View source for Biology:Turnip crinkle virus

{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{Virusbox
| parent = Betacarmovirus
| species = Turnip crinkle virus
}}

'''''Turnip crinkle virus''''' (TCV) is a plant pathogenic [[Biology:Plant virus|virus]] of the family ''[[Biology:Tombusviridae|Tombusviridae]]''. It was first isolated from [[Biology:Turnip|turnip]] (''Brassica campestris'' ssp. ''rapa'').

==Structure==
TCV is a small (4054 [[Biology:Nucleotide|nucleotide]]s),  single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus (viral RNA is in the same orientation as mRNA). It has been shown to infect various types of plant species, including the common plant models ''[[Biology:Arabidopsis thaliana|Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' and ''[[Biology:Nicotiana benthamiana|Nicotiana benthamiana]]''. Its gRNA encodes for five [[Biology:Protein|protein]]s: p28 and p88 (replication), p8 and p9 (movement) and CP (coat protein or encapsidation).<ref name="Carrington 1989">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carrington J, Heatona LA, Zuidemaa D, Hillman BI, Morris TJ |journal=Virology|year=1989|volume=170|issue=1|pages=219–26|doi=10.1016/0042-6822(89)90369-3|pmid=2718381|title=The genome structure of turnip crinkle virus}}</ref> The structure of the virus was determined to 3.2&nbsp;Ångstrom resolution using [[Physics:X-ray crystallography|x-ray crystallography]] in 1986. It is structurally quite similar to the [[Biology:Tomato bushy stunt virus|tomato bushy stunt virus]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hogle JM, Maeda A, Harrison SC |title=Structure and assembly of turnip crinkle virus. I. X-ray crystallographic structure analysis at 3.2 Å resolution |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |year=1986 |volume=191 |issue=4 |pages=625–38 |pmid=3806676 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(86)90450-x}}</ref>

A number of [[Biology:Non-coding RNA|non-coding RNA]] elements have been characterised in the TCV [[Biology:Genome|genome]]; examples are hairpin 5 and the core promoter.<ref>{{cite journal | last = McCormack | first = JC |author2=Simon AE  | year = 2004 | title = Biased hypermutagenesis associated with mutations in an untranslated hairpin of an RNA virus | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 78 | pages = 7813–7817 | pmid = 15220455 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.78.14.7813-7817.2004 | issue = 14 | pmc = 434097}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Zhang | first = G |author2=Zhang J |author3=Simon AE  | year = 2004 | title = Repression and derepression of minus-strand synthesis in a plus-strand RNA virus replicon | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 78 | pages = 7619–7633 | pmid = 15220437 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.78.14.7619-7633.2004 | issue = 14 | pmc = 434078}}</ref>

==Replication==
Replication of the viral RNA begins with the migration of p28 to the mitochondrial membrane. p28 migrates to and invaginates the outer mitochondrial membrane; several p88 molecules are brought the newly formed vesicles. The viral RNA binds to the p28 bound to the membrane and the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, or p88, initiates replication of the positive strand RNA to produce a minus strand intermediate. The negative-strand intermediate is used as a template to produce progeny positive strand RNA.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahlquist P, Noueiry AO, Lee WM, Kushner DB, Dye BT |journal=Journal of Virology |year=2003 |volume=77 |issue=15 |pages=8181–6 |doi=10.1128/JVI.77.15.8181-8186.2003 |pmid=12857886 |pmc=165243 |title=Host Factors in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication}}</ref> The coat proteins p8, p9, and p38, are involved in movement in the plant.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hacker DL, Petty IT, Wei N, Morris TJ |title=Turnip crinkle virus genes required for RNA replication and virus movement |journal=Virology |year=1992 |volume=186 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |pmid=1727594 |doi=10.1016/0042-6822(92)90055-t}}
</ref>

==Satellite viruses==
Small, [[Biology:Helper virus|helper virus]]es known as satellite RNA have been found to co-infect plants only in the presence of TCV.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Altenbach SB, Howell SH |title=Identification of a satellite RNA associated with turnip crinkle virus |journal=Virology |year=1981 |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=25–33 |doi=10.1016/0042-6822(81)90608-5|pmid=18635061 }}</ref> These [[Biology:Non-coding RNA|non-coding RNA]]s up-regulate the symptoms of TCV infection. The satellite RNA are dependent of the TCV and host machinery to propagate.  Satellite C shares [[Biology:Sequence homology|sequence homology]] with the 3'end of the TCV, while satellite D shares sequence homology with the 5'end of satellite C.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

== Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to TCV ==
Much research has been done on TCV and the way that it affects [[Biology:Arabidopsis thaliana|Arabidopsis thaliana]] (thale cress). Arabidopsis tents to be very susceptible to TCV, along with several other species other than turnips. It is used for research as its susceptibility and simplicity make it a good model organism. Research has shown that only satellite C produces any symptoms in Arabidopsis. The same research has shown that how much the plant is affected by the Virus depends largely on the ecotype, as the Dijon-ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana seems to be far more susceptible than other types.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dempsey |first=D'Maris Amick |date=1993 |title=Resistance and Susceptible Responses of''Arabidopsis thaliana''to Turnip Crinkle Virus |url=https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-83-1021 |journal=Phytopathology |volume=83 |issue=10 |pages=1021 |doi=10.1094/phyto-83-1021 |issn=0031-949X}}</ref> It has also been shown that light affects the resistance of Arabidopsis to TCV, and that inoculations proved to be ineffective without the plant being exposed to light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chandra-Shekara |first1=A. C. |last2=Gupte |first2=Manisha |last3=Navarre |first3=Duroy |last4=Raina |first4=Surabhi |last5=Raina |first5=Ramesh |last6=Klessig |first6=Daniel |last7=Kachroo |first7=Pradeep |date=February 2006 |title=Light-dependent hypersensitive response and resistance signaling against Turnip Crinkle Virus in Arabidopsis |journal=The Plant Journal |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=320–334 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02618.x|pmid=16412080 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Research has also been done on what part of TCV is recognized by the strains of Arabidopsis that are resistant to TCV, and it appears to be the Amino terminus of the coat protein. This was determined by using Viruses both with and without the Amino terminus.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Amino Terminus of the Coat Protein of Turnip crinkle virus Is the AVR Factor Recognized by Resistant Arabidopsis |journal=Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |year=2000 |language=en |doi=10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.9.1015|last1=Zhao |first1=Yajuan |last2=Delgrosso |first2=Leanna |last3=Yigit |first3=Erbay |last4=Dempsey |first4=D'Maris Amick |last5=Klessig |first5=Daniel F. |last6=Wobbe |first6=Kristin K. |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1015–1018 |pmid=10975658 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://phene.cpmc.columbia.edu/ICTVdB/00.074.0.02.012.htm ICTVdB – The Universal Virus Database: ''Turnip crinkle virus'']
* [http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVFamilyGroup.html Family Groups – The Baltimore Method]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7856061}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turnip Crinkle Virus}}
[[Category:Tombusviridae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Turnip crinkle virus}}