View source for Biometric passport

{{Short description|Traditional passport that has an embedded electronic microprocessor chip}}

[[File:ePassport logo.svg|thumb|This biometric symbol is usually printed on the cover of biometric (ICAO compliant) passports.]]

A '''biometric passport''' (also known as an '''electronic passport''', '''e-passport''' or a '''digital passport''') is a traditional passport that has an embedded electronic [[Engineering:Microprocessor|microprocessor]] chip, which contains [[Biometrics|biometric]] information that can be used to authenticate the identity of the passport holder. It uses [[Contactless smart card|contactless smart card]] technology, including a microprocessor chip (computer chip) and antenna (for both power to the chip and communication) embedded in the front or back cover, or centre page, of the passport. The passport's critical information is printed on the data page of the passport, repeated on the machine readable lines and stored in the chip. [[Public key infrastructure]] (PKI) is used to authenticate the data stored electronically in the passport chip, supposedly making it expensive and difficult to forge when all security mechanisms are fully and correctly implemented.

Many countries are moving towards issuing biometric passports to their citizens. Malaysia was the first country to issue biometric passports in 1998.<ref name="icaomy" /> In December 2008, 60 countries were issuing such passports,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://findbiometrics.com/over-60-countries-now-issuing-epassports-2/|title=Over 60+ countries now issuing ePassports |date=30 December 2008|work=FindBiometrics |access-date=5 April 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406111611/http://findbiometrics.com/over-60-countries-now-issuing-epassports-2/|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> which increased to over 150 by mid-2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/government/passport/electronic-passport-trends |title=The electronic passport in 2021 and beyond |publisher=Thales Group |access-date=March 31, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The currently standardised biometrics used for this type of identification system are [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]], [[Biology:Fingerprint#Fingerprint verification|fingerprint recognition]], and [[Iris recognition|iris recognition]]. These were adopted after assessment of several different kinds of biometrics including [[Biology:Retinal scan|retinal scan]]. Document and chip characteristics are documented in the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Doc 9303 (ICAO 9303).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icao.int/publications/pages/publication.aspx?docnum=9303 |title=ICAO Document 9303, Part 1, Volume 1 (OCR machine-readable passports) |website=ICAO |format=PDF |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The ICAO defines the biometric file formats and communication protocols to be used in passports. Only the digital image (usually in [[JPEG]] or [[JPEG 2000]] format) of each biometric feature is actually stored in the chip. The comparison of biometric features is performed outside the passport chip by electronic border control systems (e-borders). To store biometric data on the contactless chip, it includes a minimum of 32 kilobytes of [[EEPROM]] storage memory, and runs on an interface in accordance with the ISO/IEC 14443 international standard, amongst others. These standards intend interoperability between different countries and different manufacturers of passport books.

Some [[Software:Identity document|national identity cards]], such as those from Albania, Brazil, the Netherlands, and Saudi Arabia are fully ICAO 9303 compliant biometric travel documents. However others, such as the United States passport card, are not.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hegemann |first=Hendrik |s2cid=110098665 |date=March 2015 |title=Constructions of Effectiveness and the Rationalization of Counterterrorism Policy: The Case of Biometric Passports |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=199–218 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2014.982384}}</ref>

==Data protection==

Biometric passports have protection mechanisms to avoid and/or detect attacks:

; Non-traceable chip characteristics: Random chip identifiers reply to each request with a different chip number. This prevents tracing of passport chips. Using random identification numbers is optional.
; Basic Access Control (BAC): BAC protects the communication channel between the chip and the reader by encrypting transmitted information. Before data can be read from a chip, the reader needs to provide a key which is derived from the Machine Readable Zone: the date of birth, the date of expiry and the document number. If BAC is used, an attacker cannot (easily) eavesdrop transferred information without knowing the correct key. Using BAC is optional.
; Passive Authentication (PA): PA is aimed at identifying modification of passport chip data. The chip contains a file, Document Security Object (SOD), that stores [[Cryptographic hash function|hash values]] of all files stored in the chip (picture, fingerprint, etc.) and a [[Digital signature|digital signature]] of these hashes. The digital signature is made using a document signing key which itself is signed by a country signing key. If a file in the chip (e.g., the picture) is changed, this can be detected since the hash value is incorrect. Readers need access to all used public country keys to check whether the digital signature is generated by a trusted country. Using PA is mandatory.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} As of January 2017, 55 of over 60 e-passport-issuing countries belong to the PKD program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icao.int/Security/FAL/PKD/Pages/ICAO-PKDParticipants.aspx|title=ICAO PKD Participants|publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization|date=January 2017}}</ref>
; Active Authentication (AA): AA prevents cloning of passport chips. The chip contains a private key that cannot be read or copied, but its existence can easily be proven. Using AA is optional.
; [[Extended Access Control]] (EAC): EAC adds functionality to check the authenticity of both the chip (chip authentication) and the reader (terminal authentication). Furthermore, it uses stronger encryption than BAC. EAC is typically used to protect fingerprints and iris scans. Using EAC is optional. In the [[Social:European Union|European Union]], using EAC is mandatory for all documents issued starting 28 June 2009.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
; Supplemental Access Control (SAC): SAC was introduced by ICAO in 2009 for addressing BAC weaknesses. It was introduced as a supplement to BAC (for keeping compatibility), but will replace it in the future.
; Shielding the chip: This prevents unauthorised reading. Some countries – including at least the {{wipe|United States}} – have integrated a very thin metal mesh into the passport's cover to act as a [[Physics:Faraday cage|shield]] when the passport cover is closed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8227-metal-shields-and-encryption-for-us-passports.html |title=Metal shields and encryption for US passports |work=New Scientist |access-date=8 September 2010}}</ref> The use of shielding is optional.

To assure interoperability and functionality of the security mechanisms listed above, ICAO and {{wipe|Germany}} [[Organization:Federal Office for Information Security|Federal Office for Information Security]] (BSI) have specified several test cases. These test specifications are updated with every new protocol and are covering details starting from the paper used and ending in the chip that is included.<ref>{{cite web|first=Holger |last=Funke |title=Overview of eMRTD test specifications|url=https://blog.protocolbench.org/test-specifications/|work=blog.protocolbench.org}}</ref>

==Attacks==
Since the introduction of biometric passports, several attacks have been presented and demonstrated.

; Non-traceable chip characteristics
: In 2008, a Radboud/Lausitz University team demonstrated that it is possible to determine which country a passport chip is from without knowing the key required for reading it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.ru.nl/~erikpoll/papers/nluug.pdf |author1=Henning Richter |author2=Wojciech Mostowski |author3=Erik Poll|title=Fingerprinting Passports |access-date=8 September 2010}}</ref> The team fingerprinted error messages of passport chips from different countries. The resulting lookup table allows an attacker to determine from where a chip originated. In 2010, Tom Chothia and Vitaliy Smirnov documented an attack that allows an individual passport to be traced,<ref>{{cite web |last=Goodin |first=Dan |title=Defects in e-passports allow real-time tracking |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/01/26/epassport_rfid_weakness/ |work=The Register |date=26 January 2010 |access-date=8 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~tpc/Papers/PassportTrace.pdf |title=A Traceability Attack Against e-Passports |author1=Tom Chothia |author2=Vitaliy Smirnov |conference=14th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security |date=2010 |access-date=8 September 2010}}</ref> by sending specific BAC authentication requests. In 2016, Avoine et al. published a survey on security and privacy issues in passport protocols, where a new technique to track passports is introduced, based on the response time of basic commands.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Survey of Security and Privacy Issues in ePassport Protocols |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |date=8 February 2016 |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=47:1–47:37 |doi=10.1145/2825026 |last1=Avoine |first1=Gildas |last2=Beaujeant |first2=Antonin |last3=Hernandez-Castro |first3=J. C. |last4=Demay |first4=Louis |last5=Teuwen |first5=Philippe |s2cid=17797990 |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2825026 |format=PDF |access-date=4 February 2018}}</ref>
; Basic Access Control (BAC)
: In 2005, Marc Witteman showed that the document numbers of Dutch passports were predictable,<ref name="Attacks on Digital Passports">{{cite web |url=http://wiki.whatthehack.org/images/2/28/WTH-slides-Attacks-on-Digital-Passports-Marc-Witteman.pdf |title=Attacks on Digital Passports |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829230646/http://wiki.whatthehack.org/images/2/28/WTH-slides-Attacks-on-Digital-Passports-Marc-Witteman.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2008 }}</ref> allowing an attacker to guess/crack the key required for reading the chip. In 2006, Adam Laurie wrote software that tries all known passport keys within a given range, thus implementing one of Witteman's attacks. Using online flight booking sites, flight coupons and other public information it's possible to significantly reduce the number of possible keys. In some early biometric passports BAC wasn't used at all, allowing attacker to read the chip's content without providing a key.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dice.ucl.ac.be/crypto/passport/index.html |title=Belgian Biometric Passport does not get a pass |publisher=Dice.ucl.ac.be |access-date=8 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406123435/http://www.dice.ucl.ac.be/crypto/passport/index.html |archive-date=6 April 2009 }}</ref>
; Passive Authentication (PA)
: In 2006, Lukas Grunwald demonstrated that it is trivial to copy passport data from a passport chip into a standard ISO/IEC 14443 smartcard using a standard contactless card interface and a simple file transfer tool.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Kim Zetter |url=http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/08/71521 |title=Hackers clone E-Passports |magazine=Wired  |access-date=18 October 2014 |date=3 August 2006}}</ref> Grunwald used a passport that did not use Active Authentication (anti-cloning) and did not change the data held on the copied chip, thus keeping its cryptographic signature valid.
: In 2008, Jeroen van Beek demonstrated that not all passport inspection systems check the cryptographic signature of a passport chip. For his demonstration Van Beek altered chip information and signed it using his own document signing key of a non-existing country. This can only be detected by checking the country signing keys that are used to sign the document signing keys. To check country signing keys the ICAO PKD<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pkddownloadsg.icao.int/ICAO/downloadlist.jsp |title=Icao Pkd |publisher=.icao.int |access-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141018131113/https://pkddownloadsg.icao.int/ICAO/downloadlist.jsp |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}</ref> can be used. Only 5 out of 60+ countries are using this central database.<ref>{{cite news |author=Steve Boggan |date=6 August 2008 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4467106.ece |title=Fakeproof e-passport is cloned in minutes |work=The Sunday Times |location=UK |access-date=6 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708060930/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4467106.ece |archive-date=8 July 2010 }} <!--  ?--></ref> Van Beek did not update the original passport chip: instead an ePassport emulator was used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dexlab.nl/downloads.html/ |title=ePassport emulator |publisher=Dexlab.nl |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412193830/http://www.dexlab.nl/downloads.html |archive-date=12 April 2010 }}</ref>
: Also in 2008, The Hacker's Choice implemented all attacks and published code to verify the results.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-epassport/ |title=The Hacker's Choice ePassport tools |publisher=Freeworld.thc.org |access-date=8 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916084543/http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-epassport/ |archive-date=16 September 2010 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> The release included a video clip that demonstrated problems by using a forged Elvis Presley passport that is recognized as a valid US passport.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lettice |first=John |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/09/30/epassport_hack_description/ |title=Elvis has left the border: ePassport faking guide unleashed |publisher=Theregister.co.uk |date=30 September 2008 |access-date=8 September 2010}}</ref>
; Active Authentication (AA)
: In 2005, Marc Witteman showed that the secret Active Authentication key can be retrieved using power analysis.<ref name="Attacks on Digital Passports" /> This may allow an attacker to clone passport chips that use the optional Active Authentication anti-cloning mechanism on chips – if the chip design is susceptible to this attack.
: In 2008, Jeroen van Beek demonstrated that optional security mechanisms can be disabled by removing their presence from the passport index file.<ref>{{cite conference |author=Jeroen van Beek |url=https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-europe-09/VanBeek/BlackHat-Europe-2009-VanBeek-ePassports-Mobile-slides.pdf |date=17 April 2009 |conference=BlackHat Europe 2009, Amsterdam |title=ePassport reloaded goes mobile |access-date=8 September 2010}}</ref> This allows an attacker to remove – amongst others – anti-cloning mechanisms (Active Authentication). The attack is documented in supplement 7 of Doc 9303 (R1-p1_v2_sIV_0006)<ref>[http://www2.icao.int/en/MRTD/Downloads/Supplements%20to%20Doc%209303/Supplement%20to%20ICAO%20Doc%209303%20-%20Release%207.pdf#page=35 accessdate April 26, 2009] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and can be solved by patching inspection system software. Note that supplement 7 features vulnerable examples in the same document that – when implemented – result in a vulnerable inspection process.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
: In 2014, Calderoni et al. show a procedure to bypass the security protocol that is commonly adopted to prove chip authenticity (Active Authentication) within first-generation electronic passports. The discussed breach is related to some metadata files (EF.COM, EF.SOD) and allows the attacker to conceal those data required by the inspection system during the protocol's execution.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Cloning and tampering threats in e-Passports |author1=Luca Calderoni |author2=Dario Maio |journal=Expert Systems with Applications |date=September 2014 |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=5066–5070 |doi=10.1016/j.eswa.2014.02.044}}</ref> This breach may facilitate a malicious user in using fake documents cloned from original ones.

; [[Extended Access Control]] (EAC)
: In 2007, Lukas Grunwald presented an attack that can make EAC-enabled passport chips unusable.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grunwald |first=Lukas |title=Security by Politics – Why it will never work |url=http://www.dc414.org/download/confs/defcon15/Speakers/Grunwald/Presentation/dc-15-grunwald.pdf |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725221952/https://dc414.org/download/confs/defcon15/Speakers/Grunwald/Presentation/dc-15-grunwald.pdf}}</ref> Grunwald states that if an EAC-key – required for reading fingerprints and updating certificates – is stolen or compromised, an attacker can upload a false certificate with an issue date far in the future. The affected chips block read access until the future date is reached.

==Opposition==
[[File:Countries with Biometric Passports.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of countries with biometric passports as of July 2023]]

[[Privacy]] proponents in many countries question and protest the lack of information about exactly what the passports' chip will contain, and whether they affect [[Philosophy:Civil liberties|civil liberties]]. The main problem they point out is that data on the passports can be transferred with wireless RFID technology, which can become a major vulnerability. Although this could allow [[Software:Identity document|ID]]-check computers to obtain a person's information without a physical connection, it may also allow anyone with the necessary equipment to perform the same task. If the personal information and passport numbers on the chip are not [[Encryption|encrypted]], the information might wind up in the wrong hands.

On 15 December 2006, the BBC published an article<ref>{{cite news|author=David Reid|date=15 December 2006 |publisher=BBC |work=>Click |title=ePassports 'at risk' from cloning |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/6182207.stm}}</ref> on the British ePassport, citing the above stories and adding that:
:"Nearly every country issuing this passport has a few security experts who are yelling at the top of their lungs and trying to shout out: 'This is not secure. This is not a good idea to use this technology'", citing a specialist who states "It is much too complicated. It is in places done the wrong way round – reading data first, parsing data, interpreting data, then verifying whether it is right. There are lots of technical flaws in it and there are things that have just been forgotten, so it is basically not doing what it is supposed to do. It is supposed to get a higher security level. It is not."
and adding that the Future of Identity in the Information Society (FIDIS) network's research team (a body of IT security experts funded by the European Union) has "also come out against the ePassport scheme... [stating that] European governments have forced a document on its people that dramatically decreases security and increases the risk of identity theft."<ref>[[Budapest Declaration on Machine Readable Travel Documents]], FIDIS NoE, Budapest, September 2006</ref>

Most security measures are designed against untrusted citizens (the "provers"), but the scientific security community recently also addressed the threats from untrustworthy verifiers, such as corrupt governmental organizations, or nations using poorly implemented, unsecure electronic systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/media-edemocracy/egovernment_3254.jsp#/thc-epassport/ |title=E-government: who controls the controllers? |publisher=Opendemocracy.net |access-date=9 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509063053/http://www.opendemocracy.net/media-edemocracy/egovernment_3254.jsp#/thc-epassport/ |archive-date=9 May 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
New cryptographic solutions such as [[Biology:Private biometrics|private biometrics]] are being proposed to mitigate threats of mass theft of identity. These are under scientific study, but not yet implemented in biometric passports.

==List of biometric passports==
===Africa===
====Algeria====

[[File:Algerian-Passport.png|thumb|Cover of Algerian biometric passport]]

Issued since 5 January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IfG.CC - Algeria launches biometric passports |url=http://ifg.cc/aktuelles/nachrichten/regionen/282-dz-algerien-algeria/37662-algeria-launches-biometric-passports |access-date=2020-08-08 |website=ifg.cc}}</ref> Valid for 10 years for adults, and 5 years for minors. The data page of the passport is from rigid [[Physics:Polycarbonate|polycarbonate]] plastic and contains a [[Engineering:Integrated circuit|microchip]] embedded in which are stored [[Biometrics|biometric data]] of the holder including [[Biology:Fingerprint|fingerprint]]s, photo and signature. The data is extracted from the chip with wireless RFID technology. Algerian citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 50 countries and territories, ranking it 91st in the world according to the Henley Passport Index Q1 2022.

<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Henley Passport Index: Q1 2022 Factsheet |url=https://static.poder360.com.br/2022/01/HENLEY_PASSPORT_INDEX_FACTSHEET_2022_Q1_211221_1.pdf}}</ref>

====Benin====

Issued since 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIS Rolls Out Enhanced Electronic Passport For Edo, Delta In Benin |url=https://independent.ng/nis-rolls-out-enhanced-electronic-passport-for-edo-delta-in-benin/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=Independent |date=2022-06-22}}</ref>

====Botswana====

Issued since 8 March 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Labour--Home-Affairs-MLHA/Tools--Services/Services--Forms/Passport-Application-Form/ |title=Republic of Botswana - Government portal |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515145244/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Labour--Home-Affairs-MLHA/Tools--Services/Services--Forms/Passport-Application-Form/ |archive-date=15 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/botswana-introduces-electronic-passport/|title=Botswana introduces electronic passport|work=Sunday Standard|date=7 March 2010}}</ref> The Botswana passport, which features 48 pages, is written in English and French. The firsts page features a map of Botswana superimposed with wildlife. As of 2014 the Botswana passport was the 4th most powerful on the African continent, allowing Batswana citizens travel to at least 70 countries visa free,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-07 |title=No visa required: Africa's most powerful passports |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/no-visa-required-africas-most-powerful-passports/41186/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=How We Made It In Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> 28 with visa on arrival and 121 requiring a visa.<ref name="botswana01">{{Cite web |title=Business Botswana :: BOTSWANA PASSPORT RANKS 58TH ON THE 2019 GLOBAL PASSPORT INDEX |url=https://www.bb.org.bw/index.php/business-news-details/nid/83/botswana-passport-ranks-58th-on-the-2019-global-passport-index/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.bb.org.bw}}</ref> The passport is ranked 58th in the world.<ref name="botswana01"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Nationality, Immigration And Gender Affairs {{!}} Government of Botswana |url=https://www.gov.bw/ministries/ministry-nationality-immigration-and-gender-affairs |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=www.gov.bw}}</ref>

====Cameroon====

Issued since July 2021, costing 110,000 CFA. Valid for 5 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Portail de pré-enrôlement du nouveau passeport biométrique national|url=https://passcam.cm/|publisher=passcam|access-date=3 November 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805233734/https://passcam.cm/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Cape Verde====

Issued since 26 January 2016, costing €50. It is noted that the scheme will gradually expand to Cape Verdean diplomatic missions in Boston and [[Place:Lisbon|Lisbon]] in the future.<ref>{{cite web| title=Passaporte eletrónico arranca em Cabo Verde |publisher=CEO Lusófono |date=26 January 2016 |url=http://ceolusofono.com/2016/01/26/passaporte-eletronico-arranca-em-cabo-verde/ |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420191028/http://ceolusofono.com/2016/01/26/passaporte-eletronico-arranca-em-cabo-verde/ |archive-date=20 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Egypt====

Egypt does not yet issue biometric passports.

====Gabon====

Issued since 23 January 2014. As of 1 January 2017, Gabonese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 50 countries and territories, ranking the Gabonese passport 86th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Haitian and Malagasy passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017 |url=https://henleyglobal.com/files/download/hvri/HP_Visa_Restrictions_Index_170301.pdf |access-date=14 March 2017 |publisher=Henley & Partners}}</ref>

====Ghana====

Issued since 1 March 2010 and costing GH¢&nbsp;50–100 for adults and children. The passports contain several other technological characteristics other than biometric technology. However the Ghanaian biometric passports do not carry the "chip inside" symbol ([[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]), which is mandatory for ICAO-standard electronic passports.<ref name="GW-20190310">{{cite web |date=19 March 2010 |title=Bio-Passports Ready: Migration Starts Tuesday |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=178828 |access-date=2019-10-06 |website=GhanaWeb.com |archive-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815181049/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=178828 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="GBN-20090522">{{cite web |author1=Ghanaian Times |date=22 May 2009 |title=Ghanaians to get biometric passports in 2010 : Ghana Business News |url=http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2009/05/22/ghanaians-to-get-biometric-passports-in-2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122043653/http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2009/05/22/ghanaians-to-get-biometric-passports-in-2010 |archive-date=2011-01-22 |access-date=2019-10-06 |website=GhanaBusinessNews.com}}</ref><ref name="MF-20190429">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=Ghana Passport: Full Guide - Apply Online & Get it Delivered in 15 Days |url=https://mfidie.com/online-ghana-passport-application/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501224801/https://mfidie.com/online-ghana-passport-application/ |archive-date=2019-05-01 |access-date=2019-10-06 |website=Mfidie.com}}</ref>

{{As of|2020|2}}, the application fee for regular 32 page passport booklet is GH₵320 and GH₵550 for regular 48 page passport booklet. The application fee for expedited 32 page passport booklet is GH₵350 and GH₵300 for expedited  48 page passport booklet.<ref name="AGH-20200125">{{Cite web |last=Tetteh |first=Cherko |date=24 January 2020 |title=Online Ghana Passport Application, Renewal And Replacement Procedures 2020 / 2021 |url=https://avenuegh.com/apply-for-ghanaian-passport-an-hour-registration |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=Avenuegh.com}}</ref> To facilitate the application for and acquisition of Ghanaian passports, Passport Application Centers (PACs) have been set up around the major cities of Ghana, including [[Place:Accra|Accra]], [[Place:Kumasi|Kumasi]], [[Place:Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]], [[Place:Ho, Ghana|Ho]], [[Place:Sekondi-Takoradi|Sekondi-Takoradi]], and in [[Place:Sunyani|Sunyani]].<ref name="GBN-20100319">{{cite web |author1=Daily Graphic |date=19 March 2019 |title=Ghana's biometric passport ready |url=http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2010/03/19/ghanas-biometric-passport-ready |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170509/http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2010/03/19/ghanas-biometric-passport-ready/ |archive-date=2011-07-22 |access-date=2019-10-06 |website=GhanaBusinessNews.com}}</ref> 22 Diplomatic Missions outside Ghana have the mandate as at November 2020, to issue Biometric Passports to Ghanaians who are abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President inaugurates new Passport Office |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/president-inaugurates-new-passport-office.html |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Passports issued for applications received starting 31 March 2019 have a validity period of ten years (it was previously five years).<ref name="AGH-20190929">{{Cite web |last=Tetteh |first=Cherko |date=29 September 2019 |title=Ghana Passport Application Procedures And All Details: Updated 2019/2020 |url=https://avenuegh.com/ghana-passport-application-procedures-all-details-updated |access-date=2019-10-06 |website=Avenuegh.com}}</ref> The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration has introduced a 48-page passport booklet (It was previously 32 pages only) available from 1 February 2020.

====Kenya====

Issued since 1 September 2017. Contain fingerprints, facials and signature including other vital information, which is all ICAO compliant.

In mid July 2019, a few foreign embassies such as Berlin, Paris, London, and Washington, DC started processing applications for Kenyans in the diaspora. Kenya plans to invalidate old style passports on 31 December 2021.

====Lesotho====
Date of introduction is uncertain. However, the enabling statute was tabled in November 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/gov_webportal/articles/2016/senate_endorses_passport_bill.html |title=The Lesotho Government Portal |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918202536/http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/gov_webportal/articles/2016/senate_endorses_passport_bill.html |archive-date=18 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Madagascar====

Issued since 2014 and costs 110,000 Ariary. Since September 2014, it is mandatory for Malagasy citizens to depart the country with a biometric passport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/migration-le-passeport-electronique-obligatoire-23087/ |title=Migration – Le passeport électronique obligatoire |publisher=L'Express de Madagascar |access-date=8 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417115939/http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/migration-le-passeport-electronique-obligatoire-23087/ |archive-date=17 April 2016 }}</ref>

====Mauritania====
Issued since 6 May 2011,<ref>{{cite news|title=Mauritanians make biometric passports compulsory|url=http://www.panapress.com/Mauritanians-make-biometric-passports-compulsory--13-857855-0-lang2-index.html|access-date=31 October 2014|publisher=panapress}}</ref> costs US$115.68. Valid for 5 years.

====Morocco====

Issued since 2008 for trial, and in general since 25 September 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.passeport.ma/ |title=Passport portal of the Kingdom of Morocco |publisher=Kingdom of Morocco |access-date=8 September 2010}}</ref> costs MAD&nbsp;500 (approximately US$49).

====Mozambique====

Issued since September 2014. The issuance of such passports was suspended 40 days later but was resumed in February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voaportugues.com/a/mocambicanos-necessitam-de-passaporte-biometrico-para-entrar-na-africa-do-sul/2804344.html |title=Moçambicanos necessitam de passaporte biométrico para entrar na África do Sul
 |date=2 June 2015
 |publisher=Voice of America |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>

====Namibia====

Issued since 8 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/63036/read/Namibia-switches-to-electronic-passports/|title=Namibia switches to electronic passports|newspaper=The Namibian|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107232950/https://www.namibian.com.na/63036/read/Namibia-switches-to-electronic-passports/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/63046/read/Namibia-launches-the-e-passport|title=Namibia launches the e-passport|newspaper=The Namibian|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109064122/https://www.namibian.com.na/63046/read/Namibia-launches-the-e-passport|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Nigeria====

Issued since 2007. The harmonized ECOWAS Smart electronic passport issued by the Nigerian Immigrations Service is powered by biometric technology in tandem with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) specifications for international travels.

Travelers' data captured in the biometric passport can be accessed instantly and read by any security agent from any spot of the globe through an integrated network of systems configured and linked to a centrally-coordinated passport data bank managed by the Nigerian Immigrations Service.

====Rwanda====

Issued since 27 June 2019, and is in compliance with the new East African Community technical specifications as well as International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Among the new features include a microchip making it tamper-proof. The Rwandan passport is issued Rwandan citizens for international travel. Rwanda started issuing East African Community Biometric Passport also known as E-Passport in June 2019 replacing the old ones that will only stay valid until June 2021, The new passports are valid for five years and ten years. Ordinary, service, and diplomatic passports are issued.

====Sierra Leone====
Issued since 1st Sept 2015 in compliance with International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). New book design launched at the same time as the switch to e-passport from Machine Readable Passport (MRP). Book re-designed again in 2022 and  electronic chip upgraded for faster processing of bio-metric data. Currently issuing e-passports for  Ordinary, Diplomatic and Service books.<ref>{{cite web |website=www.delarue.com |url=https://www.delarue.com/media-center/de-la-rue-delivers-new-sierra-leone-epassport|title=De la Rue delivers new Sierra Leone ePassport }}</ref>

====Somalia====

Issued since 10 October 2006, costs US$100 if applied inside of Somalia, and US$150 abroad.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aweys Osman Yusuf |date=11 Oct 2006 |title=New Somali passport approved |website=Shabelle.net |url=http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne1554.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121093118/http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne1554.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref>

====South Sudan====

Issued since 3 January 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Sudan Passports And IDs To Be Launched On 3 January 2012 |work=Sudan Radio Service |url=http://www.sudanradio.org/south-sudan-passports-and-ids-be-launched-3-january-2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231212858/http://www.sudanradio.org/south-sudan-passports-and-ids-be-launched-3-january-2012|archive-date=31 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-launches-passports-and,41183 |title=South Sudan launches passports and national ID cards |website=Sudan Tribune |access-date=6 February 2012|archive-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108205503/http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-launches-passports-and,41183|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new passport are valid for five years.

====Sudan====

Issued since May 2009, costs SDG 250 (approximately USD 100), SDG&nbsp;200 for students and SDG&nbsp;100 for children. Valid for 10 years, or 7 years for a commercial passport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://passport.gov.sd/newpas.html |script-title=ar:الجواز الالكترونى |access-date=5 June 2010 |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309202825/http://www.passport.gov.sd/newpas.html |archive-date=9 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The new electronic passport are issued in three categories. The citizen's passport (ordinary passport) will be issued to ordinary citizens and will contain 48 pages. Business men/women who need to travel often will have a commercial passport that will contain 64 pages. Smaller passports that contain 32 pages only will be issued to children. The microprocessor chip will contain the holder's information.

====Tanzania====

Issued since 1 January 2018. The Bio-metric Tanzanian passport is one of the strongest passports in Africa. It is in compliance with the new East African Community Passport which eases border crossing for east African community member nationals. In 2022, the Tanzanian passport was ranked 74 in the global mobility ranking and maintained its spot as the ninth most powerful in Africa.

====Togo====

Issued since August 2009, cost then was 30,000 CFA francs. For Togolese residing abroad, the price varies.

====Tunisia====

The Tunisia ministry of interior stated that it will start issuing biometric passports at the end of year 2016 which did not happen.

==== Zimbabwe ====

The Zimbabwean government launched the new e-passports on 15 December 2021 at Chiwashira Building in Harare.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Farirai Machivenyika |author2=Kudzai Muhamba |date=December 15, 2021 |title=E-passport launch marks another milestone |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/e-passport-launch-marks-another-milestone/ |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=The Herald |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Asia===
====Afghanistan====

Issued since September 2011. Contains digital images of fingerprints, photo and electronic signature of the passport holder. Valid for up to 10 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/09/18/foreign-ministry-issues-computerised-passports-video |title=Foreign ministry issues computerised passports (Video) |work=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=September 18, 2011 |access-date=2011-10-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306003838/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/09/18/foreign-ministry-issues-computerised-passports-video |archive-date=March 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.khaama.com/modernising-the-afghan-passport-office-8719/ |title=Modernising the Afghan Passport Office |work=Khaama Press |date=November 5, 2014 |access-date=2022-08-24}}</ref>

====Armenia====

Issued since July 2012. Contains digital images of fingerprints, photo and electronic signature of the passport holder. Valid for 10 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plusworld.org/daily/page1_3156.php |title=Project of Biometric Passports in Armenia |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=25 December 2008 |work=PLUS Journal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721164816/http://www.plusworld.org/daily/page1_3156.php |archive-date=21 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.barev.net/society/16123-U-grazhdan-Armenii-mogut-byt-dva-vida-pasportov.html |script-title=ru:Общество / Культура: У граждан Армении могут быть два вида паспортов |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=20 October 2009 |work=Barev.NET |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723022941/http://news.barev.net/society/16123-U-grazhdan-Armenii-mogut-byt-dva-vida-pasportov.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://biometrics.ru/document.asp?group_id=65&nItemID=4793&sSID=3.64 |script-title=ru:Армения. У граждан будет два типа удостоверений личности |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=21 October 2009 |language=ru }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Azerbaijan====

Issued since September 2013. Contains information about the passport holder's facial features, as well as finger and palm prints.

====Bahrain====

Issued since March 20, 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/gulf/bahrain-to-roll-out-e-passports-with-advanced-security-features | title=Bahrain to roll out e-Passports on March 20 with advanced security features }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 Mar 2023 |title=Bahrain e-passport: Types, features, all you need to know |website=Arabian Business |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/industries/travel-hospitality/bahrain-e-passport-types-features-all-you-need-to-know |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

====Bangladesh====

Issued since April 2010, biometric machine-readable passports cost {{BDTConvert|3450}} for regular delivery, including all taxes, and {{BDTConvert|6900}} for express delivery including all taxes.<ref>{{cite news |title=MRP applications from Apr 1 |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/03/29/mrp-applications-from-apr-1 |work=BdNews24.com |date=29 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123134419/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/03/29/mrp-applications-from-apr-1/ |archive-date=23 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> E-passports cost {{BDTConvert|4025}} to {{BDTConvert|13800}} with all taxes included.<ref name="Bangladesh e-passport fees">{{cite web |title=E‑Passport Fees |url=https://www.epassport.gov.bd/instructions/passport-fees |website=www.epassport.gov.bd |publisher=Department of Immigration and Passports, Ministry of Home Affairs |language=en}}</ref> The cost varies depending on the number of pages and the validity of the e-passport.<ref name="Bangladesh e-passport fees"/> The e-passport is valid for either five years or ten years depending on the age of the applicant.<ref>{{cite news |title=DIP mulls e-passports by Dec |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/156701 |work=The Independent |date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014050617/http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/156701 |archive-date=14 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh is the first country in South Asia to issue e-passports for all eligible citizens. The electronic microprocessor chip embedded e-passport has forty-one different security features, including holographic images embossed in thin film laminate, which change colour under light and appear to move.<ref name="Bangladesh e-passport">{{cite news |title=E-Passports set to be on roll in June |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/192167 |work=The Independent |date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411201849/http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/192167 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Demographic and biometric information of the bearer including the fingerprints of all ten fingers, [[Iris recognition|iris scan]], color photograph of the face and [[Digital signature|digital signature]] are stored on the chip in the e-passport.<ref name="E-passport biometric info">{{cite news |last1=Mamun |first1=Shohel |title=30 million e-passports for citizens |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/06/22/30-million-e-passports-for-citizens |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702144157/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/06/22/30-million-e-passports-for-citizens |archive-date=2 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The Government of Bangladesh issues three different types of e-passports. These are diplomatic passports with a red cover; official passports with a blue cover; and regular or ordinary passports with a green cover.

====Brunei====

Issued since 17 February 2007. The Bruneian ePassport has the same functions as the other biometric passports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.i4donline.net/news/news-details.asp?newsid=7874 |title=Brunei passport becomes Biometric passport |publisher=I4donline.net |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208210911/http://www.i4donline.net/news/news-details.asp?newsid=7874 |archive-date=8 December 2010 }}</ref>

====Cambodia====

Issued since 17 July 2014. The cost for a 5-year passport, issued only to children aged five and under, is US$80; while the 10-year passport, issued to all people older than five, costs US$100.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camsinchew.com/node/37331|title=2014年07月17日 – 有效期10年‧申辦費100美元‧新版本護照啟用 – 新聞 – 柬埔寨|website=www.camsinchew.com|access-date=12 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208170325/http://www.camsinchew.com/node/37331|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====China====

On 30 January 2011, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China launched a trial issuance of e-passports for public affairs. The face, fingerprint and other biometric features of the passport holder will be digitalized and stored in pre-installed contactless smart chip in the passport.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t791409.htm | title = Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Attends the Launch Ceremony for the Trial Issuance of E-Passports for Public Affairs | access-date =15 February 2011 | publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.china.com.cn/travel/txt/2011-02/01/content_21855650.htm | title = 因公电子护照31日试点签发 可使持照人快速通关 | access-date =15 February 2011 | publisher=中国网}}</ref> On 1 July 2011, the Ministry began issuing biometric passports to all individuals conducting public affairs work overseas on behalf of the Chinese government.<ref name="MFAbiometric">{{cite web | url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/pds/fw/lsfw/tzgg/t826969.htm | script-title=zh:中华人民共和国外交部公告 | publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China | date=1 June 2011 | access-date=31 August 2011 | language=zh}}</ref>

Ordinary biometric passports have been introduced by the Ministry of Public Security starting from 15 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-05/04/content_15203762.htm | title =Chinese passports to get chipped | access-date =5 May 2012 | publisher =China Daily USA | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180921030325/http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-05/04/content_15203762.htm | archive-date =21 September 2018 | url-status =dead }}</ref> The cost of a passport  is 200 CNY (approximately US$31) for first time applicants in China and CNY&nbsp;220 (or US$35) for renewals and passports issued abroad.

Effective from 1 July 2017, cost of a biometric ordinary passport is reduced to CNY&nbsp;160 (approximately US$24) for both first time applicants and renewal applicants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.163.com/17/0725/20/CQ7EGM0I00018AOP.html|title=普通护照每本收费由200元降为160元_网易新闻|last=网易|website=news.163.com|date=25 July 2017|access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref> As of April 2017, China had issued over 100 million biometric ordinary passports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ailvxing.com/info-103-24211-0.html|title=4月全国启用新号段电子普通护照 你拿到新护照了吗 – 爱旅行网|website=www.ailvxing.com|access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref>

=====Hong Kong=====

In 2006, the Immigration Department announced that Unihub Limited (a PCCW subsidiary company heading a consortium of suppliers, including Keycorp) had won the tender to provide the technology to produce biometric passports. In February 2007, the first biometric passport was introduced. The cover of the new biometric passport remains essentially the same as that of previous versions, with the addition of the "electronic passport" logo at the bottom. However, the design of the inner pages has changed substantially. The design conforms with the document design recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization. The new ePassport featured in the 2008 Stockholm Challenge Event and was a finalist for the Stockholm Challenge Award in the Public Administration category. The Hong Kong SAR ePassport design was praised on account of the "multiple state-of-the-art technologies [which] are seamlessly integrated in the sophisticated Electronic Passport System (e-Passport System)".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://event.stockholmchallenge.se/project/2008/Public-Administration/Electronic-Passport-System |title=Electronic Passport System |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829132119/http://event.stockholmchallenge.se/project/2008/Public-Administration/Electronic-Passport-System |archive-date=29 August 2010 }}</ref> The cost for a HKSAR passport is [[Finance:Hong Kong dollar|HKD]] 370 (or USD 48) for a 32-page passport and HKD 460 (or USD 59) for a 48-page passport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/fee-tables/index.html |title=Fee Tables |publisher=Hong Kong Immigration Department |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>

=====Macao=====

Issued since 1 September 2009.

====Georgia====

Issued since 2010. Valid for 10 years to adults, costing 100 [[Finance:Georgian lari|lari]] if issued at tenth business day. The same day issuance will cost 205 lari. The price of the photo (3 Lari) needs to be paid additionally. There are discounts, e.g. a 50% discount for persons under age 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sda.gov.ge/?page_id=7417&lang=en |title=სახელმწიფო სერვისების განვითარების სააგენტო – Passport |language=en-US|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Passport of citizen of Georgia |website=migration.commission.ge |url=http://migration.commission.ge/index.php?article_id=141&clang=1 |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref>

====India====

The Government of India issues three different types of passports – Diplomatic passports; Official passports; and regular or ordinary passports. {{wipe|India}} initiated the first phase deployment of Biometric e-Passport only for diplomatic passport holders in India and abroad in 2008. Unlike diplomatic passport holders, ordinary Indian citizens are not eligible and are thus not issued e-passports. The new passports have been designed indigenously by the Central Passport Organization, the India Security Press, Nashik and IIT Kanpur. The passport contains a security chip with personal data and digital images. Initially, the new passports will have a 64&nbsp;KiB chip with a photograph of passport holder and subsequently include the holder's fingerprint(s).

The biometric passport has been tested with passport readers abroad and is noted to have a 4-second response time – less than half that of a US passport (10 seconds). The passport need not be carried in a metal jacket for security reasons as it first needs to be passed through a reader, after which it generates access keys to unlock the chip data for reader access.<ref>{{cite web |author=After US tests, India to get first e-passport |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080050016&ch=16 |title=After US tests, India to get first e-passport |publisher=NDTV.com |date=16 May 2008 |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702195455/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080050016 |archive-date=2 July 2008 }}</ref> On 25 June 2008 Indian Passport Authority issued the first e-passport to Pratibha Patil, the then President of India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/e-passport-launched-president-gets-one-26680-2008-06-25 | title=E-passport launched, President gets one | publisher=India Today | date=25 June 2008 | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | access-date=22 December 2020 }}</ref> The e-passport project is under the first phase of deployment and will be initially restricted to diplomatic passport holders only. In mid 2019, the Government of India floated a three-stage international tender for the manufacture of e-passports for ordinary Indian citizens.<ref name="India e-passport tender">{{cite news |title=Government Plans to Introduce Chip-Enabled E-Passports With Advanced Security Features |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/government-plans-to-introduce-chip-enabled-e-passports-with-advanced-security-features-2236639.html |work=News18 |date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719142920/https://www.news18.com/news/india/government-plans-to-introduce-chip-enabled-e-passports-with-advanced-security-features-2236639.html |archive-date=19 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Once the tendering and procurement process is complete, the Indian government hopes to start issuing e-passports for ordinary Indian citizens sometime in the coming years.<ref name="India e-passport tender" /> Reportedly, the Government of India has granted the Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) the tender for the second phase roll out of the programme. The current passport booklets remain valid and will be replaced by e-Passports as and when they are renewed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Majumdar |first=Romita |title=TCS could roll out chip based e-passports by the end of 2022 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-could-roll-out-chip-based-e-passports-by-the-end-of-2022/articleshow/92342973.cms |access-date=2022-12-11}}</ref>

====Indonesia====

48-page biometric passports cost Rp650,000 ({{currency|43|USD}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/biaya-keimigrasian/|title=Immigration Fees|work=Directorate General of Immigration|access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref> As of 12 October 2022, the validity of newly issued passports are extended from 5 years to 10 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/lifestyle/20221011160425-33-378885/mulai-12-oktober-masa-berlaku-paspor-10-tahun-ini-biayanya|title=Mulai 12 Oktober Masa Berlaku Paspor 10 Tahun, Ini Biayanya|work=CNBC Indonesia|date=11 October 2022|first=Linda|last=Hasibuan |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> 
Diplomatic and service biometric passports are issued since 19 August 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/2832/berita/kementerian-luar-negeri-luncurkan-e-passport-diplomatik-dan-dinas|title=Kementerian Luar Negeri Luncurkan E-Passport Diplomatik dan Dinas|access-date=21 September 2021|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

====Iran====

Issued since July 2007 for diplomatic and service passports, 20 February 2011 for ordinary biometric passports. The cost of a new passport was approximately IRR&nbsp;1,500,000 (less than US$8) if issued inside Iran, 100 euros if issued overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epolice.ir/page.php?7 |script-title=fa:مدارک لازم جهت صدور گذرنامه |access-date=8 March 2014 |date=8 March 2014 |language=fa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209061951/http://www.epolice.ir/page.php?7 |archive-date=9 February 2014 }}</ref>

====Iraq====
Iraq started issuing the biometric passport to the public in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iraq Launches Electronic Passport Portal |url=https://menafn.com/1105725520/Iraq-Launches-Electronic-Passport-Portal|last=Lee |first=John|date=7 March 2023|website=MENAFN}}</ref>

====Israel====

Issued since July 2013 for a 2-year pilot project under the Biometric Database Law. This was optional. In August 2013, any passport expiring in more than 2 years could be replaced free of charge with a biometric one upon request. Passports expiring within 2 years were charged the full fee. 
The review of the pilot project (that was supposed to be concluded in 2015) was postponed by order of the Minister of the Interior to a later date, due to the controversy regarding the creation of the Biometric Database rather than storing the biometric data only in the passport's chip, as is the practice in many other countries. In 2015, the duration of the pilot project was extended until 2017. In May 2017, the pilot project ended. Newly issued passports were then required to be biometric.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/tmr/1.3151891 |title=המאגר הביומטרי ישמור עליכם|newspaper=הארץ|date=13 December 2016|via=Haaretz}}</ref>

To obtain a biometric passport, an applicant must appear in an Interior Ministry office "to be photographed by the special camera which records information such as facial bone structure, distance between one's eyes, ears to eyes and ratio of facial features one from another. The applicant will also be fingerprinted and all this information will be stored in the new high-tech electronic passport."<ref>{{cite web |author=Yechiel Spira |url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/article.php?p=16519 |website=The Yeshiva World |title=Israel Moving to Biometric Passport |date=April 8, 2008}}</ref>

As of January 2022, Israeli passports issued in the airport or outside of Israel are not biometric, and are generally valid for 5–10 years (1 year if issued as an emergency passport in the airport).

====Japan====

Issued since March 2006. The passports meet requirements of the US Visa Waiver Program which calls for countries to roll out their biometric passports before 26 October 2006.

====Kazakhstan====

Kazakhstan has presented its concept at implementing biometric passport in 2009.

====Kuwait====

Issued since March 2017. By late 2018 older non-biometric passports will no longer be valid for use.

====Laos====

Issued since September 2016.

====Lebanon====

Issued since 1 August 2016. Lebanese passports are navy blue, with the [[Biology:Cedrus libani|Lebanese Cedar]] emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. "The Lebanese Republic, Passport" is written on the cover page in both [[Social:Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Social:French language|French]]. The contents of the passport are in Arabic, French and English.

====Malaysia====

Issued since 1998.<ref name=icaomy>{{cite web |url=https://www.icao.int/Meetings/FAL12/Documents/Malaysia.pdf| title=THE MALAYSIAN ELECTRONIC PASSPORT |author=Mohd Jamal Kamdi |access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> Malaysia is however not a member of the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) and its first biometric passport did not conform to the same standards as the VWP biometric document because the Malaysian biometric passport was issued several years ahead of the VWP requirement. The difference lies in the storage of fingerprint template instead of fingerprint image in the chip, the rest of the technologies are the same. Also the biometric passport was designed to be read only if the receiving country has the authorisation from the Malaysian Immigration Department. Malaysia started issuing ICAO compliant passports from February 2010.<ref name=passmy>{{cite web |url=http://passport.com.my/biometric_passports.htm |website=MALAYSIA PASSPORT |title=Biometric Passports |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043819/http://passport.com.my/biometric_passports.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Malaysia used to issue passports with validity for 2 years and 5 years, but the passport with 2 years validity was withdrawn since January 2015.<ref name=star>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/01/15/passport-fees-reduced/ |title=Passport fee reduced to RM200 |work=The Star |date=15 January 2015 |author=Rashvinjeet S. Bedi |access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>

The pricing for a Malaysian passport are RM&nbsp;200 (approximately US$50) with 5 years validity, MYR&nbsp;100 (approximately US$25) for senior citizens, children below 12, [[Religion:Hajj|Hajj]] pilgrims, and students below 21 and studying abroad is MYR&nbsp;100 and is free for disabled citizens.<ref name=pasport>{{cite web |url=http://www.imi.gov.my/index.php/ms/perkhidmatan-utama/pasport/pasport-malaysia-antarabangsa.html |language=ms |access-date=21 February 2018 |publisher=Immigration Department of Malaysia |title=Pasport Malaysia Antarabangsa |trans-title=Malaysian International Passport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221235626/http://www.imi.gov.my/index.php/ms/perkhidmatan-utama/pasport/pasport-malaysia-antarabangsa.html |archive-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Maldives====

Issued since 26 July 2006. The new passport follows a completely new design, and features the passport holder's facial and fingerprint information as biometric identifiers. A 32-page Ordinary passport will cost Rf350, while a 64-page Ordinary passport will cost Rf600. Children under the age of 10 years and people applying for passports through diplomatic missions abroad will be issued with a 32-page non-electronic Ordinary passport, which will cost Rf250.

====Mongolia====
Issued since the end of 2016.

====Nepal====

Nepal started issuing E-passport from end of 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepal-e-passports.html |title=Nepal to distribute e-passports from Nov 17 |website=OnlineKhabar English News| date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Nepalese writer Satya Mohan Joshi was the first to receive the e-passport.

<ref>{{cite web |last=Giri |first=Anil |date=17 November 2021 |title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=E-passports to be issued from today |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/e-passports-to-be-issued-from-today/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122326/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/e-passports-to-be-issued-from-today/ |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref> The Nepalis e-passports are produced by IDEMIA, the software that the Passport office uses is also from the same company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal innovates by issuing its first ePassports with IDEMIA |publisher=IDEMIA |url=https://www.idemia.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/nepal-epassports-idemia-case-study-202208.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926131512/https://www.idemia.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/nepal-epassports-idemia-case-study-202208.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2022}}</ref>

====North Korea====

====Oman====

Issued since the end of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=Adam Vrankulj |url=http://www.biometricupdate.com/201404/royal-oman-police-say-biometric-passports-will-replace-old-documents-this-year |title=Royal Oman Police say biometric passports will replace old documents this year |website=BiometrictUpdate.com |date=16 April 2014}}</ref> It consists of 48 pages and is valid for up to 10 years. Omani passports' cover is red and have inscriptions in golden letters indicating the official name of the country at the top and the word "passport" at the bottom both in Arabic and English divided by the coat of arms. The biometric passport symbol, alerting to the presence of a RFID chip inside the document, is at the very bottom of the cover page.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Document: OMN-AO-01003 |website=European Council |language=en |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/en/OMN-AO-01003/index.html# |access-date=2022-12-30}}</ref> In June 2019, Omani citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 83 countries and territories, ranking the Omani passport 52nd in the world according to the Passport index.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Passport Power Rank 2021 |website=Passport Index |url=https://www.passportindex.org/byRank.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001101529/https://www.passportindex.org/byRank.php |archive-date=2021-10-01 |url-status=deviated}}</ref>

==== Pakistan ====

The Government of Pakistan issues three different types of passports. These are Diplomatic passports; Official passports; and Ordinary passports. On March 30, 2022, Prime Minister Imran Khan launched the e-passport service, which has twenty-nine new security features added. At this initial stage, the e-passport facility was only available for diplomatic officials and government officials who are issued diplomatic passports and official passports respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=PM to launch e-passport system today: Rashid |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2350244/pm-to-launch-e-passport-system-today-rashid |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The issuance of e-passports for Islamabad residents only commenced on June 10, 2023, at DGI&P Headquarters in [[Place:Islamabad|Islamabad]]. However, starting from 16 August 2023, the issuance of e-passports extended to all field offices throughout the nation. Over time, this service will also be introduced to Foreign Missions of Pakistan abroad.<ref>https://dgip.gov.pk/eServices/epassport.php</ref>

====Palestine====

Issued since September 1, 2022. Choice is given for the time being between biometric and normal passports.

====Philippines====

Issued since 11 August 2009, costs about ₱950.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/169542/arroyo-first-to-receive-e-passport-from-dfa |title=Arroyo first to receive e-passport from DFA |first=Kimberly Jane |last=Tan |date=11 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/169543/frequently-asked-questions-regarding-the-39e-passport39 |title=Frequently asked questions regarding the 'e-passport' |date=11 August 2009}}</ref>

====Qatar====

Issued since 20 April 2008, costs QAR&nbsp;200.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/services/inviduallandingpages/passport/renew%20passport/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOIt_S2cDS0sDNz9fVyNDTyDHT2d_HzdDA1CjIEKIoEKDHAARwNC-oMTi_S9iLDEqMjX2TddP6ogsSRDNzMvLV8_oiCxuLggv6hEP6IoNS-1XAHOD9ePAptoZmBp5OhrYRIa5ONkYeDp7WFq6uduZGzgbgpVgMfZBbkR5ZUVlp7pjoqKAGXwnZ0!/dl5/d5/L0lHSkovd0RNQUprQUVnQSEhLzRKU0UvZW4!/?changeLanguage=en|title=Services – Hukoomi – Qatar E-government}}</ref>

====Saudi Arabia====

On February 10, 2022; the Saudi Arabian ministry of interior has announced that they began issuing the new electronic Saudi Passport, with the same issuing fees as the past (300 SAR for 5 years and 600 SAR for 10 years).<ref>{{cite web|date=10 February 2022|title=عام / سمو الأمير عبدالعزيز بن سعود يقف على سير العمل في المديرية العامة للجوازات ويدشن جواز السفر السعودي الإلكتروني الجديد|url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewstory.php?lang=ar&newsid=2328422}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/aljawazatksa/status/1491889330348036096|title=أبرز الأسئلة الشائعة حول #الجواز_السعودي_الإلكتروني|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Twitter|language=ar}}</ref>

====Singapore====

Issued since 15 August 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ica.gov.sg/|title=ICA – Immigration & Checkpoints Authority of Singapore|work=ica.gov.sg}}</ref> costs SGD&nbsp;70 if applied for online, by mail or ICA deposit box and SGD&nbsp;80 if applied for via a Singapore Overseas Mission. Valid for 10 years. The passport now complies with the US Visa Waiver Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://app.ica.gov.sg/pressrelease/pressrelease_view.asp?pr_id=582 |title=? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001203738/http://app.ica.gov.sg/pressrelease/pressrelease_view.asp?pr_id=582 |archive-date=1 October 2006 }}</ref>

====South Korea====

Issued since 25 August 2008, costs 55,000 Won (USD 55). Validity for 5 and 10 years. On 21 December 2021, issuing the next generation biometric passports to South Korean citizens has begun, which was delayed by one year as planned due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2018 |url=https://www.henleypassportindex.com/assets/PI_2018_INFOGRAPHS_GLOBAL_180215.pdf |access-date=23 March 2018 |publisher=Henley & Partners}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=한국을 대표하는 글로벌 방송! The World on Arirang! |url=http://www.arirang.com/news/News_View.asp?nseq=289880 |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226052759/http://www.arirang.com/news/news_view.asp?nseq=289880 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Syria====

Syria has started issuing
biometric passports in August 2023 for all new passports. The fee varies from £100 to £700 based on the period of processing. The validity varies between 2 years for young male citizens (due to military service), up to 6 years for other citizens. The current fee for the urgent passport (1–3 days processing time) makes it the most expensive passport globally.<ref>[https://arabic.arabianbusiness.com/abnews/%d8%a5%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%81%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d8%aa%d8%b5%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b1?fbclid=IwAR2zx_-dcTpgEdheJ2dAzaQijvRFq_HUoWbYeoT__gZ--uILa1dXYgPo8DI إزالة اللغة الفرنسية في إصدار جواز السفر السوري بتصميمه البيومتري الجديد]</ref>

====Taiwan====

Issued since 29 December 2008, costs NT$1,300 (approximately US$40) for an ordinary passport with either 3, 5 or 10 years validity.[https://www.boca.gov.tw/cp-121-4287-e6e6c-1.html]

====Tajikistan====

Issued since 1 February 2010.

====Thailand====

Diplomats and government officials passports issued from 26 May 2005. From 1 June 2005, a limited quantity of 100 passports a day was issued for Thai citizens, however, on 1 August 2005 a full operational service was installed and Thailand became the first country in Asia to issue an ICAO compliant biometric passport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keesingfightfraud.com/site/en/recently-launched/thailand-leads-the-way-in-asia-the-introduction-of-the-thai-e-passport-by-natenapa-kon.html |title=Your partner in document verification |publisher=keesingfightfraud.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930002856/http://www.keesingfightfraud.com/site/en/recently-launched/thailand-leads-the-way-in-asia-the-introduction-of-the-thai-e-passport-by-natenapa-kon.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>

====Turkey====

Turkish passports which are compatible with European Union standards have been available since 1 June 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/14030770.asp?gid=373 |title=? |work=Hurriyet Daily News |location=Turkey|language=tr}}</ref> Colours of the new biometric passports have also been changed. Accordingly, regular passports; claret red, special passports; bottle green and diplomatic passports wrap black colours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyet.de/haberler/gundem/363040/cagdas-pasaport-yolda |title=Çağdaş pasaport yolda |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=18 June 2009 |language=tr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728130905/http://www.hurriyet.de/haberler/gundem/363040/cagdas-pasaport-yolda |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Turkish Minister of the State announced that the government is printing the new passports at government minting office since the private contractor failed to deliver in March 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey to start printing new biometric passports in March – Turkey News |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-to-start-printing-new-biometric-passports-in-march-92097|access-date=2020-12-12|website=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en}}</ref>

As of January 2022, cost of issuing a 10-year passport in Turkey is [[Finance:Turkish lira|₺]]1703.30 (approximately [[Finance:Euro|€]]115).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://randevu.nvi.gov.tr/pages/applicationprices |title=T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511191344/https://randevu.nvi.gov.tr/pages/applicationprices|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Turkmenistan====

Turkmenistan became the first country in ex-USSR, in mid-Asia region to issue an ICAO-compliant biometric passport. The passport is available since 10 July 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.turkmenistan.ru/?page_id=3&lang_id=en&elem_id=13207&type=event |title=Turkmenistan introduces passports with biometric data of their holders |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=10 July 2008}}</ref>

====United Arab Emirates====

The [[Place:United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]] Ministry of Interior began to issue biometric passports on 11 December 2011, making it the second GCC state to launch biometric passports after Qatar.<ref>{{cite web |title=تم – خدمات حكومة أبوظبي |date=1970-01-01 |url=http://www.abudhabi.ae/egovPoolPortal_WAR/appmanager/ADeGP/Citizen?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=p_citizen_en_homepage_hidenav&did=311936&lang=en |publisher=Abudhabi.ae |access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>

====Uzbekistan====

In Uzbekistan on 23 June 2009 Islam Karimov issued a Presidential Decree<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan Today |url=http://www.ut.uz/eng/newsline/uzbekistan_citizens_to_receive_a_biometric_passport.mgr |access-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320123359/http://www.ut.uz/eng/newsline/uzbekistan_citizens_to_receive_a_biometric_passport.mgr |archive-date=20 March 2011 }}</ref> "On measures to further improve the passport system in the Republic of Uzbekistan." On 29 December 2009 the President of Uzbekistan signed a decree to change the dates for a phased exchange of populations existing passport to the biometric passport. In accordance with this decree, biometric passports will be phased in, beginning with 1 January 2011. In the first phase, the biometric passport will be issued to employees of ministries, departments and agencies of the republic, individuals who travel abroad or outside the country, as well as citizens who receive a passport in connection with the achievement of a certain age or for other grounds provided by law. The second phase will be for the rest of the population who will be able to get new passports for the period from 2012 to 2015.

====Vietnam====

Issued since 1 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 February 2023 |title=Bắt đầu cấp hộ chiếu gắn chip điện tử từ ngày 1-3 |url=https://tuoitre.vn/bat-dau-cap-ho-chieu-gan-chip-dien-tu-tu-ngay-1-3-20230216152022124.htm |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Báo Tuổi Trẻ |language=vi}}</ref>

===Europe===
====European Union/EFTA====

It was planned that, except for Denmark and Ireland, EU passports would have digital imaging and [[Biology:Fingerprint|fingerprint]] scan biometrics placed on their RFID chips.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jonathan P. Aus |date=25 September 2006 |url=http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/working-papers2006/papers/wp06_11.xml |title=Decision-making under Pressure: The Negotiation of the Biometric Passports Regulation in the Council |language=no |publisher=Arena.uio.no |access-date=8 September 2010}}</ref> This combination of [[Biometrics|biometrics]] aims to create an unrivaled level of security and protection against fraudulent identification papers {{vague|date=June 2022}}. Technical specifications for the new passports have been established by the European Commission.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/intro/news_0606_en.htm EC News article] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109042327/http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/intro/news_0606_en.htm |date=9 January 2009 }} about the relevant regulations: Council Regulation (EC) 2252/2004, Commission Decision C(2005)409 adopted on 28 February 2005 and Commission Decision C(2006)2909 adopted on 28 June 2006</ref> The specifications are binding for the Schengen agreement parties, i.e. the EU countries, except Ireland, and the four [[Organization:European Free Trade Association|European Free Trade Association]] countries—Iceland, Liechtenstein,<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=2008/261/EC: Council Decision of 28 February 2008 on the signature, on behalf of the European Community, and on the provisional application of certain provisions of the Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis |url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2008/261/oj/eng |issue=32008D0261|date=2008-03-26|language=en|access-date=2020-10-22}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=2008/262/EC: Council Decision of 28 February 2008 on the signature, on behalf of the European Union, and on the provisional application of certain provisions of the Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis|date=2008-03-26 |url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2008/262/oj/eng |issue=32008D0262 |language=en|access-date=2020-10-22}}</ref> Norway and Switzerland.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:02004R2252-20090626&qid=1518713474119&from=EN Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004] of 13 December 2004, see preamble 10–14</ref> These countries are obliged to implement machine readable facial images in the passports by 28 August 2006, and fingerprints by 26 June 2009.<ref>{{Citation|title=Regulation (EC) No 444/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 May 2009 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States|date=2009-06-06 |url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2009/444/oj/eng |issue=32009R0444|language=en|access-date=2020-10-22}}</ref> The European Data Protection Supervisor has stated that the current legal framework fails to "address all the possible and relevant issues triggered by the inherent imperfections of biometric systems".<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008XX0806(01):EN:NOT Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor] on the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States, 6 August 2008</ref>

Irish biometric passports only used a digital image and not fingerprinting. German passports printed after 1 November 2007 contain two fingerprints, one from each hand, in addition to a digital photograph. Romanian passports will also contain two fingerprints, one from each hand. The Netherlands also takes fingerprints and was<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.security.nl/posting/32771/Donner+stopt+opslag+vingerafdruk+paspoort |title=Donner stopt opslag vingerafdruk paspoort |publisher=Security.NL |date=2017-12-05 |accessdate=2022-03-16}}</ref> the only EU member that had plans to store these fingerprints centrally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrc.nl/international/Features/article2363938.ece |title=Dutch government to store fingerprints |publisher=Nrc.nl |date=18 September 2009 |access-date=8 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108102201/http://www.nrc.nl/international/Features/article2363938.ece |archive-date=8 January 2010 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> According to EU requirements, only nations that are signatories to the Schengen acquis are required to add fingerprint biometrics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2004/l_385/l_38520041229en00010006.pdf |title=COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 2252/2004 of 13 December 2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States| date=29 December 2004 |publisher=Official Journal of the European Union |access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>

In the EU nations, passport prices will be:

* {{Flagicon|Austria}} Austria (available since 16 June 2006): an adult passport costs €75.90,<ref>{{cite web| title=Reisepass – Neuausstellung | date=11 June 2014 | publisher=Bundeskanzleramt Österreich | url=https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/2/Seite.020100.html#Kosten | work=help.gv.at | access-date=9 August 2014 | language=de}}</ref> while a chip-free child's version costs €30.<ref>{{cite web| title=Reisepass – Minderjährige unter 18 Jahren | date=15 May 2014 | publisher=Bundeskanzleramt Österreich | url=https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/2/Seite.020450.html#Kosten | work=help.gv.at | access-date=9 August 2014 | language=de}}</ref> As of March 2009 all newly issued adult passports contain fingerprints.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Austria Adopts Fingerprint Passports | date = 30 March 2009 | publisher=China Radio International | url = http://english.cri.cn/6966/2009/03/30/2001s469447.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511150638/http://english.cri.cn/6966/2009/03/30/2001s469447.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 May 2011 | work=english.cri.cn| access-date =5 June 2010}}</ref> Passports are valid for 2 years after issuance for children up to the age of 1; 5 years for children aged 2–11; 10 years for citizens aged 12 and older.
* {{Flagicon|Belgium}} Belgium (introduced in October 2004): €71 or €41 for children + local taxes. As of May 2014, passports for adults are valid for 7 years.
* {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria (introduced in July 2009; available since 29 March 2010): BGN&nbsp;40 (€20) for adults. Passports are valid for 5 years.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Bulgaria to Start Issuing Biometric IDs in March 2010 | date = 1 October 2009 | publisher=Sofia News Agency | url = http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=108362 | work=Novinite.com | access-date =5 June 2010}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia (available since 1 July 2009): HRK&nbsp;390 (€53). The chip contains two fingerprints and a digital photo of the holder. Since 18 January 2010 only biometric passports can be obtained at issuing offices inside Croatia. Diplomatic missions and consular offices must implement new issuing system until 28 June 2010.
* {{Flagicon|Cyprus}} Cyprus (available since 13 December 2010): €70, valid for 10 years
* {{Flagicon|Czechia}} Czechia (available since 1 September 2006): CZK&nbsp;600 for adults (valid 10 years), CZK&nbsp;100 for children (valid 5 years). Passports contain fingerprints.
* {{Flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark (available since 1 August 2006): DKK&nbsp;890 for adults (valid for 10 years), DKK&nbsp;150 for children 0–11 (valid for 2 years [age 0–2] or 5 years), DKK&nbsp;178 for children 12–17 (valid for 5 years), and DKK&nbsp;378 retirement age (from July 2021 67 years) (valid for 10 years). A new and standardised photo must be supplied too. As of January 2012 all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.politi.dk/da/borgerservice/pas/paspriser/ | title = Priser på pas gældende fra 1. oktober 2004 | access-date = 5 June 2010 | date = 29 December 2009 | work = politi.dk | publisher = Danish National Police | language = da | archive-date = 20 May 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100520082251/http://www.politi.dk/da/borgerservice/pas/paspriser/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://nyidanmark.dk/en-GB/News%20Front%20Page/2021/02/Gebyret%20for%20udstedelse%20af%20nyt%20pas%20stiger | title = The fee for issuing a new passport is raised from 1 February 2021 | access-date =3 April 2021 | date = 1 February 2021 | publisher = The Danish Immigration Service }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Estonia}} Estonia (available since 22 May 2007): EEK&nbsp;450 (€28.76) (valid for 5 years). As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nyc.estemb.org/consular_information/passport | title = Estonian Passport Application | access-date =5 June 2010 | publisher=Consulate General of Estonia in New York}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Finland}} Finland (available since 21 August 2006): €53 (valid for up to 5 years). As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.finland.org/Public/default.aspx?contentid=166960&nodeid=35831&culture=en-US | title = Fingerprints to be included in new passports as from 29&nbsp;June | access-date =5 June 2010 | date = 29 June 2009 | publisher=Embassy of Finland, Washington}}</ref> 
* {{Flagicon|France}} France (available since April 2006): €86 or €89 (depending whether applicant provides photographs), valid for 10 years. {{As of|2022|06|08}}, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints with the exception of emergency passports that hold a validity of 1 year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/F14929.xhtml |title=Passeport biométrique |access-date=5 June 2010 |publisher=Service-public.fr |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722114415/http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/F14929.xhtml |archive-date=22 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Passeport en urgence : passeport temporaire pour un majeur |url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F1373 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=www.service-public.fr |language=Fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Etats-Unis- Entrée / Séjour |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/conseils-aux-voyageurs/conseils-par-pays-destination/etats-unis/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=France Diplomatie - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères |language=fr}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Germany}} Germany (available since November 2005): ≤23 year old applicants (valid for 6 years) €37.50 and >24 years (valid 10 years) €60.<ref>{{cite web|title=Welche Gebühren werden für den Reisepass erhoben?|url=http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/faqs/DE/themen/moderne-verwaltung/reisepass/reisepass-liste.html;jsessionid=804114FAF07E9A7C072FD7E2B0B9EB23.1_cid295?nn=9392414#f9400960|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat|language=de}}</ref> Passports issued from 1 November 2007 onwards include fingerprints.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmi.bund.de/cln_156/DE/Themen/Sicherheit/PaesseAusweise/eReisepass/eReisepass_node.html |title=Elektronischer Reisepass |access-date=5 June 2010 |publisher=Bundesministerium des Innern |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222104924/http://www.bmi.bund.de/cln_156/DE/Themen/Sicherheit/PaesseAusweise/eReisepass/eReisepass_node.html |archive-date=22 February 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://bundesrecht.juris.de/pa_g_1986/__5.html | title = Paßgesetz § 5 Gültigkeitsdauer | access-date =5 June 2010 | publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz | language = de}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Greece}} Greece (available since 26 August 2006): €84.40 (valid for 3 years for children up to 14, valid for 10 years for adults).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/AuthoritiesAbroad/Oceania/Australia/EmbassyCamberra/en-US/Visa/Issuance+of+Passports/Issuance+of+Passports.htm |title=Issuance of passports |publisher=Embassy of Greece Canberra |access-date=10 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331115700/http://www2.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/AuthoritiesAbroad/Oceania/Australia/EmbassyCamberra/en-US/Visa/Issuance%2Bof%2BPassports/Issuance%2Bof%2BPassports.htm |archive-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> Since June 2009, passports contain fingerprints.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US |title=Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703174649/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/ |archive-date=3 July 2010 }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Hungary}} Hungary (available since 29 August 2006): HUF&nbsp;7,500 (€26), valid for 5 years, HUF&nbsp;14,000 (€48.50) valid for 10 years. As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.<ref>{{Cite news| first=Szilárd |last=Molnár |title=HU: Fingerprint in Hungarian Passports |date=6 July 2009 |url=http://www.epractice.eu/en/news/292210 |work=ePractice |access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Június végétől ujjlenyomat is lesz az új útlevelekben |date=26 May 2009 |url=http://www.kormanyszovivo.hu/news/show/news_1891 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705103056/http://www.kormanyszovivo.hu/news/show/news_1891 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2010 |work=Kormányszóvivő.hu |access-date=5 June 2010 |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tata.hu/system/files/Utlevel.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129045313/http://www.tata.hu/system/files/Utlevel.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2017 |title=Útlevél |website=tata.hu}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Ireland}} Ireland: Biometric passport booklets have been available since 16 October 2006, and Biometric passport cards since October 2015. 34-page passport booklets are priced at €75, 66-page booklets at €105,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://passportonline.dfa.ie/Apply/Passport | title = Passport Renewals | access-date = 16 March 2019 | language = en}}</ref> both valid for 10 years. For children aged between 3 and 18 years the price is €26.50 and the passport booklets are valid for 5 years. Infants' passport booklets for those under 3 years cost €16 and expire 3 years after issue. Irish biometric passport cards are only available to adults of 18 years and over who already have an Irish passport booklet and cost €35. They expire on the same date as the holder's Irish passport booklet or 5 years after issue, whichever is the shorter period. (Ireland is not a signatory to the Schengen Acquis and has no obligation or plans to implement fingerprint biometrics.)
* {{Flagicon|Italy}} Italy (available since 26 October 2006): €116,<ref>{{cite web |title=Passport |url=http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Italiani_nel_Mondo/ServiziConsolari/Documenti_di_Viaggio/Passaporto.htm?LANG=EN%7ctitle=Passport%7cwork=esteri.it |work=esteri.it}} </ref> valid for 10 years. As of January 2010 newly issued passports contain fingerprints.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amblavalletta.esteri.it/Ambasciata_LaValletta/Archivio_News/PASSAPORTOIMPRONTE.htm |title=Avvio emissione di passaporto elettronico con impronte digitali |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=11 January 2010 |publisher=Ambasciata d'Italia a La Valletta |language=it |archive-date=5 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705101427/http://www.amblavalletta.esteri.it/Ambasciata_LaValletta/Archivio_News/PASSAPORTOIMPRONTE.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Latvia}} Latvia (available since 20 November 2007): an adult passport costs €30, or €20 if received together with eID,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/sakums/pakalpojumi/cenradis/valsts-nodevas/valsts-nodeva-par-pases-izsniegsanu.html |title=Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde – Valsts nodeva par personu apliecinoša dokumenta izsniegšanu |website=www.pmlp.gov.lv}}</ref> valid for 10 or 5 years.
* {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} Lithuania (available since 28 August 2006): €43.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adic.lrv.lt/lt/veikla/procesas |title=Išdavimo tvarka |access-date=14 June 2019 |language=lt}}</ref> For children up to 16 years old, valid max 5 years. For persons over 16 years old, valid for 10 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dokumentai.lt/viewpage.php?page_id=16 |title=Personal document issuing scheme |access-date=6 June 2013 |work=Personalisation of Identity Documents Centre |publisher=Ministry of the Interior |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608062741/http://www.dokumentai.lt/viewpage.php?page_id=16 |archive-date=8 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Malta}} Malta (available since 8 October 2008): €70 for persons over 16 years old, valid for 10 years, €35 for children between 10 and 16 years (valid for 5 years) and €14 for children under 10 years (valid for 2 years).
* {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands (available since 28 August 2006): Approximately €11 on top of regular passport (€38.33) cost €49.33. Passports issued from 21 September 2009 include fingerprints. Dutch identity cards are lookalike versions of the holder's page of the passport but do not contain fingerprints.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2014/01/10/paspoort-twee-keer-zo-lang-geldig-id-kaart-zonder-vingerafdrukken.html |title=Paspoort twee keer zo lang geldig, ID-kaart zonder vingerafdrukken |work=rijksoverheid.nl}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Poland}} Poland (available since 28 August 2006): PLN&nbsp;140 (€35) for adults, PLN&nbsp;70 for children aged under 13, free for seniors 70+ years, valid 10 years (5 years for children aged below 13). Passports issued from 29 June 2009 include fingerprints of both index fingers.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.eng.pwpw.pl/PressInfoEntry?id=152 | title = The new Polish passport with fingerprint | access-date =5 June 2010 | date = 22 June 2009 | publisher=Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych S.A.}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal (available since 31 July 2006 – special passport; 28 August 2006 – ordinary passport): €65 for all citizens valid for 5 years. All passports have 32 pages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pep.pt/faqs.html |title=Passaporte Electrónico Português |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107071622/http://www.pep.pt//faqs.html |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Romania}} Romania (available since 31 December 2008): RON&nbsp;258 for citizens over the age of 12, RON&nbsp;234 for citizens under the age of 12,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pasapoarte.mai.gov.ro/indexActe7.html |title=Romanian Biometric Passport Prices |access-date=7 January 2014 |date=7 January 2014 |publisher=RCG |archive-date=7 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107095818/http://www.pasapoarte.mai.gov.ro/indexActe7.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> valid for 10 years for those over the age of 18, 5 years for those over the age of 12 to 18, and for 3 years for those under 12. As of 19 January 2010, new passport includes both facial images and fingerprints.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcg.tv/html/eng/about/newsroom/industry_news/biometrics/2010_details_18.jsp |title=First biometric passport in Bucharest |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=22 February 2010 |publisher=RCG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531204210/http://www.rcg.tv/html/eng/about/newsroom/industry_news/biometrics/2010_details_18.jsp |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> Temporary passports valid for only one year can be issued for the price of RON&nbsp;96 and is issued in less than 3 working days.
* {{Flagicon|Slovakia}} Slovakia (available since 15 January 2008): an adult passport (>13 years) costs €33.19 valid for 10 years, while a chip-free child's (5–13 years) version costs €13.27 valid for 5 years and for children under 5 years €8.29, but valid only for 2 years. The latest version was issued in 2014 and contains a contactless chip in the biodata card that meets ICAO specifications.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to check a passport – Keesing Technologies |url=https://www.keesingtechnologies.com/how-to-check-a-passport/ |website=Keesing Technologies |access-date=16 February 2016 |language=en-US |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308002203/https://www.keesingtechnologies.com/how-to-check-a-passport/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} Slovenia (available since 28 August 2006): €42.05 for adults, valid for 10 years. €35.25 for children from 3 to 18 years of age, valid for 5 years. €31.17 for children up to 3 years of age, valid for 3 years. All passports have 32 pages, a 48-page version is available at a €2.50 surcharge. As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Slovenia to begin issuing second-generation biometric passports |date=29 June 2009 |publisher=Ministry of the Interior |url=http://www.mnz.gov.si/nc/en/splosno/cns/news/article/12027/6380/ |work=News |access-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329121235/http://www.mnz.gov.si/nc/en/splosno/cns/news/article/12027/6380 |archive-date=29 March 2010 }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Spain}} Spain (available since 28 August 2006) at a price of €26 (price at 2018), free passports are issued for citizens that hold a "Familia Numerosa" document. They include fingerprints of both index fingers as of October 2009. (Aged <30 a Spanish passport is valid for 5 years, otherwise they remain valid for 10 years).
* {{Flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden (available since October 2005): SEK 400 (valid for 5 years). As of 1 January 2012, new passport includes both facial images and fingerprints.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swedavia.se/en/Start-page/Travellers/Travel-planning/Passport-and-Visa/ |title=Passport and visa |access-date=5 June 2010 |work=Swedavia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100705104922/http://www.swedavia.se/en/Start-page/Travellers/Travel-planning/Passport-and-Visa/ |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In the EFTA, passport prices will be:

* {{Flagicon|Iceland}} Iceland Issued since 23 May 2006 and costing ISK 5,100 (ISK 1,900 for under 18 and over 67).
* {{Flagicon|Liechtenstein}} Liechtenstein biometric passports issued since 26 October 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=www.consilium.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> The technical specifications are binding for Liechtenstein<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> as it became part of the Schengen area in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Press corner|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|access-date=2020-10-22|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en}}</ref> The cost of the passport ranges from CHF 50 (children under 12) to CHF 250 for adults.
* {{Flagicon|Norway}} Norway Issued since 2005, costs NOK 450 for adults, or c. €50, NOK 270 for children. Increased to NOK 570/342 in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pass og timebestilling|url= https://www.politiet.no/tjenester/pass/pass-og-timebestilling/ |access-date=2020-10-22|website=Politiet|language=nb}}</ref> In 2007 the Norwegian government launched a ‘multi-modal’ biometric enrolment system supplied by [[Company:Motorola|Motorola]]. Motorola's new system enabled multiple public agencies to digitally capture and store fingerprints, 2D facial images and signatures for passports and visas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norway to meet Schengen requirements with Motorola Biometrics Enrolment System |publisher=Motorola |url=https://www.motorola.com/web/Business/Solutions/Federal%20Government/Command,%20Control%20Communications%20&%20Computing/Documents/staticfile/Case_Study_on_Norway.pdf |date=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102213021/http://www.motorola.com/web/Business/Solutions/Federal%20Government/Command%2C%20Control%20Communications%20%26%20Computing/Documents/staticfile/Case_Study_on_Norway.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2013}}</ref> The Norwegian biometrics company IDEX ASA has begun development of electronic [[Software:Identity document|ID cards]] (eID) with fingerprint security technology for use throughout the EU.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bernstein |first=Ralph |date=1 November 2011 |title=European Union |url=http://www.idex.no/viewfile.aspx?id=790 |journal=Public Service Review |issue=22}} </ref>
* {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} Switzerland Issued since 4 September 2006, costs CHF 140 for adults and CHF 60 for children under 18 years.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 May 2010|title=Gebühr/Preis und Gültigkeit |url=http://www.schweizerpass.admin.ch/pass/de/home/ausweise/pass_10/gebuehr_und_gueltigkeit.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523230410/http://www.schweizerpass.admin.ch/pass/de/home/ausweise/pass_10/gebuehr_und_gueltigkeit.html|archive-date=23 May 2010|access-date=5 June 2010 |language=de}}</ref> Since 1 March 2010, all issued passports are biometric, containing a photograph and two fingerprints recorded electronically.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2010|title=Pass 10 |url=http://www.schweizerpass.admin.ch/pass/de/home/ausweise/pass_10.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607132514/http://www.schweizerpass.admin.ch/pass/de/home/ausweise/pass_10.html|archive-date=7 June 2010 |access-date=5 June 2010|language=de}}</ref>

====Other European countries====
=====Albania=====

Issued since May 2009, costs 7500 Lekë (€60). Valid for 10 years. Contains fingerprints, the bearer's photo and all the data written on the passport.

=====Belarus=====

Issued since 1 September 2021, Valid for 10 years. Contains fingerprints and facial photo, the bearer's photo and all the data written on the passport.

=====Bosnia and Herzegovina=====

Issued since 15 October 2009 and costing 50 [[Finance:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark|KM]] (€25.65). Valid 10 years for adults and 5 years for younger than 18. On 1 June 2010 Bosnia and Herzegovina issued its first [[Extended Access Control|EAC]] passport.

=====Kosovo=====

Issued since 31 October 2011.

=====Moldova=====

Issued since 1 January 2008, costing approximately 760 MDL (€45)<ref>{{cite web|author=Centrul Resurselor InformaŢionale de Stat "Registru" |url=http://www.registru.md/pa/ |title=Centrul Resurselor Informaţionale de Stat "Registru" |publisher=registru.md |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907094523/http://www.registru.md/pa/ |archive-date=7 September 2012 }}</ref> and is obligatory from  1 January 2011. The passport of the Republic of Moldova with biometric data contains a chip which holds digital information, including the holder's signature, as well as the traditional information. It is valid for 7 years (for persons over 7) and 4 years (for persons less than 7) respectively.
It was introduced as a request of European Union to safeguard the borders between the E.U. and Republic of Moldova.

=====Montenegro=====

Issued since 2008, costing €33.

=====North Macedonia=====

Issued since 2 April 2007, costs MKD 1,500 or c. €22.

=====Russia=====

Issued since 2006. Since 3 August 2018, they cost 5,000 rubles (approximately US$80) and use printed data, photo and fingerprints and are BAC-encrypted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://developers.sun.ru/content/view/384/85/ |script-title=ru:Читаем биометрический паспорт |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=3 March 2009 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618204409/http://developers.sun.ru/content/view/384/85/ |archive-date=18 June 2009 }}</ref> Biometric passports issued after 1 March 2010 are valid for 10 years. Russian biometric passports are currently issued within Russia and in all of its consulates. From 1 January 2015, the passports contain fingerprints.

=====Serbia=====

Issued since 7 July 2008, costs RSD&nbsp;3,600 or approximately €32.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mup.gov.rs/cms_cir/dokumenta.nsf/putne-isprave.h# |title=MUP RS – Putne isprave |publisher=Mup.gov.rs |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831190053/http://www.mup.gov.rs/cms_cir/dokumenta.nsf/putne-isprave.h |archive-date=31 August 2010 }}</ref> Valid for 10 years, 5 years for children aged 3 to 14, and for 3 years for children aged 3 or less.

=====Ukraine=====

It was first planned to issue biometric passports and identity cards on 1 January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unn.com.ua/uk/news/1402716-iz-1-sichnya-planuyetsya-vidacha-biometrichnikh-pasportiv-mzs |title=Українці зможуть отримати біометричні паспорти вже 1 січня 2015 року |publisher=unn.com.ua |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> They started being issued since January 2015.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Starting August 2021, Ukrainian citizens can use digital passports and identity cards in [[Software:Diia|the Diia app]] for all legal purposes within Ukraine.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=2021-03-30|title=Ukraine makes digital passports legally equivalent to ordinary ones {{!}} KyivPost – Ukraine's Global Voice|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/technology/ukraine-makes-digital-passports-legally-equivalent-to-ordinary-ones.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=KyivPost}}</ref>

In Ukraine, the term "digital passport" is used to denote only the fully digital version of the biometric passport accessible via the [[Software:Diia|Diia]] mobile app.<ref name=":2" />

=====United Kingdom=====

{{wipe|United Kingdom}} introduced it in March 2006, initially costing £72.50 for adults (valid for 10 years) and £46<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/passport-fees|title=Passport fees|work=www.gov.uk}}</ref> for children under the age of 16 (valid for 5 years).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Nl1/Newsroom/DG_179060 |title=Passport prices rise |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=7 July 2009 |work=Directgov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511222358/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Nl1/Newsroom/DG_179060 |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref>

====Sovereign Military Order of Malta====

Issued since 2005 the SMOM diplomatic and service passports include biometric features and are compliant with ICAO standards.

===North America===

====Barbados====

Issued since September 2018.<ref name=BarbPass>
{{cite news |date=2018-09-17 |title=Barbados switches to e-passports |url=https://nationnews.com/2018/09/17/barbados-switches-to-e-passports/ |work=NationNews |access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2018-09-19 |title=Barbados moves to biometric passports, considers biometric verification at ports of entry|url=https://www.biometricupdate.com/201809/barbados-moves-to-biometric-passports-considers-biometric-verification-at-ports-of-entry |work=biometricupdate.com |access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref>

====Belize====

Issued since 24 October, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gentle |first1=Khaila |title=New e-passport system launched |url=https://amandala.com.bz/news/new-e-passport-system-launched-2/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=Amandala |date=2022-10-24}}</ref>
====Canada====

Issued since 1 July 2013. Contains bearer's name, gender, and date and place of birth and a digital portrait of their face.<ref name=CanPass>
{{cite web |title=The ePassport |publisher=Passport Canada |date=6 December 2012 |url=http://www.ppt.gc.ca/eppt/index.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728085939/http://www.ppt.gc.ca/eppt/index.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Costa Rica====
Issued since March 7, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.migracion.go.cr/Paginas/Pasaportes-y-Permisos-de-Salida.aspx|title=Biometric Passport – Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería (DGME)|website=migracion.go.cr|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>

==== Honduras ====

Issued since March 22, 2022. Available to all citizens, biometric passports replaced regular passports. Regular passports are valid until expiry date. The price has remained the same at US$35 for a 5-year period and US$50 for a 10-year period. The passport is ICAO-Compliant with the biometric symbol ([[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]) printed on the biographical data page as well as at the bottom on the front cover.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emitirán pasaporte electrónico a partir de este mes en Honduras |url=https://www.elheraldo.hn/honduras/emitiran-pasaporte-electronico-marzo-honduras-instituto-nacional-migracion-seguridad-NH6393690 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.elheraldo.hn |language=es-HN}}</ref>

====Mexico====

Issued since 5 October 2021.

====Panama====

Issued since 2014, costs $100.

====Saint Vincent and the Grenadines====

Issued since 4 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://security.gov.vc/security/index.php/passports-information|title=Passport Information – Ministry of National Security, Air and Sea Port Development|website=security.gov.vc|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>

====United States====

The biometric version of the U.S. passport (sometimes referred to as an electronic passport) has descriptive data and a digitized passport photo on its contactless chips, and does not have fingerprint information placed onto the contactless chip. However, the chip is large enough (64 kilobytes) for inclusion of biometric identifiers. The U.S. Department of State first issued these passports in 2006{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}, and since August 2007 issues biometric passports only. Non-biometric passports are valid until their expiration dates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/passport/passport_2498.html |title=The U.S. Electronic Passport |access-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827085850/http://travel.state.gov/passport/passport_2498.html |archive-date=27 August 2010 }}</ref>

Although a system able to perform a facial-recognition match between the bearer and his or her image stored on the contactless chip is desired,<ref>{{cite web|date=2016-10-24|title=Biometrics|url=https://www.dhs.gov/biometrics|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Department of Homeland Security|language=en}}</ref> it is unclear when such a system will be deployed by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security at its ports of entry.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bakerinstitute.org/Pubs/Electronic%20Passport.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701005213/http://www.bakerinstitute.org/Pubs/Electronic%20Passport.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 1 July 2007 | title = Innovation by Policy: A Study of the Electronic Passport | access-date = 5 June 2010 | last = Bronk | first = R. Christopher | date = May 2007 | publisher=The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/12/09/ai_roundup_061219/ | title = Homeland Security backs off on scanning US citizens | access-date = 10 December 2019 | website = The Register }}</ref>

A high level of security became a priority for the United States after the [[Religion:September 11 attacks|attacks of 11 September 2001]]. High security required cracking down on counterfeit passports. In October 2004, the production stages of this high-tech passport commenced as the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) issued awards to the top bidders of the program. The awards totaled to roughly $1,000,000 for startup, development, and testing. The driving force of the initiative is the U.S. Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the "Border Security Act"), which states that such smartcard identity cards will be able to replace visas. As for foreigners travelling to the U.S., if they wish to enter U.S. visa-free under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), they are now required to possess machine-readable passports that comply with international standards. Additionally, for travellers holding a valid passport issued on or after 26 October 2006, such a passport must be a biometric passport if used to enter the U.S. visa-free under the VWP.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

In November 2018, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport and [[Company:Delta Air Lines|Delta Air Lines]] opened the nation's first curb-to-gate biometric terminal, which promised to improve aviation security while moving travelers faster through screening.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/atlanta-airport-first-us-biometric-terminal-facial-recognition/index.html US airport opens first fully biometric terminal] – CNN travel</ref>

===Oceania===
====Australia====

Issued since October 2005, costs AU$325 as of 1 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 July 2022 |title=Passport fees |url=https://www.passports.gov.au/passports-explained/passport-fees |website=Australian Passport Office |language=en}}</ref> Contains the same personal information that is on the colour photo page, including a digitized photograph. Australia does not use fingerprinting of incoming passengers. Valid for 10 years for adults and 5 years for minors to 16 years.

====Fiji====

Issued since 19 September 2019.<ref name="fijiep">{{cite news |last1=Naidu |first1=Jennis |title=Enrolment Of ePassports Starts Today, Immigration Department Outline New Fees |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2019/09/19/enrolment-of-epassports-starts-today-immigration-outlines-new-fees/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=Fiji Sun |date=19 September 2019}}</ref>

====New Zealand====

Issued since November 2005, like Australia and the US, New Zealand is also using the facial biometric identifier. There are two identifying factors: the small symbol on the front cover ([[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]), indicating that an electronic chip has been embedded in the passport and the polycarbonate leaf in the front (version 2009) of the book, inside which the chip is located. Like Australia, New Zealand has installed [[Biology:SmartGate|SmartGate]]s into airports to allow New Zealand ePassport and ePassport holders of 4 other countries (Australia, Canada, UK, and US) to clear immigration controls more rapidly, and facial recognition technology has been installed at immigration gates. The cost for a non-urgent passport is NZ$199 (when applying online or in person in New Zealand) for adults, and NZ$115 for children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.passports.govt.nz/passport-costs/|title=Passport costs|publisher=Te Tari Taiwhenua – Internal Affairs|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Passport were valid for five years if issued before December 2015. However, in 2015 the New Zealand government approved for the reinstatement of a 10-year validity period for passports, with all passports issued after December 2015 being valid for 10 years.

===South America===
====Argentina====

Issued since June 2012, costs 1,500 pesos (USD 15). Valid for 10 years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mininterior.gov.ar/prensa/noticiaDespliegue.php?Id=1326&idName=pre&idNameSubMenu=preComunicados&idNameSubMenuDer=|title=Ministerio del Interior y Transporte|author=Ministerio del Interior y Transporte}}</ref>

====Bolivia====

Issued since 1 February 2019 and costing BOB 550 (USD 79.13). Valid 6 years. The Bolivian ePassport has the same functions as the other biometric passports as regulations from OASI.

====Brazil====

Issued since December 2006. However, just in December 2010 it began to issue passports with microchips, first in the capital [[Engineering:Brasília|Brasília]] and Goiás state. Since the end of January 2011, this last is available to be issued all over Brazil. Valid for 10 years for adults and costs R$156.07 (approximately €35).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.globo.com/Videos/Player/Noticias/0,,GIM1391229-7823-POLICIA+FEDERAL+APRESENTA+NOVO+MODELO+DE+PASSAPORTE,00.html |title=Globo Vídeos – VIDEO – Polícia Federal apresenta novo modelo de passaporte |publisher=Video.globo.com |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref> In December 2014, the Federal Police Department extended the validity of the document, from five to ten years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/distrito-federal/noticia/2014/12/policia-federal-amplia-para-dez-anos-prazo-de-validade-de-passaportes.html|title=G1 – Polícia Federal amplia para dez anos prazo de validade de passaportes – notícias em Distrito Federal|work=Distrito Federal|date=12 December 2014}}</ref>

====Chile====

Issued since 2 September 2013. Valid for 5 years and since 1 February 2020 10 years.<ref name="ChlPass">{{cite web| url = http://www.gob.cl/especiales/nueva-cedula-de-identidad-y-pasaportes-electronicos/ | publisher = Government of Chile | title = Nueva cédula de identidad y pasaporte electrónicos | access-date = 18 February 2014 | language = es}}</ref>

====Colombia====

Issued since 1 September 2015, costing COP 169,000 (approx. USD 48).<ref>{{cite web|author=Cancillería Colombia |title=Costos |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.co/tramites_servicios/pasaportes/costos}}</ref>

====Ecuador====

Issued since 14 September 2020.

====Paraguay====

====Peru====

On 21 February 2016, the ''Superintendencia Nacional de Migraciones'' announced that the first Peruvian biometric passports would be delivered by 26 February 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://elcomercio.pe/peru/pais/pasaporte-biometrico-se-puede-tramitar-desde-hoy-noticia-1881166 |title=Pasaporte electrónico se puede tramitar desde hoy |date= 23 February 2016 |language=es |newspaper= El Comercio}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.migraciones.gob.pe/index.php/todo-lo-que-debes-saber-del-pasaporte-electronico/ |title=Todo lo que necesitas saber sobre el Pasaporte Electrónico |access-date=22 February 2016 |language=es |publisher=Superintendencia Nacional de Migraciones |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304153211/https://www.migraciones.gob.pe/index.php/todo-lo-que-debes-saber-del-pasaporte-electronico/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It features a new cover, along with several security improvements, in order to be exempted for visas for the Schengen Area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/visa-schengen-su-eliminacion-estara-lista-marzo-2016-noticia-1867604?ref=flujo_tags_472583&ft=nota_5&e=imagen |title=Visa Schengen: su eliminación estará lista para marzo del 2016 |language=es |date= 30 December 2015 |access-date= 23 February 2016 |newspaper= El Comercio}}</ref> It will cost PEN 98.50, approximately USD 28, making it the cheapest passport in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rpp.pe/politica/gobierno/pasaporte-electronico-peruano-sera-el-mas-barato-de-latinoamerica-aseguran-noticia-939955 |title=Pasaporte peruano será el más barato de Latinoamérica, aseguran |date= 21 February 2016 |language=es |publisher= RPP}}</ref>

====Uruguay====

The Uruguayan Ministry of the Interior started to issue biometric passports to Uruguayan citizens on 16 October 2015. The new passport complies with the standards set forth by the Visa Waiver Program of the United States.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/emiten-hoy-primer-pasaporte-electronico.html | title = Emiten hoy el primer pasaporte electrónico | access-date =10 December 2015 | date = 16 October 2015 | language = es}}</ref>  However for naturalised citizens, the passport is not ICAO 9303 compliant as the country of birth is used in the "nationality" field and associated MRZ leading to errors being returned on usage (as noted in section 7.1 of ICAO 9303 part 3).

====Venezuela====

Issued after July 2007, Venezuela was the first Latin American country issuing passports including RFID chips along other major security improvements. The chip has photo and fingerprints data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rnv.gob.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=2&t=38137 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516041609/http://www.rnv.gob.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=2&t=38137 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2011 |title=Nuevo pasaporte electrónico entrará en vigencia a finales de año |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=22 September 2006 |language=es }}</ref>

==Biometric passport photo requirements==
The ICAO standard sets a 35x45 mm image with adequate resolution with the following requirements:

* The facial image shall depict a true likeness of the rightful holder of the passport and shall not be digitally altered or enhanced to change the subject's appearance in any way
* A close up of the head and shoulders with the subject facing square on and looking directly at the camera with both eyes visible and with a neutral expression with the mouth closed
* Both edges of the face must be clearly visible. The subject shall not be looking, portrait-style, over one shoulder
* The eyes must be open, and there must be no hair obscuring them
* Glasses: the photograph must show the eyes clearly with no lights reflected in the glasses. The  glasses shall not have tinted lenses. Avoid heavy frames if possible and ensure that the frames do not cover any part of the eyes. Glasses should appear only if permanently worn. 
* Head coverings shall not be accepted except in circumstances that the issuing State specifically  approves. The face must be visible from the hairline to the chin and forward of the ears.
* A  uniform light-coloured background shall be used to provide a contrast to the face and hair. For colour portraits, light blue, beige, light brown, pale grey or white are recommended for the background

Though some countries like USA use a 2x2 inch photo format (51x51 mm), they usually crop it to be closer to 35:45 in ratio when issuing a passport.

==See also==
* [[Biology:International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis|International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis]]
* International Civil Aviation Organization Public Key Directory
* National biometric ID card

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.icao.int/ International Civil Aviation Organization]
*[http://www.icao.int/publications/pages/publication.aspx?docnum=9303 ICAO Doc 9303 Series. Machine Readable Travel Documents. Seventh Edition, 2015.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717161756/http://www2.icao.int/en/MRTD/Downloads/Doc%209303/Doc%209303%20English/Doc%209303%20Part%202.pdf ICAO Document 9303, Part 2]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Biometric Passport}}
[[Category:Authentication methods]]
[[Category:Biometrics]]
[[Category:Data security]]
[[Category:Radio-frequency identification]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biometric passport}}