View source for Biology:Wrymouth

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cryptocanthodes maculatus.jpg
| status = G5
| status_system = TNC
| status_ref = <ref name="NatureServe status 4 August 2023">{{cite web |title=Cryptocanthodes maculatus |work=NatureServe |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103281/Cryptacanthodes_maculatus |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
| taxon = Cryptacanthodes maculatus
| authority = D. H. Storer, 1839
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
|Fierasfer borealis | De Kay, 1842
|Cryptacanthodes inornatus | T. N. Gill, 1863
|Zoarcites pardalis | Zugmayer, 1914
}}
}}

The '''wrymouth''' ('''''Cryptacanthodes maculatus''''') sometimes called '''ghostfish''' or "potato-head fish", is a slim, [[Biology:Eel|eel]]-like creature belongs to the wrymouth family [[Biology:Cryptacanthodidae|Cryptacanthodidae]].   It outgrows the blennies, its relatives, and may reach a length of {{convert|97|cm|in}} [[Biology:Fish measurement|TL]]<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase |genus= Cryptacanthodes|species= maculatus| month = April | year = 2013}}</ref> <!-- (Do not add this reference back in as it refers to the Giant Wrymouth (C. giganteus)) (or even over 5 feet.<ref>Anchorage Daily News, [http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/marine/story/941716.html Crab fishermen surprised by deep-dwelling mystery fish], 9/19/2009</ref>)-->  A low spiny dorsal fin stands along the entire back.  This includes about 70 spines and unites with the caudal and anal fins.  Small eyes lie near the top of its big head.  The mouth slants sharply above a ponderous lower jaw.  Along its reddish brown upper sides extend several irregular rows of small dark spots.  The dorsal and anal fins also show spots.  The lack of ventral fins and a pronounced upward pointing mouth are characteristic.

==Distribution and habitat==
Dwelling along the North Atlantic and East Pacific oceans of [[Earth:North America|North America]], it ordinarily hugs the bottom from shallow water down to a depth of around {{convert|110|m|ft}}.<ref name=FishBase/>  It creates burrows in the mud bottom on which it lives.  About 2 [[Inch|inch]]es around and 1.5 to 3 in below the surface, the burrow branches into tunnels.  Sometimes, however, the burrow stands as high as 4 feet above the low water mark.  It begins in a centrally placed mound with smaller openings along the tunnel and at its end.  At night, they may be seen protruding about a head's length from their burrows, but are seldom seen out in the open. In thousands of hours of night diving in their habitat, we only observed one out of its burrow once, and when disturbed it returned immediately to the nearest opening. It spawns in the winter, probably in deep water. Wrymouths have been seen hunting live shrimp, small crabs and hermit crabs in captivity and this is likely a continuation of their natural behavior and diet in the wild.

[[Image:Wrymouth-burrow.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Wrymouth in its burrow]]

==Reproduction==

Almost nothing is known about their reproductive biology. Small, but well developed fry have been recorded from the northern parts of their range in Howe Sound in early spring, suggesting that spawning may take place in winter. Eggs and early fry are completely unknown, suggesting the possibility that spawning may take place inside the burrow system. Breeding pairs tend to stick together in large family territories, where several pairs may den together. Little is known about territoriality, mating strategies, or whether they provide parental care. Females lay eggs and fertilization is presumed externally.

==In the aquarium==
In aquaria the wrymouth has been known to utilize a [[Chemistry:Rubber|rubber]] tube as a ready-made burrow.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* E. C. Raney "Wrymouth." ''The Wise Fishermen's Encyclopedia'' (1951)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2780828}}

[[Category:Cryptacanthodidae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Wrymouth}}