View source for Biology:Ventrifilosa

{{Short description|Superclass of protists}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image=Euglypha_sp.jpg
|image_caption=''[[Biology:Euglypha|Euglypha]]''
|taxon=Ventrifilosa
|authority=Cavalier-Smith, 2012 ''emend.'' 2018<ref name="MultigeneRhizaria"/>
|subdivision_ranks=Classes|subdivision=
*[[Biology:Imbricatea|Imbricatea]]
*Sarcomonadea
*[[Biology:Thecofilosea|Thecofilosea]]
}}
'''Ventrifilosa''' ({{etymology|lat|{{wikt-lang|la|venter}}|belly||{{wikt-lang|la|filum}}|thread}})<ref name="Paracercomonadidae"/> is a highly diverse group of phagotrophic [[Biology:Protist|protist]]s that [[Biology:Gliding motility|glide]] through their flagella and emit filose pseudopods from their ventral side for feeding. Because of their mixture of [[Biology:Amoeba|amoeba]] and [[Biology:Flagellate|flagellate]] characteristics, they are amoeboflagellates. Members of this group are the [[Biology:Imbricatea|Imbricatea]], Sarcomonadea and [[Biology:Thecofilosea|Thecofilosea]].<ref name="MultigeneRhizaria"/>
==Morphology==
Protists in the group Ventrifilosa ancestrally have a rigid extracellular [[Biology:Theca|theca]] on the dorsal side, and emit non-granular filose pseudopods from a ventral aperture. This aperture is called "cleft" when belonging to an amoeboflagellate, or "astropyle" when belonging to a phaeodarian.<ref name="Paracercomonadidae"/>

The group includes descendants that have lost or modified some of these characteristics. For example, some have lost their pseudopods (such as the [[Biology:Spongomonad|spongomonad]]s and ''[[Biology:Ebria|Ebria]]''), some have lost their [[Biology:Theca|theca]] (such as ''Pseudopirsonia''), and some have acquired axopodia (in Phaeodaria). The loss of flagella and scales has occurred in this group several times independently through evolution.<ref name="Paracercomonadidae"/><ref name="NovelCulturedProtists2011"/>
==Taxonomy==
The superclass Ventrifilosa was first described in 2012 by Cavalier-Smith to unite [[Biology:Thecofilosea|Thecofilosea]] and [[Biology:Imbricatea|Imbricatea]].<ref name="Paracercomonadidae"/> However, the group proved to be polyphyletic because the sarcomonads were excluded. Later, in 2018, it was expanded to include Sarcomonadea, which belonged to the superclass Eoglissa before this change.<ref name="MultigeneRhizaria"/>

The current classification of Ventrifilosa recognizes 3 classes, 20 orders and 60 families.<ref name="MultigeneRhizaria"/>

*Class Sarcomonadea {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1993 ''stat. nov.'' 1995 ''emend.'' 2018}}
**?Family Katabiidae {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
**Subclass Paracercomonada {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2018}}
***Order Paracercomonadida {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2018}}
**Subclass Pediglissa {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
***Order [[Biology:Cercomonadida|Cercomonadida]] {{au|Poche 1913 ''emend.'' Cavalier-Smith}}
***Order Glissomonadida {{au|Howe ''et al.'' 2009}}
*Class [[Biology:Imbricatea|Imbricatea]] {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2003 ''emend.'' 2018}}
**Subclass Placonuda {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
***Superorder Nudisarca {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
****Order Variglissida {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2014}}
****Order Marimonadida {{au|Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2011}}
***Superorder Euglyphia {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2018}}
****Order [[Biology:Euglyphida|Euglyphida]] {{au|Copeland 1956 ''emend.'' Cavalier-Smith 1987}}
****Order Zoelucasida {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2014}}
***Superorder Discomonada {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2018}}
****Order Discomonadida {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2014}}
**Subclass Placoperla {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
***Superorder Placofila {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
****Order [[Biology:Thaumatomonadida|Thaumatomonadida]] {{au|Shirkina 1987}}
****Order Discocelida {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1997}}
***Superorder Perlatia {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
****Order Spongomonadida {{au|Hibberd 1983}}
****Order Perlofilida {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
**Subclass Krakenia {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2018}}
***Order Krakenida {{au|Dumack ''et al.'' 2017 ex Cavalier-Smith 2018}}
*Class [[Biology:Thecofilosea|Thecofilosea]] {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2003 ''emend.'' 2012}}
**Subclass Ventricleftia {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2018}}
***Order Ventricleftida {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2011}}
**Subclass Eothecia {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
***Order Matazida {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
***Order Ebriida {{au|Deflandre 1936}}
***Order [[Biology:Cryomonadida|Cryomonadida]] {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1993}}
**Subclass Phaeodaria {{au|Haeckel 1879}}
***Order Eodarida {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
***Order [[Biology:Opaloconchida|Opaloconchida]] {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
**Subclass Tectosia {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2012}}
***Order [[Biology:Tectofilosida|Tectofilosida]] {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2003}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="MultigeneRhizaria">{{cite journal|title=Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria|first1=Thomas|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first2=Ema E.|last2=Chao|first3=Rhodri|last3=Lewis|date=April 2018|journal=Protoplasma|volume=255|issue=5 |pages=1517–1574|doi=10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1|pmid=29666938|pmc=6133090}}</ref>

<ref name="Paracercomonadidae">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cavalier-Smith T, Karpov SA|title=''Paracercomonas'' Kinetid Ultrastructure, Origins of the Body Plan of Cercomonadida, and Cytoskeleton Evolution in Cercozoa|journal=Protist|volume=163|issue=1|date=2012|pages=47–75|issn=1434-4610|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2011.06.004|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1434461011000514|pmid= 21839678}}</ref>

<ref name="NovelCulturedProtists2011">{{cite journal|vauthors=Howe AT, Bass D, Scoble JM, Lewis R, Vickerman K, Arndt H, Cavalier-Smith T|title=Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia|journal=Protist|volume=162|issue=2|date=2011|pages=332–372|issn=1434-4610|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002|pmid=21295519 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1434461010000829}}</ref>

}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q25368158}}
[[Category:Cercozoa]]

{{Sourceattribution|Ventrifilosa}}