View source for Biology:Sputum culture

{{Short description|Medical test to detect & identify bacteria or fungi in lung airways}}
{{Infobox interventions |
  Name        = Sputum culture |
  Image       = Enterococcus histological pneumonia 01.png |
  Caption     = Cocci-shaped ''[[Biology:Enterococcus|Enterococcus]]'' sp. [[Biology:Bacteria|bacteria]] taken from a [[Medicine:Pneumonia|pneumonia]] patient |
  ICD10       = |
  ICD9unlinked = {{ICD9proc|90.4}}2 |
  MeshID      = |
  OPS301      = |
  OtherCodes  = |
}}
A '''sputum culture''' is a [[Experiment|test]] to detect and identify [[Biology:Bacteria|bacteria]]<ref name="Behera2010">{{cite book|author=D. Behera|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA284|year=2010|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|page=284}}</ref> or [[Biology:Fungus|fungi]] that infect the [[Medicine:Lung|lung]]s or breathing passages. Sputum is a thick fluid produced in the lungs and in the adjacent airways. Normally, fresh morning sample is preferred for the bacteriological examination of sputum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.bioscience.com.pk/topics/pathology/clinical-pathology/item/989-examination-of-sputum|title=Examination of Sputum|last=Dg|first=Dayyal|date=21 May 2018|journal=BioScience}}</ref> A sample of sputum is collected in a sterile, wide-mouthed, dry, leak-proof and break-resistant plastic-container and sent to the laboratory for testing.<ref name=":0" /> [[Medicine:Sampling|Sampling]] may be performed by sputum being expectorated (produced by coughing), induced (saline is sprayed in the lungs to induce sputum production), or taken via an endotracheal tube with a protected specimen brush (commonly used on patients on respirators) in an intensive care setting. For selected organisms such as Cytomegalovirus or "Pneumocystis jiroveci" in specific clinical settings (immunocompromised patients) a bronchoalveolar lavage might be taken by an experienced pneumologist. If no bacteria or fungi grow, the [[Biology:Microbiological culture|culture]] is negative. If organisms that can cause the [[Medicine:Infection|infection]] (Pathogenicity organisms) grow, the culture is positive. The type of bacterium or fungus is identified by [[Biology:Microscopy|microscopy]], colony morphology and biochemical tests of bacterial growth.

If bacteria or fungi that can cause infection grow in the culture, other tests can determine which antimicrobial agent will most effectively [[Medicine:Pharmacotherapy|treat]] the infection. This is called susceptibility or sensitivity testing.

In a hospital setting, a sputum culture is most commonly ordered if a patient has a [[Medicine:Pneumonia|pneumonia]]. The [[Organization:Infectious Diseases Society of America|Infectious Diseases Society of America]] recommends that sputum cultures be done in pneumonia requiring hospitalization, while the [[Organization:American College of Chest Physicians|American College of Chest Physicians]] does not.  One reason for such a discrepancy is that normal, healthy lungs have bacteria, and sputum cultures collect both normal and pathogenic bacteria.  However, pure cultures of common respiratory pathogens in the absence of upper respiratory flora combined with symptoms of respiratory distress provides strong evidence of the infectious agent, and its significance. Such pathogens include ''[[Biology:Streptococcus pneumoniae|Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Biology:Haemophilus influenzae|Haemophilus influenzae]]'' and the highly infectious ''M tuberculosis'', which are transmitted by inhaling aerosols. For this reason, laboratory processing of sputum for respiratory pathogens are performed with the aid of a [[Organization:Biosafety cabinet|biological safety cabinet]].

==References==
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[[Category:Medical tests]]
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