View source for Biology:Tapejaroidea

{{Short description|Clade of ornithocheiroid pterosaurs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Tapejaroids
| image = Keresdrakon skull parts.jpg
| image_caption = Skull fragments of ''[[Biology:Keresdrakon|Keresdrakon]]''
| image2 = Arambourgiania philadelphiae.JPG
| image2_caption = Fossil cast of ''[[Biology:Arambourgiania|Arambourgiania]]''
| taxon = Tapejaroidea
| authority = Kellner, 1996
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision =
*{{extinct}}[[Biology:Dsungaripteridae|Dsungaripteridae]]
*{{extinct}}[[Biology:Azhdarchoidea|Azhdarchoidea]]
}}

'''Tapejaroidea''' (or '''tapejaroids''') is a group of pterosaurs belonging to the clade [[Biology:Ornithocheiroidea|Ornithocheiroidea]]. Tapejaroids lived from the [[Earth:Early Cretaceous|Early]] to [[Earth:Late Cretaceous|Late Cretaceous]] periods, with one possible member, ''Tendaguripterus'', extending the fossil range to the Late Jurassic period.<ref name=UH99/> Tapejaroidea contains two groups, the [[Biology:Dsungaripteridae|Dsungaripteridae]] and the [[Biology:Azhdarchoidea|Azhdarchoidea]], which in turn includes the azhdarchids, the group that contains some of the largest flying animals. The group was named by Brazilian paleontologist Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner in 1996. 

==Classification==
Tapejaroidea was named by paleontologist Alexander Kellner from Brazil in 1996,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kellner|first=A.W.A.|year=1996|title=Description of new material of Tapejaridae and Anhangueridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) and discussion of pterosaur phylogeny|journal=Columbia University}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Buffetaut|first1=Eric|last2=Mazin|first2=Jean-Michel|title=Evolution and Palaeobiology of pterosaurs|publisher=Geological Society of London|year=2003|isbn=9781862391437}}</ref> and in 2003 it was given a phylogenetic definition by Kellner himself as the most recent common ancestor of ''Dsungaripterus'', ''[[Biology:Tapejara wellnhoferi|Tapejara]]'' and ''[[Biology:Quetzalcoatlus|Quetzalcoatlus]]'', and all their descendants. Tapejaroidea, in Kellner's 2003 study, was recovered as the sister taxon of the [[Biology:Pteranodontoidea|Pteranodontoidea]], both within the group [[Biology:Ornithocheiroidea|Ornithocheiroidea]], and consisting of the groups [[Biology:Dsungaripteridae|Dsungaripteridae]] and [[Biology:Azhdarchoidea|Azhdarchoidea]].<ref name="Kellner2003">{{cite journal|author=Kellner, A. W. A.|title=Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|year=2003|volume=217|issue=1|pages=105–137|doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.10|bibcode=2003GSLSP.217..105K|s2cid=128892642}}</ref> However, in a phylogenetic analysis made by Jaime Headden and Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos in 2014, Tapejaroidea was recovered within the Azhdarchoidea, as a clade comprising the families [[Biology:Tapejaridae|Tapejaridae]] and [[Biology:Thalassodromidae|Thalassodromidae]].<ref name="Banguela">{{Cite journal|author=Jaime A. Headden and Hebert B.N. Campos |year=2014 |title=An unusual edentulous pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Romualdo Formation of Brazil |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=815–826 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.904302 |s2cid=129306469 }}</ref> The [[Biology:Cladogram|cladogram]] of their analysis is shown below:

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
 |label1=[[Biology:Azhdarchoidea|Azhdarchoidea]]
 |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Biology:Dsungaripteridae|Dsungaripteridae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''Banguela oberlii''
|2={{clade
|1=''Dsungaripterus weii''
|2=''Noripterus complicidens''
}}
}}
    |label2=Neoazhdarchia
    |2={{clade
          |label1=[[Biology:Chaoyangopteridae|Chaoyangopteridae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Biology:Chaoyangopterus zhangi|Chaoyangopterus zhangi]]''
|2=''Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis''
}}
|2={{clade
          |label1=[[Biology:Azhdarchidae|Azhdarchidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Biology:Quetzalcoatlus|Quetzalcoatlus]]'' sp.[[File:Quetzalcoatlus07.jpg|70 px]]
|2=''[[Biology:Azhdarcho lancicollis|Azhdarcho lancicollis]]''
|3=''[[Biology:Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis|Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis]]''
}}
       |label2='''Tapejaroidea'''
       |2={{clade
           |label1=[[Biology:Thalassodromidae|Thalassodromidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''Tupuxuara leonardii''[[File:Tupux longDB2.jpg|70 px]]
|2=''Thalassodromeus sethi''
}}
           |label2=[[Biology:Tapejaridae|Tapejaridae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''Tupandactylus imperator''[[File:TapimpDB.jpg|70 px]]
|2=''[[Biology:Tapejara wellnhoferi|Tapejara wellnhoferi]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Biology:Sinopterus dongi|Sinopterus dongi]]''
|2=''Eopteranodon lii''
}}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Biology:Huaxiapterus corollatus|Huaxiapterus corollatus]]''
|2=''[[Biology:Huaxiapterus benxiensis|Huaxiapterus benxiensis]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}

More recently, the original definition of Tapejaroidea has been used in a number of phylogenetic analyses conducted in 2019 and 2020, meaning that Tapejaroidea and Pteranodontoidea were once again recovered as the sister taxa and within the larger Ornithocheiroidea.<ref name="Holgado2019">Borja Holgado, Rodrigo V. Pêgas, José Ignacio Canudo, Josep Fortuny, Taissa Rodrigues, Julio Company & Alexander W.A. Kellner, 2019, "On a new crested pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula and the radiation of the clade Anhangueria", ''Scientific Reports'' '''9''': 4940 {{doi|10.1038/s41598-019-41280-4}}</ref><ref name="Mimodactylus">{{cite journal |last1=Kellner |first1=Alexander W. A. |last2=Caldwell |first2=Michael W. |last3=Holgado |first3=Borja |last4=Vecchia |first4=Fabio M. Dalla |last5=Nohra |first5=Roy |last6=Sayão |first6=Juliana M. |last7=Currie |first7=Philip J. |title=First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=17875 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z|pmid=31784545 |pmc=6884559 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Kellner2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Kellner|first1=Alexander W. A.|last2=Weinschütz|first2=Luiz C.|last3=Holgado|first3=Borja|last4=Bantim|first4=Renan A. M.|last5=Sayão|first5=Juliana M.|date=19 August 2019|title=A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert|journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências|language=en|volume=91|issue=suppl 2|pages=e20190768|doi=10.1590/0001-3765201920190768|pmid=31432888|issn=0001-3765|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jiang|first1=Shun-Xing|last2=Zhang|first2=Xin-Jun|last3=Cheng|first3=Xin|last4=Wang|first4=Xiao-Lin|year=2020|title=A new pteranodontoid pterosaur forelimb from the upper Yixian Formation, with a revision of ''Yixianopterus jingangshanensis''|journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica|doi=10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.201124}}</ref> The [[Biology:Cladogram|cladogram]] below represents the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Kellner and colleagues in 2019, where they recovered Tapejaroidea as the more inclusive group containing both the Dsungaripteridae and the Azhdarchoidea.<ref name="Kellner2019"/>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
| label1='''Tapejaroidea'''
| 1={{clade
| label1=[[Biology:Dsungaripteridae|Dsungaripteridae]]
| 1={{clade
| 1=''Dsungaripterus weii''
| 2=''Noripterus parvus''
}}
| label2=[[Biology:Azhdarchoidea|Azhdarchoidea]]
| 2={{clade
| 1={{clade
| label1=[[Biology:Azhdarchidae|Azhdarchidae]]
| 1={{clade
| 1=''[[Biology:Azhdarcho lancicollis|Azhdarcho lancicollis]]''
| 2=''[[Biology:Quetzalcoatlus|Quetzalcoatlus]]'' sp.[[File:Quetzalcoatlus07.jpg|70 px]]
| 3=''[[Biology:Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis|Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis]]''
}}
| label2=[[Biology:Chaoyangopteridae|Chaoyangopteridae]]
| 2={{clade
| 1=''[[Biology:Chaoyangopterus zhangi|Chaoyangopterus zhangi]]''
| 2=''[[Biology:Jidapterus edentus|Jidapterus edentus]]''
| 3=''Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis''
}}
}}
| label2=[[Biology:Tapejaromorpha|Tapejaromorpha]]
| 2={{clade
| 1=''Keresdrakon vilsoni''
| label2=[[Biology:Tapejaridae|Tapejaridae]]
| 2={{clade
| label1=[[Biology:Thalassodrominae|Thalassodrominae]]
| 1={{clade
| 1=''Thalassodromeus sethi''
| 2=''Tupuxuara leonardii''[[File:Tupux longDB2.jpg|70 px]]
}}
| label2=Tapejarinae
| 2={{clade
| 1=''Caupedactylus ybaka''
| 2={{clade
| 1=''Aymberedactylus cearensis''
| 2={{clade
| 1={{clade
| 1=''Eopteranodon lii''
| 2=''[[Biology:Huaxiapterus|"Huaxiapterus" benxiensis]]''
| 3=''[[Biology:Huaxiapterus|"Huaxiapterus" corollatus]]''
| 4=''[[Biology:Sinopterus dongi|Sinopterus dongi]]''
}}
| label2=Tapejarini
| 2={{clade
| 1=''Europejara olcadesorum''
| 2=''Caiuajara dobruskii''
| 3=''[[Biology:Tapejara wellnhoferi|Tapejara wellnhoferi]]''
| 4=''Tupandactylus imperator''[[File:TapimpDB.jpg|70 px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

In 2021, Pêgas ''et al.'' named and officially registered two new clades: '''Azhdarchomorpha''', the most inclusive clade containing ''Azhdarcho'' but not ''Tapejara'' or ''Thalassodromeus'', and '''Alanqidae''', containing ''Alanqa'' but not ''Chaoyangopterus'' or ''Azhdarcho''. Their phylogeny is shown below:<ref name="Pêgas2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Pêgas|first1=R.V.|last2=Holgado|first2=B.|last3=Ortiz David|first3=L.D.|last4=Baiano|first4=M.A.|last5=Costa|first5=F.R.|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121002469|title=On the pterosaur ''Aerotitan sudamericanus'' (Neuquén Basin, Upper Cretaceous of Argentina), with comments on azhdarchoid phylogeny and jaw anatomy|date=August 21, 2021|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=129|pages=Article 104998|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104998| issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=238725853}}</ref>

{{clade
|label1=Tapejaroidea
|1={{clade
 |label1=[[Biology:Dsungaripteridae|Dsungaripteridae]]
 |1={{clade
  |1=''Dsungaripterus''
  |2=''Noripterus'' }}
 |label2=[[Biology:Azhdarchoidea|Azhdarchoidea]]
 |2={{clade
  |label1=[[Biology:Tapejaridae|Tapejaridae]]
  |1={{clade
   |label1=[[Biology:Thalassodrominae|Thalassodrominae]]
   |1={{clade
    |1=''[[Biology:Tupuxuara|Tupuxuara]]''
    |2={{clade
     |1=''Thalassodromeus oberlii''
     |2=''Thalassodromeus sethi'' }} }}
   |label2=Tapejarinae
   |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |1=''[[Biology:Aymberedactylus|Aymberedactylus]]''
     |2=''[[Biology:Caupedactylus|Caupedactylus]]'' }}
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Biology:Bakonydraco|Bakonydraco]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1="''[[Biology:Huaxiapterus|Huaxiapterus]]''" ''[[Biology:Huaxiapterus|corollatus]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Biology:Eopteranodon|Eopteranodon]]''
        |2=''[[Biology:Sinopterus|Sinopterus]]'' }} }} }}
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Biology:Europejara|Europejara]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Biology:Tupandactylus|Tupandactylus]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Biology:Caiuajara|Caiuajara]]''
        |2=''[[Biology:Tapejara wellnhoferi|Tapejara]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }}
  |label2=Azhdarchomorpha
  |2={{clade
   |label1=Alanqidae
   |1={{clade
    |1=''[[Biology:Alanqa|Alanqa]]''
    |2=''[[Biology:Keresdrakon|Keresdrakon]]'' }}
   |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Biology:Chaoyangopteridae|Chaoyangopteridae]]
    |1={{clade
     |1=''Shenzhoupterus''
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Biology:Argentinadraco|Argentinadraco]]''
       |2=''[[Biology:Xericeps|Xericeps]]'' }} 
      |2={{clade
       |1=''Chaoyangopterus''
       |2=''Jidapterus''
       |3=''[[Biology:Lacusovagus|Lacusovagus]]'' }} }} }}
    |2={{clade
     |1=''Radiodactylus''
     |label2=[[Biology:Azhdarchidae|Azhdarchidae]]
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Biology:Eurazhdarcho|Eurazhdarcho]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''Aralazhdarcho''
        |2=''[[Biology:Phosphatodraco|Phosphatodraco]]'' }} }}
      |2={{clade
       |1=''Zhejiangopterus''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Biology:Azhdarcho|Azhdarcho]]''
        |label2=Quetzalcoatlinae
        |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Biology:Cryodrakon|Cryodrakon]]''
          |2=''[[Biology:Quetzalcoatlus|Quetzalcoatlus]]'' }}
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=''Albadraco''
           |2=''[[Biology:Hatzegopteryx|Hatzegopteryx]]'' }}
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Biology:Aerotitan|Aerotitan]]''
           |2=''[[Biology:Arambourgiania|Arambourgiania]]''
           |3=''Mistralazhdarcho'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
}} }} }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2237060}}

[[Category:Maastrichtian extinctions]]

{{Sourceattribution|Tapejaroidea}}