View source for Biology:Silver Appleyard

{{Short description|Breed of duck}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{infobox poultry breed
| name          = Silver Appleyard
| image         = SILVER APPLEYARD DUCK 01.jpg
| image_size    =
| alt           = 
| image_caption = Silver Appleyard drakes
| status        = {{nobreak|FAO (2007): critically endangered{{r|barb|page=141}}}}
| altname       = Appleyard
| country       = United Kingdom
| distribution  =
| standard      =
| use           = dual-purpose
| apa           = heavy duck{{r|apa}}
| aba           = 
| ee            = no{{r|ee}}
| pcgb          = heavy{{r|pcgb}}
| maleweight    = 3.6–4.1 kg{{r|roberts|page=448}}
| femaleweight  =3.2–3.6 kg{{r|roberts|page=448}}
| skincolour     = white
| eggcolour      =white
| note          = 
| type          = Domestic duck
| latin         = Anas platyrhyncos
}}
[[File:Miniature Silver Appleyard Ducks (geograph 1826748, cropped).jpg|thumb|A group of female Miniature Silver Appleyards]]

The '''Silver Appleyard''' is a British breed of domestic duck.{{r|dad}} It was bred in the first half of the twentieth century by Reginald Appleyard, with the aim of creating a dual-purpose breed that would provide both a good quantity of meat and plenty of eggs. 

== History ==

The Silver Appleyard was bred in the 1930s at Priory Waterfowl Farm near Ixworth, in Suffolk, by Reginald Appleyard, an expert poultry breeder who also created the Ixworth breed of chicken.{{r|albc|bwa|rbst}} His aim in creating the breed is described in a leaflet he put out after the end of the Second World War: to create white-skinned duck with a wide, deep breast, which would also be beautiful to look at and would lay abundant white eggs. By the time the pamphlet was issued, his birds had won prizes at the Dairy Show in London and at Bethnal Green. In 1947 a pair of Silver Appleyards was painted by the animal painter Ernest George Wippell. Appleyard worked on the development and stabilisation of the breed until his death in 1964, but never produced a standard.{{r|chris}} When the Silver Appleyard standard was drawn up in 1982, it was based on Wippell's painting.{{r|bwa|pcgb2}}

Some birds were taken to the United States in the 1960s.{{r|albc}} The breed was added to the Standard of Perfection of the American Poultry Association in 2000. It is listed as "threatened" by the Livestock Conservancy.{{r|albc}}

There are two small-size versions of the Silver Appleyard. A Silver Appleyard Bantam was bred by Reginald Appleyard in the 1940s by cross-breeding Khaki Campbell ducks and Call drakes; it thus did not have the same genetic origin as the large bird. A Miniature Silver Appleyard, created by Tom Bartlett of Folly Farm, was recognised in 1997; it is about a third of the size of the large bird, and so is not small enough to be termed a bantam.{{r|pcgb|dad2}} Appleyard's bantam version was renamed, and is now the Silver Bantam.{{r|pcgb|dad3}}

== Characteristics ==

The Silver Appleyard is a "large, sturdily built duck" with a "blocky" physique and a prominent breast.  When full grown it weighs between six and eight pounds.<ref name="albc-usa_org_Holderread2">[http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/waterfowl/silverappleyard.html] Holderread, Dave. Breed Bulletin #8504: Silver Appleyard Ducks. Corvallis, OR: The Duck Preservation Center, 1985.</ref>

Drakes of this breed have a yellow or greenish-coloured bill which sometimes takes on a striated appearance when the duck is older.  The drake has a chestnut red breast, flank, sides, and shoulders with white "frosting and lacing" and a "creamy or silvery white" underside.  Drakes' wings are grey and white with a cross-stripe of bright blue.  Their tail feathers are a dark bronze colour.  Feet and legs are orange.{{r|albc}}

The Silver Appleyard hen has a yellow or orange bill with a black "bean".  Plumage is whitish with markings in various shades of brown and grey.  Her legs are yellow or orange with dark toenails and she, like the drake, also has wings marked with a blue cross-stripe.{{r|albc}}

The British Waterfowl Standards book lists criteria for an ideal example of this breed including (but not limited to) criteria such as:
*A well-rounded head feathered in iridescent green over brown black
*A slightly erect, alert and busy carriage
*A [[Biology:Bird anatomy|rump]] which is brown black with a slight iridescence, laced with white
*Legs that are set slightly back and well apart
*A medium length bill that is not wedge-shaped and that rises in a gentle curve to the brow
*Dark brown eyes

== Use ==

The Silver Appleyard was created as a dual-purpose breed, reared both for meat and for eggs. Birds for the table may reach a weight of {{nobreak|3 kg}} at nine weeks;{{r|pcgb2}} ducks are good layers of white eggs, and may lay some 200–270 per year.{{r|dave|page=28}} They are also kept for showing.

== References ==

{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=albc>[http://livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/silverappleyard Silver Appleyard Duck]. The Livestock Conservancy. Accessed March 2017.</ref>

<ref name=apa>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171104135004/http://www.amerpoultryassn.com/PDF%20Forms/APA%20Recognized%20Breeds%20and%20Varieties%20Sept2012.pdf APA Recognized Breeds and Varieties: As of January 1, 2012]. American Poultry Association. Archived 4 November 2017.</ref>

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{ISBN|9789251057629}}. Accessed January 2017.</ref>

<ref name=bwa>[http://www.waterfowl.org.uk/hvducks.html Heavy ducks]. British Waterfowl Association. Accessed March 2017.</ref>

<ref name=chris>Chris Ashton, Mike Ashton (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=asIoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT186 ''The Domestic Duck'']. Ramsbury, Marlborough: The Crowood Press. {{ISBN|9781847979704}}.</ref>

<ref name=dad>[http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=f74fbceadf7ea2902896d8c3e91c5a3a,reportsreport8a_50006330 Breed data sheet: Appleyard/United Kingdom]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2017.</ref>

<ref name=dad2>[http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=f74fbceadf7ea2902896d8c3e91c5a3a,reportsreport8a_50006331 Breed data sheet: Appleyard Bantam/United Kingdom]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2017.</ref>

<ref name=dad3>[http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=f74fbceadf7ea2902896d8c3e91c5a3a,reportsreport8a_50006355 Breed data sheet: Silver Bantam/United Kingdom]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2017.</ref>

<ref name=dave>Dave Holderread (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sB6g95tyzg4C ''Storey's Guide to Raising Ducks''], second edition. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. {{ISBN|9781603427456}}.</ref>

<ref name=ee>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616062803/http://www.entente-ee.com/deutsch/sparten/gefluegel/dateien/2013/Verzeichnis%20R%20F%2028042013.xls Liste des races et variétés homologuée dans les pays EE (28.04.2013)]. Entente Européenne d’Aviculture et de Cuniculture. Archived 16 June 2013.</ref>

<ref name=pcgb>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143235/http://www.poultryclub.org/img/Breed%20Classification.pdf Breed Classification]. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived 12 June 2018.</ref>

<ref name=pcgb2>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181109121231/http://www.poultryclub.org/breed-gallery/ducks/ Breed Gallery: Ducks]. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived 9 November 2018.</ref>

<ref name=rbst>[http://www.rbst.org.uk/Rare-and-Native-Breeds/Poultry/Ducks/Silver-Appleyard Silver Appleyard]. Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Accessed March 2017.</ref>

<ref name=roberts>Victoria Roberts (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nAfyUHY42u0C ''British poultry standards: complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain'']. Oxford: Blackwell. {{ISBN|9781405156424}}.</ref>

}}


[[Category:Animal breeds on the RBST Watchlist]]

{{Sourceattribution|Silver Appleyard}}