View source for Chemistry:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning

{{short description|Mass arsenic poisoning in England}}
{{Infobox News event
| name = 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
| image = The Great Lozenge-Maker A Hint to Paterfamilias.jpg
| caption = A caricature by John Leech, published in ''[[History:Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazine in November 1858, illustrating the Bradford poisoning case
| place = Bradford, England
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1858|10|30}}
| cause = Arsenic poisoning
| casualties1 = 200+
| reported deaths = 20
| arrests = 3
| suspects = {{plainlist|
* Charles Hodgson
* Joseph Neal
* William Goddard }}
| accused = Charles Hodgson
| charges = Manslaughter by gross neglect
| verdict = Not guilty
}}
The '''1858 Bradford sweets poisoning''' was the [[Medicine:Arsenic poisoning|arsenic poisoning]] of more than 200 people in Bradford, England, when sweets accidentally made with [[Chemistry:Arsenic|arsenic]] were sold from a market stall.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |last=Potts |first=Lauren |date=31 October 2023 |title=The Halloween peppermints that poisoned Bradford |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-67067171 |accessdate=31 October 2023}}</ref> Twenty-one victims died as a result.{{sfn|Whorton|2010|page=163}} The event contributed to the passage of the Pharmacy Act 1868 in the United Kingdom and legislation regulating the adulteration of foodstuffs.{{sfn|Jones|2000}}

==Background==
William Hardaker, known to locals as "Humbug Billy", sold sweets from a stall in the Greenmarket in central Bradford (now the site of Bradford's Arndale Centre).{{sfn|Davis|2009}}<ref name="salisbury">{{cite news|title=The poisonings by arsenic at Bradford|work=Salisbury and Winchester Journal|location=Salisbury|date=6 November 1858|page=5|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000361/18581106/033/0005|via={{wipe|British Newspaper Archive}}|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Hardaker purchased his supplies from Joseph Neal, who made the sweets (or "lozenges") on Stone Street a few hundred yards to the north. The lozenges in question were peppermint humbugs, made of peppermint oil incorporated into a base of sugar and [[Chemistry:Natural gum|gum]].{{sfn|Jones|2000}} However, sugar was expensive (6½d per {{convert|1|lb|disp=sqbr}}) and so Neal would substitute [[Chemistry:Plaster#Gypsum plaster|powdered gypsum]] (½d per 1 pound)—known as "daff"—for some of the required sugar.<ref name=salisbury/>{{sfn|Emsley|2006|page=100}}<ref name="hampshire">{{cite news|title=The poisoned lozenges|work=Hampshire Advertiser|location=Southampton|date=25 December 1858|page=12|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000494/18581225/098/0012|via={{wipe|British Newspaper Archive}}|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> The [[Chemistry:Adulterant|adulteration]] of foodstuffs with cheaper substances was common at the time and the adulterators used obscure nicknames ("daff", "multum", "flash", "stuff") to hide the practice.{{sfn|Whorton|2010|page=160}}<ref name="belfast">{{cite news|title=The late lozenge poisonings at Bradford|work=Belfast Morning News|location=Belfast|date=24 December 1858|page=4|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18581224/033/0004|via={{wipe|British Newspaper Archive}}|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

==Accidental poisoning==
On the occasion in question, on 30 October 1858, Neal sent James Archer, a lodger who lived at his house, to collect daff for Hardaker's humbugs from druggist Charles Hodgson. Hodgson's pharmacy was {{convert|3|mi|0}} away at Baildon Bridge in Shipley.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Bradford poisoned lozenge case|work=Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|location=London|date=26 December 1858|page=5|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000079/18581226/024/0005|via={{wipe|British Newspaper Archive}}|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Hodgson was at his pharmacy, but did not serve Archer owing to illness and so his requests were seen to by his young assistant, William Goddard.{{sfn|Jones|2000}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The Poisoned Lozenges at Bradford|work=Essex Standard|location=Colchester|date=10 November 1858|page=4|via={{wipe|British Newspaper Archive}}|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000165/18581110/034/0004|access-date=6 June 2015|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Goddard asked Hodgson where the daff was, and was told that it was in a cask in a corner of the attic.<ref name=belfast/> However, rather than daff, Goddard sold Archer {{convert|12|lb}} of [[Chemistry:Arsenic trioxide|arsenic trioxide]].<ref name=hampshire/>

The mistake remained undetected even during manufacture of the sweets by James Appleton, an "experienced sweetmaker"{{sfn|Jones|2000}} employed by Neal, though Appleton did observe that the finished product looked different from the usual humbugs. Appleton was suffering symptoms of illness during the sweet-making process and was ill for several days afterwards with vomiting and pain in his hands and arms, but did not realise it was caused by poison.{{sfn|Rivington|Rivington|1859|page=173}} {{convert|40|lb|spell=In}} of lozenges were sold to Hardaker who also noticed the sweets looked unusual and used this to obtain a discount from Neal. Like Appleton, Hardaker, as one of the first to taste the sweets, also promptly became ill.
[[File:Arsenic trioxide.jpg|thumb|250px|Arsenic trioxide is a white, crystalline powder that closely resembles sugar. It has no odour or taste.]]
Regardless, Hardaker sold {{convert|5|lb}} of the sweets from his market stall that night—reportedly at a price of 1½d for {{convert|2|oz}}.{{sfn|Jones|2000}} Of those who purchased and ate the sweets, 20 people died with a further 200 or so becoming severely ill with arsenic poisoning within a day.<ref name=bbc/>

==Consequences==
Originally the first deaths—those of two children—were thought to be owed to [[Medicine:Cholera|cholera]], a major problem in Britain at the time.<ref name=bbc/> The growing number of casualties soon showed that the purchase of lozenges from Hardaker's stall was the cause, and from there the trail led to Neal and Hodgson.{{sfn|Rivington|Rivington|1859|page=172}} Goddard was arrested and stood before magistrates in the court house in Bradford on 1 November with Hodgson and Neal later committed for trial with Goddard on a charge of manslaughter.<ref name=times/> Dr John Bell identified arsenic as the cause, and this was confirmed by Felix Rimmington, a prominent druggist and analytical chemist.{{sfn|Jones|2000}} Rimmington estimated that each humbug contained between {{convert|14|and|15|gr|mg|abbr=off|lk=in}} of arsenic, though a contemporary account suggests {{convert|9|gr|mg}}, with {{convert|4.5|gr|mg}} being a lethal dose.<ref name="times">{{cite news|title=The Poisonings By Arsenic at Bradford|work=The Times|location=London|date=6 November 1858|page=12|issue=23144}}</ref> Thus, each lozenge would have contained enough arsenic to kill two people, and enough distributed by Hardaker in total to kill 2,000. The prosecution against Goddard and Neal was later withdrawn and Hodgson was acquitted when the case was considered at York Assizes on 21 December 1858.<ref name=bbc/>

The tragedy and resulting public outcry was a major contributing factor to The Pharmacy Act 1868 which recognised the chemist and druggist as the custodian and seller of named poisons (as medicine was then formally known). The requirement for record keeping and the requirement to obtain the signature of the purchaser is currently upheld under the [[Chemistry:Poisons Act 1972|Poisons Act 1972]] for "non-medicinal" poisons. W. E. Gladstone's ministry of 1868–1874 also brought in legislation, The Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875, regulating the adulteration of foodstuffs as a result of the events.<ref name=bbc/>

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist|30em}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Mark|title=Bradford Through Time|year=2009|publisher=Amberley Publishing|location=Stroud|isbn=978-1-445-60330-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison|year=2006|publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-192-80600-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Holloway |first=S.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;F. |title=Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 1841–1991: A Political and Social History |location=London |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |year=1991 |pages=221–230 |isbn=978-0-853-69244-7 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=Ian F. |year=2000 |title=Arsenic and the Bradford poisonings of 1858 |journal=The Pharmaceutical Journal |volume=265 |issue=7128 |pages=938–993 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Rivington|first1=J.&nbsp;G.|last2=Rivington|first2=F.|title=The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History and Politics of the Year 1858|year=1859|publisher=Longman|location=London}}
*{{cite book |last=Sheeran |first=George |title=The Bradford Poisoning of 1858 |location=Halifax |publisher=Ryburn |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-853-31033-1 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Wholesale poisoning by arsenic at Bradford |journal=The Pharmaceutical Journal |year=1858 |volume=18 |pages=340–43 }}
*{{cite book|title=The Arsenic Century: How Victorian Britain was Poisoned at Home, Work, and Play|first=James C.|last=Whorton|year=2010|publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-199-57470-4}}
{{refend}}
{{Toxicology}}
{{Consumer Food Safety}}
{{Coord|53|47|42|N|1|45|18|W|type:event_region:GB-BRD|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bradford Sweets Poisoning, 1858}}
[[Category:Adulteration]]

{{Sourceattribution|1858 Bradford sweets poisoning}}