoreovirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Mimoreovirus|Mimoreovirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Orbivirus|Orbivirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Phytoreovirus|Phytoreovirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Rotavirus|Rotavirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Seadornavirus|Seadornavirus]]''
* ''[[Biology:Spinareovirinae|Spinareovirinae]]''
** ''[[Biology:Aquareovirus|Aquareovirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Coltivirus|Coltivirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Cypovirus|Cypovirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Dinovernavirus|Dinovernavirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Fijivirus|Fijivirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Idnoreovirus|Idnoreovirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Mycoreovirus|Mycoreovirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Orthoreovirus|Orthoreovirus]]''
** ''[[Biology:Oryzavirus|Oryzavirus]]''
{{div col end}}

==Therapeutic applications==
Although reoviruses are mostly nonpathogenic in humans, these viruses have served as very productive experimental models for studies of [[Biology:Viral pathogenesis|viral pathogenesis]].<ref>Acheson, Nicholas H. ''Fundamentals of Molecular Virology''. John Wiley and Sons (2011). p.234</ref> Newborn mice are extremely sensitive to reovirus infections and have been used as the preferred experimental system for studies of reovirus pathogenesis.<ref name=Gugliemi/>

Reoviruses have been demonstrated to have [[Biology:Oncolytic virus|oncolytic]] (cancer-killing) properties, encouraging the development of reovirus-based therapies for cancer treatment.<ref name="Kanai">{{cite journal |last1=Kanai |first1=Yuta |last2=Kobayashi |first2=Takeshi |title=FAST Proteins: Development and Use of Reverse Genetics Systems for Reoviridae Viruses |journal=Annual Review of Virology |date=29 September 2021 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=515–536 |doi=10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-070225 |pmid=34586868 |doi-access=free |issn=2327-056X}}</ref><ref name="pmid19806501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lal R, Harris D, Postel-Vinay S, de Bono J |date=October 2009 |title=Reovirus: Rationale and clinical trial update |journal=Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=532–9 |pmid=19806501}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cold virus hitches a ride to kill cancer: study|author=Kelland, K.|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cancer-cold-virus-idUSBRE85C19P20120613|newspaper=Reuters|date=13 June 2012|access-date=17 June 2012}}</ref>

[[Biology:Reolysin|Reolysin]] is a formulation of reovirus (Mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3-dearing strain<ref name="Dovepress, New Zealand NLM">{{cite journal|last1=Babiker|first1=H.M.|last2=Riaz|first2=I.B.|last3=Husnain|first3=M.|last4=Borad|first4=M.J.|title=Oncolytic virotherapy including Rigvir and standard therapies in malignant melanoma|journal=Oncolytic Virotherapy|date=February 2017|volume=6|pages=11–18|doi=10.2147/OV.S100072|pmid=28224120|pmc=5308590|publisher=Dovepress, New Zealand NLM|issn=2253-1572|id=101629828 |doi-access=free }}</ref>) that is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers,<ref name="pmid19565924">{{cite book |vauthors=Thirukkumaran C, Morris DG | chapter = Oncolytic Viral Therapy Using Reovirus | title = Gene Therapy of Cancer | volume = 542 | pages = 607–34 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19565924 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-59745-561-9_31 | series = Methods in Molecular Biology | isbn = 978-1-934115-85-5 }}</ref> including studies currently developed to investigate the role of Reolysin combined with other immunotherapies.<ref name="Dovepress, New Zealand NLM"/>

==See also==
* [[Biology:Double-stranded RNA viruses|Double-stranded RNA viruses]]
* [[Biology:Oncolytic virus|Oncolytic virus]]
* [[Biology:Orphan virus|Orphan virus]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_reovi.htm ICTV: Reoviridae]
* [http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=294 Description of plant viruses: Reoviridae]
* [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=reo ViPR: Reoviridae]
* {{cite web |title=''Reoviridae'' |work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=10880 |id=10880}}

{{Viruses}}
{{Baltimore classification}}
{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q910576}}

[[Category:Reoviruses| ]]
[[Category:Virus families]]
[[Category:Riboviria]]

{{Sourceattribution|Sedoreoviridae}}