View source for Biology:Vitis

{{Short description|Genus flowering plants in the grape family Vitaceae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
 | fossil_range = {{fossil range|60|0}}[[Earth:Paleocene|Paleocene]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paleocene Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains|author=Roland Wilbur Brown}}</ref>- Recent
 | image = Vitis californica with grapes.jpg
 | image_caption = ''[[Biology:Vitis californica|Vitis californica]]'' with fruit
 | taxon = Vitis
 | authority = [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=vitis>{{PLANTS|symbol=VITIS|taxon=Vitis L.|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>
 | type_species = ''[[Biology:Vitis vinifera|Vitis vinifera]]''
 | type_species_authority = [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 | subdivision_ranks = Species
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=vitis
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
 | subdivision =
{{collapsible list|
[[Biology:Vitis acerifolia|''V.&nbsp;acerifolia'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis adenoclada|''V.&nbsp;adenoclada'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis aestivalis|''V.&nbsp;aestivalis'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;amazonica''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis amurensis|''V.&nbsp;amurensis'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;× andersonii''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis arizonica|''V.&nbsp;arizonica'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;baileyana''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis balansana|''V.&nbsp;balansana'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;bashanica''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis bellula|''V.&nbsp;bellula'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis berlandieri|''V.&nbsp;berlandieri'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis betulifolia|''V.&nbsp;betulifolia'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;biformis''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis blancoi|''V.&nbsp;blancoi'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;bloodworthiana''<br>
''V.&nbsp;bourgaeana''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis bryoniifolia|''V.&nbsp;bryoniifolia'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis californica|''V.&nbsp;californica'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis × champinii|''V.&nbsp;× champinii'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;chontalensis''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis chunganensis|''V.&nbsp;chunganensis'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis chungii|''V.&nbsp;chungii'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis cinerea|''V.&nbsp;cinerea'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;cissoides''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis coignetiae|''V.&nbsp;coignetiae'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;cordifolia''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis davidii|''V.&nbsp;davidii'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis × doaniana|''V.&nbsp;× doaniana'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;erythrophylla''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis fengqinensis|''V.&nbsp;fengqinensis'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;figariana''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis flexuosa|''V.&nbsp;flexuosa'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis girdiana|''V.&nbsp;girdiana'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;hancockii''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis heyneana|''V.&nbsp;heyneana'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis hui|''V.&nbsp;hui'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;jacquemontii''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis jaegeriana|''V.&nbsp;jaegeriana'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;jinggangensis''<br>
''V.&nbsp;jinzhainensis''<br>
''V. kelungensis''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis labrusca|''V.&nbsp;labrusca'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;labruscana''<br>
''V.&nbsp;lanceolatifoliosa''<br>
''V.&nbsp;linsecomii''<br>
''V.&nbsp;longquanensis''<br>
''V.&nbsp;luochengensis''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis menghaiensis|''V.&nbsp;menghaiensis'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis mengziensis|''V.&nbsp;mengziensis'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis monticola|''V.&nbsp;monticola'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis mustangensis|''V.&nbsp;mustangensis'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis nesbittiana|''V.&nbsp;nesbittiana'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;× novae-angliae''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis palmata|''V.&nbsp;palmata'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;peninsularis''<br>
''V.&nbsp;piasezkii''<br>
''V.&nbsp;pilosonerva''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis popenoei|''V.&nbsp;popenoei'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis pseudoreticulata|''V.&nbsp;pseudoreticulata'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;pubescens''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis retordii|''V.&nbsp;retordii'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis riparia|''V.&nbsp;riparia'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;romanetii''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis rotundifolia|''V.&nbsp;rotundifolia'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis rupestris|''V.&nbsp;rupestris'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis ruyuanensis|''V.&nbsp;ruyuanensis'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;shenxiensis''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis shuttleworthii|''V.&nbsp;shuttleworthii'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis silvestrii|''V.&nbsp;silvestrii'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis sinocinerea|''V.&nbsp;sinocinerea'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;× slavinii''<br>
''V.&nbsp;thunbergii''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis tiliifolia|''V.&nbsp;tiliifolia'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;treleasei''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis tsoii|''V.&nbsp;tsoii'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis vinifera|''V.&nbsp;vinifera'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis vulpina|''V.&nbsp;vulpina'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;wenchouensis''<br>
''V.&nbsp;wilsonae''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis wuhanensis|''V.&nbsp;wuhanensis'']]<br>
[[Biology:Vitis xunyangensis|''V.&nbsp;xunyangensis'']]<br>
''V. yeshanensis''<br>
[[Biology:Vitis yunnanensis|''V.&nbsp;yunnanensis'']]<br>
''V.&nbsp;zhejiang-adstricta''}}

}}
'''''Vitis''''' ('''grapevine''') is a genus of 79 accepted species<ref name=PlantList>{{cite web| title=The Plant List: ''Vitis'' |date=2013 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Vitaceae/Vitis/ |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew }}</ref> of vining plants in the [[Biology:Flowering plant|flowering plant]] family [[Biology:Vitaceae|Vitaceae]].  The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. The study and cultivation of grapevines is called viticulture.

Most cultivated ''Vitis'' varieties are wind-pollinated with hermaphroditic flowers containing both male and female reproductive structures, while wild species are dioecious. These flowers are grouped in bunches called [[Biology:Inflorescence|inflorescence]]s. In many species, such as ''Vitis vinifera'', each successfully pollinated flower becomes a grape berry with the inflorescence turning into a cluster of grapes. While the flowers of the grapevines are usually very small, the berries are often large and brightly colored with sweet flavors that attract birds and other animals to disperse the seeds contained within the berries.<ref name="WSET">Wine & Spirits Education Trust ''"Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality"'' pgs 2-5, Second Revised Edition (2012), London, {{ISBN|9781905819157}}</ref>

Grapevines usually only produce fruit on shoots that came from buds that were developed during the previous growing season. In viticulture, this is one of the principles behind pruning the previous year's growth (or "One year old wood") that includes shoots that have turned hard and woody during the winter (after harvest in commercial viticulture). These vines will be pruned either into a cane which will support 8 to 15 buds or to a smaller spur which holds 2 to 3 buds.<ref name="WSET"/>

==Description==
[[File:Vigne inflorescence 2.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Developing inflorescences of ''Vitis vinifera'']]
Flower buds are formed late in the growing season and overwinter for blooming in spring of the next year. They produce leaf-opposed [[Biology:Cyme (botany)|cymes]]. ''Vitis'' is distinguished from other genera of [[Biology:Vitaceae|Vitaceae]] by having petals which remain joined at the tip and detach from the base to fall together as a calyptra or 'cap'. The [[Biology:Flower|flower]]s are mostly bisexual,<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|143}} pentamerous, with a hypogynous disk. The calyx is greatly reduced or nonexistent in most species and the petals are joined together at the tip into one unit but separated at the base. The [[Biology:Fruit|fruit]] is a [[Biology:Berry (botany)|berry]], ovoid in shape and juicy, with a two-celled ovary each containing two ovules, thus normally producing four seeds per flower (or fewer by way of aborted embryos).<ref>Gleason and Cronquist volume 2, ''New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada'', p. 517. {{LCCN|6316478}}</ref>

Other parts of the vine include the [[Biology:Tendril|tendril]]s which are leaf-opposed, branched in ''[[Biology:Vitis vinifera|Vitis vinifera]]'', and are used to support the climbing plant by twining onto surrounding structures such as branches or the trellising of a vine-training system.

In the wild, all species of ''Vitis'' are normally dioecious, but under domestication, variants with perfect flowers appear to have been selected.

The genus ''Vitis'' is divided into two subgenera, ''Euvitis'' Planch. have 38 chromosomes (n=19) with berries borne on clusters<ref name=Kew2CDNA>{{cite web |first1=M.D. |last1=Bennett |first2=I.J. |last2=Leitch |date=2012 |url=http://www.data.kew.org/cvalues/ |title=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Plant DNA C-values database, release 6.0 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2016-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319150604/http://data.kew.org/cvalues/ |archive-date=2016-03-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''Muscadinia'' Planch. 40 (n=20) with small clusters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uaex.edu/yard-garden/resource-library/plant-week/vitis-rotundifolia-muscadine-grape-scuppernong-11-13-2015.aspx|title=Vitis rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong|website=Plant of the Week: Vitis rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong|publisher=University of Arkansas|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref name="Lu Lamikanra 1996 pp. 269–271">{{cite journal | last1=Lu | first1=Jiang | last2=Lamikanra | first2=Olusola | title=Barriers to Intersubgeneric Crosses between Muscadinia and Euvitis | journal=HortScience | publisher=American Society for Horticultural Science | volume=31 | issue=2 | year=1996 | issn=0018-5345 | doi=10.21273/hortsci.31.2.269 | pages=269–271| doi-access=free}}</ref>

Wild grapes can resemble the single-seeded ''[[Biology:Menispermum canadense|Menispermum canadense]]'' (moonseed), which is toxic.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |others=United States Department of the Army |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=118 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref>

==Species==
[[File:Ornamental grape.jpg|thumb|left|''Vitis coignetiae'' with autumn leaves]]
Most ''Vitis'' species are found mostly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in [[Earth:North America|North America]] and eastern [[Earth:Asia|Asia]], exceptions being a few in the tropics and the wine grape ''Vitis vinifera'' which originated in southern [[Earth:Europe|Europe]] and southwestern Asia. Grape species occur in widely different geographical areas and show a great diversity of form.

Their growth makes leaf collection challenging and polymorphic leaves make identification of species difficult. Mature grapevines can grow up to {{Convert|48|cm|abbr=off}} in [[Diameter at breast height|diameter at breast height]] and reach the upper canopy of trees more than {{Convert|35|m|abbr=off}} in height.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1364&context=plantpathpapers|title=Upper Canopy Collection and Identification of Grapevines (''Vitis'') from Selected Forests in the Southeastern United States|journal=Castanea (From University of Nebraska Digital Commons)|volume=75|issue=1|pages=141–149|year=2010|author=Everhart SE}}</ref>

Many species are sufficiently closely related to allow easy interbreeding and the resultant interspecific hybrids are invariably fertile and vigorous. Thus the concept of a species is less well defined and more likely represents the identification of different ecotypes of ''Vitis'' that have evolved in distinct geographical and environmental circumstances.

The exact number of species is not certain, with more than 65 species in [[Earth:Asia|Asia]] in particular being poorly defined.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galet |first=Pierre |title=Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages |year=2000 |publisher=Hachette Pratique |isbn=2-01-236331-8}}</ref> Approximately 25 species are known in [[Earth:North America|North America]] and just one, ''V.&nbsp;vinifera'' has [[Earth:Eurasia|Eurasia]]n origins;<ref>{{cite news|title=Distribution of the world's grapevine varieties |year=2017 | publisher=OIV - International Organization of Vine and Wine |location=Paris |isbn=979-10-91799-89-8 |url=http://www.oiv.int/public/medias/5888/en-distribution-of-the-worlds-grapevine-varieties.pdf}}</ref> some of the more notable include:
#''[[Biology:Vitis aestivalis|Vitis aestivalis]]'', the summer grape, native to the Eastern United States, especially the Southeastern United States
#''[[Biology:Vitis amurensis|Vitis amurensis]]'', native to the Asian continent, including parts of Siberia and China
#''[[Biology:Vitis arizonica|Vitis arizonica]]'', The Arizona grape is native to Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, New Mexico, Texas, and Northern Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?taxauthid=1&taxon=3578&clid=25#|title = SEINet Portal Network - Vitis arizonica}}</ref>
#''[[Biology:Vitis berlandieri|Vitis berlandieri]]'', native to the southern North America, primarily Texas, New Mexico and Arkansas. Primarily known for good tolerance against soils with a high content of lime, which can cause chlorosis in many vines of American origin
#''[[Biology:Vitis californica|Vitis californica]]'', the California wild grape, or Northern California grape, or Pacific grape, is a wild grape species widespread across much of California as well as southwestern Oregon
#''[[Biology:Vitis coignetiae|Vitis coignetiae]]'', the crimson glory vine, a species from East Asia grown as an ornamental plant for its crimson autumn foliage
# ''[[Biology:Vitis labrusca|Vitis labrusca]]'' <small>L.</small>, the fox grapevine, sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the Eastern United States and {{wipe|Canada}}. The Concord grape was derived by a cross with this species
#''[[Biology:Vitis riparia|Vitis riparia]]'', the riverbank grapevine, sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the entire Eastern United States and north to Quebec
#''[[Biology:Vitis rotundifolia|Vitis rotundifolia]]'' (syn. ''Muscadinia rotundifolia''), the muscadine, used for jams and wine. Native to the Southeastern United States from Delaware to the Gulf of Mexico
#''[[Biology:Vitis rupestris|Vitis rupestris]]'', the rock grapevine, used for breeding of Phylloxera resistant rootstock. Native to the Southern United States
#''[[Biology:Vitis vinifera|Vitis vinifera]]'', the European grapevine. Native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia.
#''[[Biology:Vitis vulpina|Vitis vulpina]]'', the frost grape, native to the Eastern United States, from Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas<ref name=vivu>{{PLANTS|symbol=VIVU|taxon=Vitis vulpina L.|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> Treated by some as a [[Biology:Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''V. riparia''.<ref name=up>{{cite web |url=https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/96939 |title=''Vitis riparia'' (Frost grape) (''Vitis vulpina'') |work=The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) |author1=Jain, E. |author2=Bairoch, A. |author3=Duvaud, S. |author4=Phan, I. |author5=Redaschi, N. |author6=Suzek, B.E. |author7=Martin, M.J. |author8=McGarvey, P. |author9=Gasteiger, E. |date=November 3, 2009 |publisher=The UniProt Consortium |access-date=November 16, 2009}}</ref>

''[[Biology:Plants of the World Online|Plants of the World Online]]'' also includes:<ref name = POWO>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325876-2 Plants of the World Online: ''Vitis'' (retrieved 24 December 2021)]</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
# ''[[Biology:Vitis acerifolia|Vitis acerifolia]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis aestivalis|Vitis aestivalis]]'' <small>Michx.</small>
# ''Vitis baihuashanensis'' <small>M.S.Kang & D.Z.Lu</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis balansana|Vitis balansana]]'' <small>Planch.</small>
# ''Vitis bashanica'' <small>P.C.He</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis bellula|Vitis bellula]]'' <small>(Rehder) W.T.Wang</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis betulifolia|Vitis betulifolia]]'' <small>Diels & Gilg</small>
# ''Vitis biformis'' <small>Rose</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis blancoi|Vitis blancoi]]'' <small>Munson</small>
# ''Vitis bloodworthiana'' <small>Comeaux</small>
# ''Vitis bourgaeana'' <small>Planch.</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis bryoniifolia|Vitis bryoniifolia]]'' <small>Bunge</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis californica|Vitis californica]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis × champinii|Vitis × champinii]]'' <small>Planch.</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis chunganensis|Vitis chunganensis]]'' <small>Hu</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis chungii|Vitis chungii]]'' <small>F.P.Metcalf</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis cinerea|Vitis cinerea]]'' <small>(Engelm.) Millardet</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis coignetiae|Vitis coignetiae]]'' <small>Pulliat ex Planch.</small>
# ''Vitis davidi'' <small>(Rom.Caill.) Foëx</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis × doaniana|Vitis × doaniana]]'' <small>Munson ex Viala</small>
# ''Vitis erythrophylla'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis fengqinensis|Vitis fengqinensis]]'' <small>C.L.Li</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis ficifolia|Vitis ficifolia]]'' <small>Bunge</small>
# ''Vitis flavicosta'' <small>Mickel & Beitel</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis flexuosa|Vitis flexuosa]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis girdiana|Vitis girdiana]]'' <small>Munson</small>
# ''Vitis hancockii'' <small>Hance</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis heyneana|Vitis heyneana]]'' <small>Schult.</small>
# ''Vitis hissarica'' <small>Vassilcz.</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis hui|Vitis hui]]'' <small>W.C.Cheng</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis jaegeriana|Vitis jaegeriana]]'' <small>Comeaux</small>
# ''Vitis jinggangensis'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
# ''Vitis jinzhainensis'' <small>X.S.Shen</small>
# ''Vitis kiusiana'' <small>Momiy.</small>
# ''Vitis lanceolatifoliosa'' <small>C.L.Li</small>
# ''Vitis longquanensis'' <small>P.L.Chiu</small>
# ''Vitis luochengensis'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis menghaiensis|Vitis menghaiensis]]'' <small>C.L.Li</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis mengziensis|Vitis mengziensis]]'' <small>C.L.Li</small>
# ''Vitis metziana'' <small>Miq.</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis monticola|Vitis monticola]]'' <small>Buckley</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis mustangensis|Vitis mustangensis]]'' <small>Buckley</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis nesbittiana|Vitis nesbittiana]]'' <small>Comeaux</small>
# ''Vitis × novae-angliae'' <small>Fernald</small>
# ''Vitis novogranatensis'' <small>Moldenke</small>
# ''Vitis nuristanica'' <small>Vassilcz.</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis palmata|Vitis palmata]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
# ''Vitis pedicellata'' <small>M.A.Lawson</small>
# ''Vitis peninsularis'' <small>M.E.Jones</small>
# ''Vitis piasezkii'' <small>Maxim.</small>
# ''Vitis pilosonervia'' <small>F.P.Metcalf</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis popenoei|Vitis popenoei]]'' <small>J.L.Fennell</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis pseudoreticulata|Vitis pseudoreticulata]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
# ''Vitis qinlingensis'' <small>P.C.He</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis retordii|Vitis retordii]]'' <small>Rom.Caill. ex Planch.</small>
# ''Vitis romanetii'' <small>Rom.Caill.</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis ruyuanensis|Vitis ruyuanensis]]'' <small>C.L.Li</small>
# ''Vitis saccharifera'' <small>Makino</small>
# ''Vitis shenxiensis'' <small>C.L.Li</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis shuttleworthii|Vitis shuttleworthii]]'' <small>House</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis silvestrii|Vitis silvestrii]]'' <small>Pamp.</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis sinocinerea|Vitis sinocinerea]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
# ''Vitis sinoternata'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis tiliifolia|Vitis tiliifolia]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.</small>
# ''Vitis tsoi'' <small>Merr.</small>
# ''Vitis wenchowensis'' <small>C.Ling</small>
# ''Vitis wenxianensis'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis wilsoniae|Vitis wilsoniae]]'' <small>H.J.Veitch</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis wuhanensis|Vitis wuhanensis]]'' <small>C.L.Li</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis xunyangensis|Vitis xunyangensis]]'' <small>P.C.He</small>
# ''[[Biology:Vitis yunnanensis|Vitis yunnanensis]]'' <small>C.L.Li</small>
# ''Vitis zhejiang-adstricta'' <small>P.L.Chiu</small>
{{div col end}}

There are many [[Biology:List of grape varieties|cultivars]] of grapevines; most are cultivars of ''V. vinifera''. One of them includes, [[Biology:Vitis 'Ornamental Grape'|Vitis 'Ornamental Grape']].

[[Biology:Hybrid|Hybrid]] grapes also exist, and these are primarily crosses between ''V. vinifera'' and one or more of ''V. labrusca'', ''V. riparia'' or ''V. aestivalis''. Hybrids tend to be less susceptible to frost and disease (notably [[Biology:Phylloxera|phylloxera]]), but wine from some hybrids may have a little of the characteristic "foxy" taste of ''V. labrusca''.

The [[Social:Latin|Latin]] word ''Vitis'' is feminine,<ref>{{citation |author1=Lewis, C.T. |author2=Short, C. |year=1958 |title=A Latin Dictionary |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford}}</ref> and therefore adjectival species names take feminine forms, such as ''V. vinifera''.<ref>{{citation |author1=McNeill, J. |author2=Barrie, F.R. |author3=Buck, W.R. |author4=Demoulin, V. |author5=Greuter, W. |author6=Hawksworth, D.L. |author7=Herendeen, P.S. |author8=Knapp, S. |author9=Marhold, K. |author10=Prado, J. |author11=Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F. |author12=Smith, G.F. |author13=Wiersema, J.H. |author14=Turland, N.J. |year=2012 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title}} Article 23.5</ref>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|-''fer'' is an adjectival suffix, with forms -''fer'' (M), -''fera'' (F), and -''ferum'' (N).<ref>{{citation |author=Stearn, W.T. |year=1992 |title=Botanical Latin: History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary, Fourth edition |publisher=David and Charles}}</ref>}}

== Ecology ==
[[File:Palatina.jpg|thumb|'Palatina', a Hungary grape]]{{Main|List of grape diseases|Phylloxera|List of Lepidoptera that feed on grapevines}}
[[Biology:Phylloxera|Phylloxera]] is an American root aphid that devastated ''V. vinifera'' vineyards in Europe when accidentally introduced in the late 19th century. Attempts were made to breed in resistance from American species, but many winemakers and customers did not like the unusual flavour profile of the hybrid vines. However, ''V.&nbsp;vinifera'' grafts readily onto rootstocks of the American species and their hybrids with ''V.&nbsp;vinifera'', and most commercial production of grapes now relies on such grafts.

The black vine weevil is another root pest.

Grapevines are used as food plants by the [[Biology:Larva|larva]]e of some [[Biology:Lepidoptera|Lepidoptera]] species.

==Commercial distribution==
[[File:Pago de miraflores la alta albariza sanlúcar barrameda.jpg|thumb|Vitis for producing Sherry at Jerez.]]
[[File:Parra en Hontecillas.jpg|thumb|Vitis near a house in Hontecillas.]]
According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.<!--<br style="clear:both"/>-->

The following list of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes (regardless of the grapes' final destination):<ref>{{cite web|title=OIV Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture 2016|url=http://www.oiv.int/public/medias/5029/world-vitiviniculture-situation-2016.pdf|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

{{Aligned table
| class = wikitable sortable | cols = 3 | row1header = on |col2align = right | col3align = right
| Country
| Area under vine (ha [[Scientific notation|x10<sup>3</sup>]])
| Grape production ([[Tonne|metric ton]] [[Scientific notation|x10<sup>6</sup>]])
| '''{{noflag|[[Philosophy:World|World]]}}''' | '''7511''' | '''75.7'''
| {{flag|Spain}} | 1021| 6.0
| {{flag|China}} | 830 | 12.6
| {{flag|France}} | 786 | 6.3
| {{flag|Italy}} | 682 | 8.2
| {{flag|Turkey}} | 497 | 3.6
| {{flag|United States}} | 419 | 7.0
| {{flag|Argentina}} | 225 | 2.4
| {{flag|Iran}} | 223 | 2.1
| {{flag|Portugal}} | 217 |
| {{flag|Chile}} | 211 | 3.1
| {{flag|Romania}} | 192 |
| {{flag|Australia}} | 149 | 1.7
| {{flag|Moldova}} | 140 |
| {{flag|South Africa}} | 130 | 2.0
| {{flag|India}} | 120 | 2.6
| {{flag|Brazil}} | 85 | 1.5
| {{flag|Bulgaria}} | 60 |
| {{flag|New Zealand}} | 39 |
}}

==Domestic cultivation==
Grapevines are widely cultivated by gardeners, and numerous suppliers cater specifically for this trade. The plants are valued for their decorative foliage, often colouring brightly in autumn; their ability to clothe walls, [[Engineering:Pergola|pergola]]s and arches, thus providing shade; and their fruits, which may be eaten as dessert or provide the basis for homemade wines. Popular varieties include:-
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*Buckland Sweetwater' (white dessert)
*'Chardonnay' (white wine)
*'Foster's Seedling' (white dessert)
*'Muscat of Alexandria' (white dessert)
*'Müller-Thurgau' (white wine)
*'Phoenix' (white wine)
*'Pinot noir' (red wine)
*'Regent' (red wine)
*'Schiava Grossa' (red dessert)
*'Seyval blanc' (white wine)<ref name=GYOF>{{cite book|last=Klein|first=Carol|title=Grow your own fruit|year=2009|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845334345|pages=224}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

The following varieties have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 107 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 18 February 2019}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*'Boskoop Glory'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/57774/Vitis-Boskoop-Glory-(O-B)/Details | title = ''Vitis'' 'Boskoop Glory' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref> (dessert/wine)
*'Brant'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Vitis'' 'Brant '|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/80403/Vitis-Brant-(O-B)/Details | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref> (black dessert)
*'Claret Cloak' or 'Frovit'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/115590/Vitis-Claret-Cloak-Frovit/Details | title = ''Vitis'' {{tdes|'''Claret Cloak'''}} = 'Frovit' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref> (ornamental)
*'New York Muscat'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Vitis'' 'New York Muscat'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/203614/Vitis-New-York-Muscat-(O-B)/Details | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref> (black dessert)
*'Purpurea'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Vitis'' 'Purpurea'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4675|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130707074346/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4675|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 7, 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> (ornamental)
{{div col end}}

== Uses ==
The fruit of several ''Vitis'' species are grown commercially for consumption as fresh grapes and for fermentation into wine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frenkel |first1=Omer |last2=Brewer |first2=Marin Talbot |last3=Milgroom |first3=Michael G. |date=2010 |title=Variation in Pathogenicity and Aggressiveness of Erysiphe necator from Different Vitis spp. and Geographic Origins in the Eastern United States |journal=Phytopathology |language=en |volume=100 |issue=11 |pages=1185–1193 |doi=10.1094/PHYTO-01-10-0023 |issn=0031-949X |pmid=20932167 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Vitis vinifera'' is the most important such species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Kelly |last2=Sims |first2=Charles |last3=Odabasi |first3=Asli |last4=Bartoshuk |first4=Linda |last5=Conner |first5=Patrick |last6=Gray |first6=Dennis |date=2016 |title=Consumer Acceptability of Fresh-Market Muscadine Grapes |journal=Journal of Food Science |language=en |volume=81 |issue=11 |pages=S2808–S2816 |doi=10.1111/1750-3841.13522 |issn=1750-3841 |pmid=27741360 |quote=Nearly all table grapes that are sold in commercial markets are V. vinifera.}}</ref>

The leaves of several species of grapevine are edible and are used in the production of dolmades and Vietnamese lot leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cosme |first1=Fernanda |last2=Pinto |first2=Teresa |last3=Vilela |first3=Alice |date=2017 |title=Oenology in the Kitchen: The Sensory Experience Offered by Culinary Dishes Cooked with Alcoholic Drinks, Grapes and Grape Leaves |journal=Beverages |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=42 |doi=10.3390/beverages3030042 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Culture ==
The grapevine (typically ''Vitis vinifera'') has been used as a symbol since ancient times. In [[Religion:Greek mythology|Greek mythology]], [[Religion:Dionysus|Dionysus]] (called Bacchus by the Romans) was god of the vintage and, therefore, a grapevine with bunches of the fruit are among his attributes. His attendants at the Bacchanalian festivals hence had the vine as an attribute, together with the thyrsus, the latter often entwined with vine branches. For the same reason, the Greek wine cup (cantharos) is commonly decorated with the vine and grapes, wine being drunk as a libation to the god.

The grapevine has a profound symbolic meaning in Jewish tradition and culture since antiquity.<ref name=":0">Wulkan, Reba, "The Grape and the Vine: A Motif in Contemporary Jewish Textiles" (1998). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 217.</ref> It is referenced 55 times in the [[Religion:Hebrew Bible|Hebrew Bible]] (Old Testament), along with grapes and wine, which are also frequently mentioned (55 and 19, respectively).<ref name=":1" /> It is regarded as one of the [[Seven Species]],<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|8:8|HE}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Netzer |first1=Yishai |last2=Netzer |first2=Nissan |date=2021 |title=Hebrew Vine and Wine Terms from Ancient Times to the Present |url=https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/judea-and-samaria-research-studies/2021/07/05/%d7%92%d6%b6%d6%bc%d7%a4%d6%b6%d7%9f-%d7%91%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%91%d7%9f-%d7%92%d6%b8%d6%bc%d7%a4%d6%b6%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%a0%d7%97%d7%99-%d7%92%d7%a4%d7%9f-%d7%95%d7%99%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9e/ |journal=Judea and Samaria Research Studies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=127–145 |doi=10.26351/JSRS/30-1/5 |s2cid=241465067 |issn=2617-8737}}</ref> and is employed several times in the Bible as a symbol of the Israelites as the [[Religion:Jews as the chosen people|chosen people]].<ref>{{Bibleverse|Isaiah|5:7}}, {{Bibleverse|Hosea|9:10}}</ref> The grapevine has a prominent place in Jewish rituals: the wine was given a special blessing, "creator of the fruit of the vine", and the Kiddush blessing is recited over wine or grape juice on [[History:Shabbat|Shabbat]] and Jewish holidays.<ref name=":1" /> It is also employed in various parables and sayings in rabbinic literature.<ref name=":1" /> According to Josephus and the [[Religion:Mishnah|Mishnah]], a golden vine was hung over the inner chamber of the Second Temple. The grapevine is featured on Hasmonean and Bar Kokhba revolt coinage, and as a decoration in mosaic floors of [[Place:Ancient synagogues in Palestine|ancient synagogues]].<ref name=":0" />

In Christian iconography, the vine also frequently appears. It is mentioned several times in the [[Religion:New Testament|New Testament]]. We have the parable of the [[Religion:Kingship and kingdom of God|kingdom of heaven]] likened to the father starting to engage laborers for his vineyard. The vine is used as symbol of Jesus Christ based on his own statement, "I am the true vine (John 15:1)." In that sense, a vine is placed as sole symbol on the tomb of Constantia, the sister of Constantine the Great, and elsewhere. In Byzantine art, the vine and grapes figure in early [[Engineering:Mosaic|mosaic]]s, and on the throne of Maximianus of Ravenna it is used as a decoration.

The vine and [[Biology:Wheat|wheat]] [[Biology:Ear (botany)|ear]] have been frequently used as symbol of the blood and flesh of Christ, hence figuring as symbols (bread and wine) of the [[Religion:Eucharist|Eucharist]] and are found depicted on ostensories. Often the symbolic vine laden with grapes is found in ecclesiastical decorations with animals biting at the grapes. At times, the vine is used as symbol of temporal blessing.<ref name="amer">{{Americana|wstitle=Vine in Art and Symbolism|year=1920|author=Clement W. Coumbe|inline=1}}</ref>

In [[Unsolved:Mandaeism|Mandaeism]], uthras (angels or celestial beings) are often described as personified grapevines ({{transliteration|myz|gupna}}).<ref name="GR Gelbert">{{cite book |url=https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/ |last1=Gelbert |first1=Carlos |title=Ginza Rba |year=2011 |publisher=Living Water Books |location=Sydney |isbn=9780958034630}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Biology:Vine staff|Vine staff]]
*Annual growth cycle of grapevines
*Old vine

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Further reading===

* {{ cite journal |author1=Francesco Emanuelli |author2=Silvia Lorenzi |author3=Lukasz Grzeskowiak |author4=Valentina Catalano |author5=Marco Stefanini |author6=Michela Troggio |author7=Sean Myles |author8=José M. Martinez-Zapater |author9=Eva Zyprian |author10=Flavia M. Moreira |author11=M. Stella Grando |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |volume=13 |pages=39 |title=Genetic diversity and population structure assessed by SSR and SNP markers in a large germplasm collection of grape |journal=BMC Plant Biology |publisher=BioMed Central Ltd. |doi=10.1186/1471-2229-13-39 |pmid=23497049 |pmc=3610244 |doi-access=free }}
* {{ cite journal |author1=Roberto Bacilieri |author2=Thierry Lacombe |author3=Loic Le Cunff |author4=Manuel Di Vecchi Staraz |author5=Valerie Laucou |author6=Blaise Genna |author7=Jean-Pierre Peros |author8=Patrice This |author9=Jean-Michel Boursiquot |year=2013 |volume=13 |title=Genetic structure in cultivated grapevines is linked to geography and human selection |journal=BMC Plant Biology |publisher=BioMed Central Ltd. |doi=10.1186/1471-2229-13-25|pmid=23394135 |pages=25|pmc=3598926 |doi-access=free }}

==External links==
* [http://www.eu-vitis.de/docs/descriptors/mcpd/WP2-DESCRIPTORS-v4.pdf List of 48 descriptors] defined in the GRAPEGEN06 project (selected from the 151 OIV descriptors published in June 2007)


{{Taxonbar|from=Q191019}}

[[Category:Vitis| ]]
[[Category:Vitaceae genera]]
[[Category:Vines]]

{{Sourceattribution|Vitis}}