View source for Biology:Symphyotrichum depauperatum

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae endemic to the United States}}
{{Speciesbox
| image           = Symphyotrichum depauperatum at Nottingham 1.JPG
| image_alt       = Two white composite flowers with yellow centers and several buds along a green stalk. Leaves on the stalk are very tiny.
| image_caption   = ''S. depauperatum'' from the serpentine grassland demonstration area in Nottingham, Pennsylvania.
| range_map       = Symphyotrichum depauperatum distribution.png
| range_map_alt   = Symphyotrichum depauperatum endemic distribution map: US — Maryland (Baltimore and Cecil Counties); North Carolina (Granville County); and, Pennsylvania (Chester, Delaware, and Lancaster Counties).
| range_map_caption = Endemic distribution{{Sfnp|Gustafson|Latham|2005|p=1447}}{{Sfnp|NatureServe|2022}}
| status          = G2
| status_system   = TNC
| status_ref      = {{Sfnp|NatureServe|2022}}
| parent          = Symphyotrichum sect. Symphyotrichum
| taxon           = Symphyotrichum depauperatum
| authority       = (Fernald) G.L.Nesom
| synonyms_ref    = {{Sfnp|POWO|2021}}
| synonyms        = 
'''Basionym'''<br/>
*''Aster depauperatus'' {{small|Fernald}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Alphabetical list
 | {{Species list
  |  Aster ericoides var. depauperatus | Porter
  |  Aster ericoides var. pusillus |  A.Gray
  |  Aster parviceps var. pusillus |  Fernald
  |  Aster pilosus var. pusillus |  (A.Gray) A.G.Jones
 | }}
 }}
}}

'''''Symphyotrichum depauperatum''''' (formerly ''Aster depauperatus''), commonly known as '''serpentine aster''' or '''starved aster''',{{Sfnp|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006}}{{Sfnp|USDA, NRCS|2014}} is a rare species in the family [[Biology:Asteraceae|Asteraceae]] adapted to serpentine barrens, an ecosystem with a high concentration of toxic metals in the soil. It has been found in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and on some diabase glades in North Carolina. It grows to {{convert|50|cm|ft|abbr=off|sp=us|frac=4}} and has white ray florets surrounding a center of yellow disk florets.

==Description==
''Symphyotrichum depauperatum'' is a [[Biology:Perennial plant|perennial]], [[Biology:Herbaceous plant|herbaceous plant]] that may reach up to {{convert|50|cm|ft|abbr=off|sp=us|frac=4}} tall, with 1–3 stems. The leaves are narrow and generally {{convert|2–4|cm|in|abbr=off|sp=us|frac=4}} long. The plant produces numerous flower heads in branched arrays, each head with 7–14 white or, rarely, pink ray florets surrounding 7–17 yellow disk florets.{{Sfnp|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:Symphyotrichum depauperatum 50071438.jpg|A plant in flower
File:Symphyotrichum depauperatum 67278234.jpg|Flowers
File:Symphyotrichum depauperatum 619554.jpg|Growth habit
</gallery>

==Taxonomy==
Within the genus ''Symphyotrichum'', ''S. depauperatum'' has been classified in subgenus ''Symphyotrichum'' {{Nowrap|section ''Symphyotrichum''}} {{Nowrap|subsection ''Porteriani''.}}{{Sfnp|Nesom|1994|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12960069/ 270]}} Its full name with author citation is ''Symphyotrichum depauperatum'' {{Small|(Fernald) G.L.Nesom}}.{{Sfnp|POWO|2021}} It was first described by American botanist Merritt Lyndon Fernald in 1908 as ''Aster depauperatus''.{{Sfnp|IPNI|2021}}

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Stream-serpentine-barrens-lancaster-pa.jpg|thumb|left|A stream in a serpentine barren in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]]
''S. depauperatum'' is adapted to serpentine barrens, an ecosystem with a high concentration of toxic metals in the soil. It has been found in Baltimore{{Sfnp|Gustafson|Latham|2005|p=1447}} and Cecil Counties, Maryland;{{Sfnp|NatureServe|2022}} Granville County, North Carolina;{{Sfnp|Gustafson|Latham|2005|p=1447}} and, Chester, Delaware, and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania.{{Sfnp|NatureServe|2022}}

Serpentine aster has been called a "[[Biology:Flagship species|flagship species]]" of the unique serpentine ecosystem and was once thought to be endemic to these barrens,{{Sfnp|Gustafson|Latham|2005|p=1445}} but it also has been found to occur in a disjoint population on diabase glades in Granville County, North Carolina.{{Sfnp|Gustafson|Latham|2005|pp=1449–1450}}
<!--
{{Convert|400–1000|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}}{{Sfnp|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006}}-->

==Conservation==
''Symphyotrichum depauperatum'' is classified by the state of Pennsylvania as a [[Biology:Threatened species|threatened species]] because its range is restricted to a few limited areas, and the majority of its populations occur on sites threatened by quarrying, [[Engineering:Housing development|housing development]], and industrial development.{{Sfnp|Pennsylvania DCNR|n.d.}}

{{As of|2022|August}}, [[Organization:NatureServe|NatureServe]] listed it as [[Biology:NatureServe conservation status|Globally Imperiled (G2)]]; Critically Imperiled (S1) in Maryland and North Carolina; and, Imperiled (S2) in Pennsylvania. NatureServe's most recent review of ''S. depauperatum''{{'}}s global status was 3 October 1997.{{Sfnp|NatureServe|2022}}
<!-- C-vals: 9–10{{Sfnp|Freyman|2021}} -->

==Citations==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite eFloras <!-- Citation bot bypass -->
| 1
| 250067637
| Symphyotrichum depauperatum
| volume       = 20
| date         = 2006
| access-date  = 3 July 2021
}}
<!-- *{{Cite web
| last1        = Freyman | first1 = W.A.
| date         = 2021
| title        = Universal FQA: Compare Species Coefficients
| url          = https://universalfqa.org/
| url-access   = registration
| website      = universalfqa.org
| publisher    = [[Organization:Openlands|Openlands]]
| location     = Chicago
| language     = en
| quote        = Choose 'FQA Databases', then 'Compare Species Coefficients', then enter the species name as the search term.
}}-->
*{{Cite journal
| last1        = Gustafson | first1 = D.J.
| last2        = Latham    | first2 = R.E.
| date         = June 2005
| title        = Is the serpentine aster, ''Symphyotrichum depauperatum'' (Fern.) Nesom, a valid species and actually endemic to eastern serpentine barrens?
| url          = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Danny-Gustafson/publication/225237954_Is_the_serpentine_aster_Symphyotrichum_depauperatum_Fern_Nesom_a_valid_species_and_actually_endemic_to_eastern_serpentine_barrens/links/0fcfd509c66179dae9000000/Is-the-serpentine-aster-Symphyotrichum-depauperatum-Fern-Nesom-a-valid-species-and-actually-endemic-to-eastern-serpentine-barrens.pdf
| journal      = [[Biology:Biodiversity and Conservation|Biodiversity and Conservation]]
| volume       = 14
| issue        = 6
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20210906061937/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Danny-Gustafson/publication/225237954_Is_the_serpentine_aster_Symphyotrichum_depauperatum_Fern_Nesom_a_valid_species_and_actually_endemic_to_eastern_serpentine_barrens/links/0fcfd509c66179dae9000000/Is-the-serpentine-aster-Symphyotrichum-depauperatum-Fern-Nesom-a-valid-species-and-actually-endemic-to-eastern-serpentine-barrens.pdf
| archive-date = 6 September 2021
| url-status   = live
| doi          = 10.1007/s10531-004-9670-x
| language     = en
| access-date  = 5 September 2021
| via          = [[Company:ResearchGate|ResearchGate]] (free)
}}
*{{Cite IPNI
| id          = 23304-2
| last        = IPNI
| date        = 2021
| taxon       = Aster depauperatus
| authority   = Fernald, Rhodora 10: 94 (1908)
| access-date = 16 January 2022
}}
<!--*{{Cite IPNI
| id          = 981799-1
| last        = IPNI
| date        = 2021b
| taxon       = Symphyotrichum depauperatum
| authority   = (Fernald) G.L.Nesom, Phytologia 77(3): 279 (1995)
| access-date = 16 January 2022
}}-->
*{{Cite web
| date         = 5 August 2022
| title        = ''Symphyotrichum depauperatum'' Serpentine Aster 
| url          = https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.159156/
| website      = explorer.natureserve.org
| location     = Arlington, Virginia
| language     = en
| access-date  = 12 August 2022
}}
*{{Cite journal
| date         = September 1994
| publication-date = 31 January 1995
| title        = Review of the taxonomy of ''Aster'' sensu lato (Asteraceae: Astereae), emphasizing the New World species
| journal      = Phytologia
| volume       = 77
| issue        = 3
| pages        = 141–297
| issn         = 0031-9430
| url          = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12959940/
| language     = en
| access-date  = 23 August 2021 
| via          = [[Social:Biodiversity Heritage Library|Biodiversity Heritage Library]] 
}}
*{{Cite web
| author1      = Pennsylvania DCNR
| date         = n.d.
| title        = Serpentine Aster Profile
| publisher    = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation, Natural Resources Wildlife Resource Conservation Fund
| url          = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/wrcp/aster.aspx
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110610013456/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/wrcp/aster.aspx
| archive-date = 10 June 2011
| url-status   = dead
| language     = en
| access-date  = 19 September 2009
}}
*{{Cite POWO
| id           = 981799-2 
| last         = POWO
| date         = 2021
| title        = ''Symphyotrichum depauperatum'' (Fernald) G.L.Nesom
| access-date  = 15 December 2021
}}
*{{Cite PLANTS <!-- Citation bot bypass-->
| last1       = ((USDA, NRCS))
| date        = 2014
| id          = SYDE2
| taxon       = Symphyotrichum depauperatum
| access-date = 3 July 2021
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
Information about ''Symphyotrichum depauperatum'' also can be seen at the following pages:
* [https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SYDE2 Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center (''wildflower.org'')]
* [https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/symphyotrichum-depauperatum University of Waterloo ''Astereae Lab'']
* [https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/species_account.php?id=710 ''Vascular Plants of North Carolina'']
* [http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/factsheet.aspx?=12998 ''Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program'']
* [https://marylandbiodiversity.com/view/4418 ''Maryland Biodiversity Project'']
* [https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/017/chapter45/s45.13.html ''Symphyotrichum depauperatum''] as Pennsylvania Threatened in the ''Pennsylvania Code''

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q782731|from2=Q38782076}}

[[Category:Symphyotrichum|depauperatum]]

{{Sourceattribution|Symphyotrichum depauperatum}}