View source for Biology:Wheat yellow rust

{{Short description|Fungal disease of wheat}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Wheat yellow rust
| image = Dz. rūsa z.tritikāle 2015.jpg
| image_alt = Yellow rust on the leaves of winter triticale
| image_caption = Yellow rust on the leaves of [[Biology:Winter cereal|winter triticale]]
| regnum = [[Biology:Fungi|Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Biology:Basidiomycota|Basidiomycota]]
| classis = Urediniomycetes
| subclassis = [[Biology:Incertae sedis|Incertae sedis]]
| ordo = [[Biology:Uredinales|Uredinales]]
| familia = [[Biology:Pucciniastraceae|Pucciniastraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Biology:Puccinia|Puccinia]]''
| species = '''''P. striiformis'' var. ''tritici'''''
| binomial = ''Puccinia striiformis'' var. ''tritici''
| binomial_authority = Westend., (1854)
| synonyms =
*''Dicaeoma glumarum '' <small></small>
*''Puccinia glumarum'' <small></small>
*''Puccinia rubigo-vera'' <small></small>
*''Puccinia straminis'' <small></small>
*''Puccinia striiformis'' <small></small>
*''Trichobasis glumarum'' <small></small>
*''[[Biology:Uredo|Uredo]] glumarum'' <small></small>
}}
[[File:Dz. rūsa z.trit. 2015.jpg|thumb|Yellow rust distribution in winter triticale ]]
'''Wheat yellow rust''' ('''''Puccinia striiformis'' f.sp. ''tritici'''''), also known as '''wheat stripe rust''', is one of the three major [[Biology:Wheat|wheat]] [[Biology:Rust (fungus)|rust]] diseases, along with [[Biology:Stem rust|stem rust of wheat]] (''Puccinia graminis'' f.sp. tritici) and [[Biology:Leaf rust (barley)|leaf rust]] (''Puccinia triticina'' f.sp. tritici).

==History==
As R.P. Singh, J. Huerta-Espino, and A.P. Roelfs say in their 2002 comprehensive review of literature on the wheat rusts for UN FAO:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=R.P. |last2=Huerta-Espino |first2=J. |last3=Roelfs |first3=A.P. |title=The wheat rusts |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y4011E/y4011e0g.htm |website=www.fao.org |access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref>

<blockquote>Although Gadd first described stripe rust of wheat in 1777, it was not until 1896 that Eriksson and Henning (1896) showed that stripe rust resulted from a separate pathogen, which they named ''P. glumarum''. In 1953, Hylander et al. (1953) revived the name ''P. striiformis''.</blockquote>

A stripe rust outbreak in northwest Syria contributed to the beginning of the Syrian Civil War by increasing food prices.<ref name="Schwartzstein-2016">{{cite magazine | last=Schwartzstein | first=Peter | title=Inside the Syrian Dust Bowl | magazine=Foreign Policy | publisher=The FP Group | date=2016-09-05 | url=http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/05/inside-the-syrian-dust-bowl-icarda-assad-food-security-war/ | access-date=2021-10-22}}</ref>

==Life cycle==
Other cereal rust fungi have macrocyclic, [[Biology:Heteroecious|heteroecious]] life cycles, involving five spore stages and two [[Biology:Phylogenetics|phylogenetically]] unrelated hosts. ''P.&nbsp;striiformis'' was thought to be microcyclic for centuries until 2009, when a team of scientists at the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab led by Yue Jin confirmed that barberry (''[[Biology:Berberis|Berberis]]'' and ''[[Biology:Mahonia|Mahonia]]'' spp.) is an alternate host.<ref name="Jin-et-al-2010">{{Cite journal|last1=Jin|first1=Yue|last2=Szabo|first2=Les J.|last3=Carson|first3=Martin|date=2010-04-07|title=Century-Old Mystery of ''Puccinia striiformis'' Life History Solved with the Identification of ''Berberis'' as an Alternate Host|journal=Phytopathology|volume=100|issue=5|pages=432–435|doi=10.1094/PHYTO-100-5-0432|pmid=20373963|issn=0031-949X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Barberry was known as an alternate host of the closely related stem rust (''[[Biology:Stem rust|Puccinia graminis]]'') and for many years, when infection was observed on barberry, it was assumed to be stem rust.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The black stem rust and the barberry|last=Stakman|first=Elvin C.|author-link=Elvin C. Stakman
|date=1918|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.135472|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/135472}}</ref> (Then ''P.&nbsp;striiformis'' was accidentally discovered to ''also'' have the same alternate host when scientists observed rust infection on various barberry species, and inoculated spores of this unknown rust onto [[Biology:Poaceae|Poaceae]] hosts.<ref name="Jin-et-al-2010" /> Kentucky Bluegrass was the only one to show infection. The uredinia were characteristic of stripe rust.)<ref name="Jin-et-al-2010" /><ref name="Wellings-2011" /> Later, infected wheat plants bearing teliospores were soaked in water and suspended over barberry species. Infection was produced, thus solving a "century-old mystery" of [[Earth:Plant pathology|plant pathology]].<ref name="Jin-et-al-2010" /> This finding is regarded as revolutionary across the discipline and additionally among mycologists.<ref name="Dean-et-al-2012">
 {{cite journal
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 | title=The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology
 | journal=[[Biology:Molecular Plant Pathology|Molecular Plant Pathology]]
 | publisher=[[Organization:British Society for Plant Pathology|British Society for Plant Pathology]] ([[Company:Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]])
 | volume=13
 | issue=4
 | date=2012-04-04
 | issn=1464-6722
 | doi=10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x
 | pages=414–430
 | pmid=22471698
 | pmc=6638784
 | s2cid=18505064
 }}</ref><ref name="Wellings-2011">{{cite journal | last=Wellings | first=Colin R. | title=Global status of stripe rust: a review of historical and current threats | journal=Euphytica | publisher=[[Company:Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | volume=179 | issue=1 | date=2011-02-04 | issn=0014-2336 | doi=10.1007/s10681-011-0360-y | pages=129–141 | s2cid=12772004}}</ref><ref name="Chen-et-al-2014">{{cite journal | last1=Chen | first1=Wanquan | last2=Wellings | first2=Colin | last3=Chen | first3=Xianming | last4=Kang | first4=Zhengsheng | last5=Liu | first5=Taiguo | title=Wheat stripe (yellow) rust caused by ''Puccinia striiformis'' f. sp. ''tritici'' | journal=[[Biology:Molecular Plant Pathology|Molecular Plant Pathology]] | publisher=[[Organization:British Society for Plant Pathology|British Society for Plant Pathology]] ([[Company:Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]]) | volume=15 | issue=5 | date=2014-05-06 | issn=1464-6722 | s2cid=37796070 | pmid=24373199 | pmc=6638732 | doi=10.1111/mpp.12116 | pages=433–446}}</ref><ref name="Moller-Stukenbrock-2017">{{cite journal | last1=Möller | first1=Mareike | last2=Stukenbrock | first2=Eva H. | title=Evolution and genome architecture in fungal plant pathogens | journal=[[Biology:Nature Reviews Microbiology|Nature Reviews Microbiology]] | publisher=[[Company:Nature Portfolio|Nature Portfolio]] | volume=15 | issue=12 | date=2017-08-07 | issn=1740-1526 | pmid=28781365 | doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.76 | pages=756–771 | s2cid=23589377}}</ref><ref name="Hovmoller-et-al-2011">{{cite journal | last1=Hovmøller | first1=Mogens S. | last2=Sørensen | first2=Chris K. | last3=Walter | first3=Stephanie | last4=Justesen | first4=Annemarie F. | title=Diversity of ''Puccinia striiformis'' on Cereals and Grasses | journal=[[Biology:Annual Review of Phytopathology|Annual Review of Phytopathology]] | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=49 | issue=1 | date=2011-09-08 | issn=0066-4286 | doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095230 | pages=197–217 | s2cid=41199857 | pmid=21599494}}</ref>

==Symptoms==
[[File:Stripe rust on wheat.jpg|thumb|Stripe rust on wheat]]
Yellow rust, or stripe rust, takes its name from the appearance of yellow-colored stripes produced parallel along the [[Biology:Leaf#Venation|venations]] of each leaf blade. These yellow stripes are actually characteristic of uredinia that produce yellow-colored [[Biology:Urediniospore|urediniospore]]s. Primary hosts of yellow rust of wheat are ''[[Biology:Triticum aestivum|Triticum aestivum]]'' (bread wheat), ''Triticum turgidum'' ([[Biology:Durum|durum]] wheat), [[Biology:Triticale|triticale]], and a few ''[[Biology:Hordeum vulgare|Hordeum vulgare]]'' ([[Biology:Barley|barley]]) cultivars.

The disease usually occurs early in the growth season, when temperature ranges between {{cvt|2|and|15|C}}; but it may occur to a maximum of {{cvt|23|C}}. High humidity and rainfall are favorable conditions for increasing the infection on both leaf blade and leaf sheath, even on [[Biology:Raceme#Spike|spikes]] when in epidemic form. Symptoms are stunted and weakened plants, shriveled grains, fewer spikes, loss in number of grains per spike and grain weight. Losses can be 50%, but in severe situations 100% is vulnerable. Since yellow rust can occur whenever the wheat plants in green and the environmental condition conducive for the spore infection, yellow rust is a severe problem in the wheat-producing regions worldwide. Temperatures during the time of winter wheat emergence and the coldest period of the year are crucial for epidemic development in winter-habit wheat crops.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Aslanov|first=Rufat|author2=Moussa El Jarroudi|author3=Mélanie Gollier |author4=Marine Pallez-Barthel |author5=Marco Beyer|title=Yellow rust does not like cold winters. But how to find out which temperature and time frames could be decisive in vivo?|journal=Journal of Plant Pathology|date=2019-01-04|volume=online first|issue=1|pages=539–546|doi=10.1007/s42161-018-00233-y|hdl=2268/230814|s2cid=91716438|url=https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/230814}}</ref>

==Worldwide population structure==
Both the spatial genetic structure and the spatial dissemination of this disease have been investigated.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last=Ali|first=Sajid|author2=Pierre Gladieux |author3=Marc Leconte |author4=Angélique Gautier |author5=Annemarie F. Justesen |author6=Mogens S. Hovmøller |author7=Jérôme Enjalbert |author8=Claude de Vallavieille-Pope |title=Origin, Migration Routes and Worldwide Population Genetic Structure of the Wheat Yellow Rust Pathogen ''Puccinia striiformis'' f.sp. ''tritici''|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=2014-01-23|volume=10|issue=1|page=e1003903|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003903|pmid=24465211|pmc=3900651 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Population genetic analyses indicate a strong regional heterogeneity in levels of recombination, with clear signatures of recombination in the Himalayan and near-Himalayan regions and a predominant clonal population structure in other regions. The existence of a high [[Biology:Genetic diversity|genotypic diversity]], recombinant population structure, high [[Biology:Sexual reproduction|sexual reproduction]] ability, and the abundance of the alternate host (''[[Biology:Berberis|Berberis]]'' spp.) in the Himalayan and neighboring regions suggest the region as a plausible ''Pst'' center of origin or at least very close to its centre of origin. However, further exploration may be useful from [[Place:Central Asia|Central Asia]] to [[Place:East Asia|East Asia]]n regions.<ref name="auto"/>

==Disease management==
[[Biology:Plant breeding|Breeding]] of resistant varieties is the most cost-effective method to control this rust. [[Biology:Fungicide|Fungicide]]s are available but vary in availability depending on their registration restrictions by national or state governments.<ref name="WSU" >{{cite web|url=https://www.striperust.wsu.edu|title=Stripe Rust|author=Washington State University College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences|publisher=[[Organization:Washington State University|Washington State University]]|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="USU-Ext">{{ Cite web |year=2008|id=PLP-002-PR|department=Utah Pests fact sheet|url=https://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/factsheet/wheat-stripe-rust08.pdf|publisher=Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory|title=Wheat Stripe Rust}}</ref> Development of varieties resistant to the disease is always an important objective in wheat breeding programs for crop improvement. This has been done in the past, however as normal, these resistance genes became ineffective due to the acquisition of virulence to that particular resistance gene rendering the variety susceptible - necessitating ongoing variety development.<ref name="Virulence-Dynamics">
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                  year=2017|
             publisher=Springer Netherlands|
     publication-place=Dordrecht|
                 pages=vii+719|
                first2=Xianming|
                 last2=Chen|
                first1=Zhensheng|
                 last1=Kang|
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 editor-last1=Chen|
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                 s2cid=30527470|
                  oclc=1006649931|
                  lccn=2017943111|
                    id=978-94-024-1111-9. 978-94-024-1491-2. 978-94-024-1109-6|
                   doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1111-9|
                 title=Stripe Rust|
 isbn=978-94-024-1109-6}}
    |{{ RP |pages=37,98-99,105,294}}
    |...cites this study:
    |{{*}} {{ Cite journal |department=Special Report|title=Virulence Dynamics and Regional Structuring of ''Puccinia striiformis'' f. sp. ''tritici'' in France Between 1984 and 2009|first1=Claude|last1=de Vallavieille-Pope|first2=Sajid|last2=Ali|first3=Marc|last3=Leconte|first4=Jérôme|last4=Enjalbert|first5=Marc|last5=Delos|first6=Jacques|last6=Rouzet|date=1 January 2012|journal=Plant Disease|publisher=American Phytopathological Association (APS)|volume=96|issue=1|pages=131–140|doi=10.1094/pdis-02-11-0078|s2cid=73450078|pmid=30731861|doi-access=free}}
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</ref>

{{ Anchor |Resistance}}
===Resistance genes===
These genes are most often abbreviated ''Yr'' and ''Yr1'', ''Yr24'', etc.

{{ Visible anchor |QYr.niab-2D.1}} is a [[Philosophy:Quantitative trait locus|quantitative trait locus]] (QTL) for adult plant resistance (APR).<ref name = "Battle" /> This [[Biology:Allele|allele]] comes from the {{ Visible anchor |Claire variety}}.<ref name = "Battle" /> Bouvet ''et al.'', 2021 discovered it when investigating unknown resistance in the UK 2015 and 2016 seasons.<ref name = "Battle" /> It has since broken down however.<ref name = "Battle" >
 {{ Cite journal |
       language=en|
           year=2021|
      publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC|
          issue=3|
         volume=135|
        journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|
           issn=0040-5752|
         first6=James|
         first5=Ian|
         first4=Jane|
         first3=Lucy|
         first2=Sarah|
         first1=Laura|
          last6=Cockram|
          last5=Mackay|
          last4=Thomas|
          last3=James|
          last2=Holdgate|
          last1=Bouvet|
          pages=741–753|
          title=The evolving battle between yellow rust and wheat: implications for global food security|
            doi=10.1007/s00122-021-03983-z|
          s2cid=236275608|
            pmc=8942934|
           pmid=34821981|
             id=JC {{ORCID|0000-0002-1014-6463}}}}
</ref>

====Lebanon====
Although ''Yr6'', ''Yr7'', ''Yr8'', ''Yr9'', ''Yr10'', ''Yr17'', ''Yr24'', ''Yr25'', and ''Yr27'' are no longer effective in [[Place:Lebanon|Lebanon]], ''Yr1'', ''Yr3'', ''Yr4'', ''Yr5'', ''Yr15'' are still effective against yellow rust pathotypes prevalent there.<ref name="IITA-CGIAR-slide-Yr-Sr">{{Cite AV media|url=http://youtube.com/watch?v=9ksaCvAy_XQ&t=2677 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/9ksaCvAy_XQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Organization:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture|International Institute of Tropical Agriculture]] / [[Organization:CGIAR|CGIAR]] |series=[[Organization:CGIAR|CGIAR]] Germplasm Health Webinar series|volume=Phytosanitary Awareness Week |title=(DAY 2) - Phytosanitary Safety for Transboundary pest prevention - Yellow and Black rust population variability|date=2020-11-09|time-caption=Slide at|time=00:44:37|first=Rola|last=El Amil|id=Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Lebanon}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Biology:Puccinia striiformis var. striiformis|''Puccinia striiformis'' var. ''striiformis'']]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Ali S. (2012) Population biology and invasion history of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici at worldwide and local scale, Ph.D. dissertation. Université Paris-Sud 11.
*Chen, X. M.  2005.  Epidemiology and control of stripe rust [Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici] on wheat.  Can. J. Plant Pathol. 27:314-337.
*Doodson, J.K., Manners, J.G. and Myers, A. (1964). Some effects of yellow rust (''Puccinia striiformis'') on the growth and yield of spring wheat. Ann. Bot. 28: 459–472.
*Eriksson, J. and E. Henning. 1896. Die Getreideroste. Ihre Geschichte und Natur sowie Massregein gegen dieselben. P. A. Norstedt and Soner, Stockholm. 463 pp.
*Hogg, W.H., Hounam, C.E., Malik, A.K., and Zadoks, J.C. 1969. Meteorological factors affecting the epidemiology of wheat rusts. WMO Tech Note 99. 143 pp.
*Hovmøller, M. S., Sørensen, C. K., Walter, S., Justesen, A. F. (2011) Diversity of Puccinia striiformis on cereals and grasses. Annual Review of Phytopathology 49, 197–217.
*Hylander, N., I. Jorstad and J.A. Nannfeldt. 1953. Enumeratio uredionearum Scandinavicarum. Opera Bot. 1:1-102.
*Jin, Y., Szabo, L.J., and Carson, M.  2010.  Century-old mystery of Puccinia striiformis life history solved with the identification of Berberis as an alternate host.  Phytopathology 100:432-435.
*Poehlman J.M. and D.A. Sleper. 1995. Breeding Field Crops. 4th Ed. Iowa State Press/Ames, Iowa 50014.
*Robbelen, G. and Sharp, E. L., 1978. Mode of inheritance, interaction and application of genes conditioning resistance to yellow rust. Adv. Plant Breeding, 9, 88 pp.
*Saari, E. E. and Prescott, J. M., 1985. World distribution in relation to economic losses. Pages 259–298, in: The Cereal Rusts Vol. II: Diseases, distribution, epidemiology and control, A. P. Roelfs and W. R. Bushnell eds., Academic Press, Orlando, Fl.
*Stubbs, R. W., 1985. Stripe rust. Pages 61–101 in: The Cereal Rusts Vol. II: Diseases, distribution, epidemiology and control, A. P. Roelfs and W. R. Bushnell eds., Academic Press, Orlando, Fl. Zadoks, J. C. and Bouwman, J. J., 1985. Epidemiology in Europe. Pages 329–369 in: The Cereal Rusts Volume II: Diseases, distribution, epidemiology and control, A. P. Roelfs and W. R. Bushnell eds., Academic Press, Orlando, Fl.

==External links==
*http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/ad_hoc/36400500Publications/CerealRusts/The%20Cereal%20Rusts_VOLUME%20II.pdf
*http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/ad_hoc/36400500Cerealrusts/stripe_rust_control.pdf
*http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/ad_hoc/36400500Cerealrusts/Pst-life-cycle%20Phyto-reprint.pdf
*http://www.cimmyt.org
*http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/site_main.htm?modecode=36-40-05-00
* {{cite web | title=Yellow Rust | url=http://www.wheat-rust-genomics.com/stripe-rust/ | access-date=2021-05-26}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7991848}}

[[Category:Forma specialis taxa]]

{{Sourceattribution|Wheat yellow rust}}